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Chapter
Introductory Chapter: Updates in
Volcanology - Transdisciplinary
Nature of Volcano Science
KárolyNémeth
. Introduction
Transdisciplinary approach of science appeared in recent years, partially
as a result of the urgent need to deal with global and planetary changes [1–12].
Transdisciplinary science is to answer and solve environmental science questions
and problems became the foundation of sustainable development, nature conserva-
tion and various environmental science education including geoeducation [13–17].
Transdisciplinary approach within volcanology was always a key element of
volcano science as volcanology addresses key questions over volcanic hazards, risk
and resilience naturally moving along the interface of social science, humanities,
natural science and non-academic (e.g. indigenous) knowledge [18–25]. Especially
in recent years more and more researches were conducted on subjects to help to
understand the interface between western science and traditional knowledge
[26–30]. Such works explored various aspects of volcanism that affected the human
societies greatly both as processes that produce natural resources for development
and in other hand continuous fear that need to be dealt with to prevent societies
from their destructive powers [28, 31–34]. The transdisciplinary aspects of volca-
nology is reflected well in the new volcano model and volcano geology approach
to understand volcanic systems and placing them in a geosystem perspective [35]
(Figure ). In many volcano research aimed in recent years to develop some sort of
volcano model that explain the volcanic processes, their resulting eruptive prod-
ucts, and the way such models can help to develop a better strategy for resilience
against volcanic hazard within a general natural hazard framework [40–43].
. From volcano geology to volcano model development
The various volcano models distinguish between type of volcanoes commonly
categorized monogenetic versus polygenetic volcanoes (and volcanism) as a
reflection of the total eruptive volume, the total duration of volcanic activity, the
strength of the link to the magma generation source and the stability and longevity
of a volcanic conduit [44, 45]. In these models obviously the end-member types
of volcanoes define short, small, simple (versus long-lasting, large and complex.
Recent decade of research in addition, provided ample evidences that the scale of
observation (hence the detail of information could be mined from volcanic systems)
is important, and provides evidences to support that in real world end member type
of monogenetic volcanoes are rare, and most of them shows some sort of complexity
in a near continuous spectrum [20, 46–52]. This is more apparent when the magma
that form those volcanic geoforms are more evolved [53, 54]. In recent years attention
Updates in Volcanology – Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science
also turned toward effusive style of volcanism that is not obviously can fit into any of
these categories. The current eruption of Iceland’s Reykjanes Peninsula that started
on the 19th March 2021 8.45PM (Local Time) provided and exceptional occasion to
observe how a volcano start its life (Figure A and B). Commonly, the first moments
of a volcano growth is missed by direct observation and later on the initial eruptive
products become covered by subsequent eruptive products, missing key elements of
the early, very critical phase of the eruption [55]. The new eruption in Iceland, that
gradually building the new volcano Geldingadalir operating along an approximately
800-meter long fissure and at least 6 distinct vent zones (Figure A and B). The
opportunity to observe the vent localization process commonly based on a combina-
tion of direct observation and study older volcanic successions [56, 57] is valuable
to understand fissure-fed eruptions. Such geological observations and records can
provide a dynamic view on fissure-fed eruptions in basaltic systems and help to inter-
pret the resulting eruptive products (Figure C and D). In this respect the interlink
between observation-based volcanology can be linked to various geoeducation works
that provide good, evidence-based information to understand the volcanic geoher-
itage [58]. In case of the growth of the Geldingadalir volcano, it provides insight on
the formation of steep spatter cones documented from the geological records else-
where, for instance during the 1256 Al Madinah eruption in Saudi Arabia [59].
Numerous research work has been completed with a prospect to provide vol-
canic hazard maps [60–65] as well as some sort of tools to communicate to com-
munities volcanic hazards [66], co-design, co-product programs and products to
help developing a more resilience community that can live with the volcanoes and
their hazards [28, 67–78]. In recent years, there is also a strong movement visible
Figure 1.
Complex volcanic landscape in northern Chile is a fine example to demonstrate the volcano geology approach
to interpret the present day geoforms. The landscape is ruled by the basaltic-andesite to dacite lava dome-
dominated Ollagüe (5868m asl) stratovolcano, which stands 1686 meters above the surrounding Salar de
Carcote desert floor. The volcano has an active hydrothermal system in its top (note the white cloud in the
right edge of the summit), while the volcano itself had its last eruption about 65ka [36, 37]. In the side of the
volcanic edifice satellite domes formed such as the El Ingenio lava dome in the NW (left in the image) side of
the cone [38]. In the foreground a typical hummocky surface of volcanic debris avalanche that generated by a
sector collapse can be seen that formed in the late-Pleistocene. The image was taken from a small scoria cone
La Poruñita, that is part of a monogenetic volcanic field nearby and formed after the sector collapse of the
stratovolcano [39]. This complex geological setting of this volcanic system highlights the importance to study
volcanoes from volcano geology perspective.
Introductory Chapter: Updates in Volcanology - Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97801
to conduct research jointly with other experts in archaeology for instance to better
understand the impact of volcanism on early civilizations [79–93].
. Volcanic geoheritage
Moreover in the last decades a boom of research is visible where volcanic geo-
heritage used and utilized as a main opportunity to develop geoeducation programs
accompanied with effective geoconservation programs (commonly formed as a result
of citizen science, and co-design) to build a more resilience society against volcanic
hazard [94–104]. Even new terms appeared such as social volcanology or paleo-social
volcanology steamed from social geology to express the newly and rapidly evolving
discipline formed recently [72, 105]. Most of this works based on a more precise and
process-oriented understanding of volcanic systems such as monogenetic volcanoes.
The dynamic progression on volcanic geoheritage, geodiversity and geotourism
research made a new aspect of volcano science where interface between natural
sciences, humanities and social sciences meet and put into practical sense making
volcanology a more relevant science to human society and our natural environment
Figure 2.
Lessons from the current volcanic eruption of the Geldingadalir volcano in Iceland can be used to better
understand of the first moments and processes of a volcano growth in basaltic systems (A, B). Flow localization
formed vents that emitted lava and spatter creating steep spatter cones (A) through mild explosive event
(B). To see this process in real can help to interpret similar volcanic successions elsewhere such as those formed
during the 1256 Al Madinah eruption in Saudi Arabia (C) or during the Pleistocene and Holocene in the
Harrat Khaybar, also in Saudi Arabia (D). The solidified inner structure of a spatter cone shows well the steep
pile of spatters accumulated around the vent (D) similar how such process take place right now in Iceland
(B). Photos of A and B are from the photo collection of Viktória Komjáti.
Updates in Volcanology – Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science
[103, 106]. In addition, an increased recognition of traditional knowledge and cul-
tural aspects of volcanoes explored and made mainstream research outputs [107–111].
. New advances in volcanology as a transdisciplinary science
Looking into detail of the recent evolution of volcano science we analyzed the
accessible, mainstream literature data stored in the Thomson Reuters, Web of
Sciences Core Database. Volcanology has two premier publication avenue such
as Bulletin of Volcanology (Springer) [BV] that is also the official journal of the
International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior. In
addition, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (Elsevier) (JVGR) also
considered as a main medium for scientific communication within volcanology.
We were curious to see what research trend can be deducted from the published
researches in the last 2years (2019 to 2021, 20 April 2021) within these two pre-
mier Journals. We used search operators to identify keywords (including Author
keywords and Web of Science generated keyword set). We understand that these
keywords commonly reflecting general “umbrella subjects” and not obviously the
main subject of the specific published papers, but we still think they are representa-
tive and informative to identify trends. For this, we created word clouds by using
the WordArt online tool [https://wordart.com/] to visualize main keywords (larger
words in more central position reflects more common appearance of such key-
words). For the Bulletin of Volcanology 184 paper was identified. From these 184
papers keywords were extracted, while common non-informative words deleted as
well as too generic words such as volcanism, volcano, volcanic, eruption, magma, lava
pyroclastic and based. In addition, manually all the location keywords were deducted
and inserted to a separate file to see the common locations research focused in the
past 2years. Following this method, the Flow, Ash, Dome Size, Current words
stand out reflecting the research output intensity around tephra and various
geophysical flow research (Figure A). The rest of the keywords show a fairly even
distribution across the entire spectrum of subjects. Applying the similar techniques
to the JVGR, on the basis of 557 papers published in the same period of time showed
keywords as most common to be System, Flow, Evolution, Model, Isotope,
Hydrothermal, Fluid (Figure B). To look at the common locations current volca-
nology research associated with published within BV showed Bogoslof, Kilauea,
Figure 3.
Keywords identified on Web of Science Core Database papers published since 2019 in the two major volcanology
scientific magazines, Bulletin of Volcanology (A) and Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (B).
Introductory Chapter: Updates in Volcanology - Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97801
Puna, Andes and Etna as top for BV (Figure A), while Andes, StHelens, Etna,
and Iceland having the most common location keywords for JVGR (Figure B).
The following method was applied for a narrower time frame (last months)
but looking at the title, keywords and abstract of the published papers in the two
major volcanology magazines (Figure ). From the 101 published papers the Erupt,
Volcan, Volcano, Lava, Magma words were the most commonly used while in the
“second” abundance more process-related words such as Flow, Deposit, Data,
Model, Explosion, System, Observe etc. appeared.
As volcanic geoheritage became an important aspect of volcano science recently
we checked the main keywords associated with researches identified under volcanic
geoheritage topic search term from the Web of Sciences Core Databases. A total of
Figure 4.
Location keywords identified on Web of Science Core Database in the papers published since 2019 in the
two major volcanology scientific magazines, Bulletin of Volcanology (A) and Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research (B).
Figure 5.
Word map derived from the title and abstracts of the last 12months papers published in BV and JVGR based
on Web of Science core database.
Updates in Volcanology – Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science
79 paper has been identified in the time period between 2010 and 2021, suggest-
ing the very recent formulation of this term (Figure A). To see this results in a
perspective we made a keyword search for Geoheritage that resulted a total of 530
published papers between 2011 and 2021 (only 10years!!). By removing the most
non-generic terms such as Heritage, Geotour, Geoheritage, Geoconservation,
Geosite and Geopark, focusing on those keywords that were identified between
10 and 100 occasions we can see that Volcanic is a common keyword within
geoheritage studies (Figure B). This suggests that volcano science gradually build
a strong corner within geoheritage, geoconservation and geoeducation. For curios-
ity we made a survey to check the published papers by searching Volcanic AND
Transdisciplinary that resulted 8 published papers between 2015 and 2021 indicat-
ing the recent identification of this technical terms.
In summary we can say that volcano science is a very colorful and fast evolv-
ing science. Its transdisciplinary nature is getting more and more recognized and
applied for a very diverse array of research areas and practical approaches to com-
munity engagement. This book offers another snapshot to this process.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Figure 6.
Word map of keywords identified from the Web of Science Core Database. (A) Keywords from the 78
published papers returned from topic search for volcanic geoheritage. (B) Keywords identified from 530 papers
returned from topic search for geoheritage. Please not that non-generic keywords were excluded from this map
that were too general to see the details of research outputs hence keyword resulted 10 to 100 scores were plotted
on the diagram.
Introductory Chapter: Updates in Volcanology - Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97801
Author details
KárolyNémeth1,2
1 School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, PalmerstonNorth,
NewZealand
2 Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, Sopron, Hungary
*Address all correspondence to: k.nemeth@massey.ac.nz
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Updates in Volcanology – Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science
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