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The effect of altitude on the exterior characteristic and growth of Bali
calves in the Bali Province
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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security:2020
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 782 (2021) 022094
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/782/2/022094
1
The effect of altitude on the exterior characteristic and growth
of Bali calves in the Bali Province
L J Anggraini1, Panjono2, N Ngadiyono2, S Bintara3 and E Baliarti2*
1Postgraduate Student in Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada
University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
2Departement of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada
University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
3Departement of Animal Breeding & Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science,
Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
E-mail: *bali_arti@ugm.ac.id
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of altitude on the exterior
characteristic and growth of Bali calves in Bali province. The research location was conducted
in two different places, Kintamani (Highlands) and Gianyar (Lowlands). The material used was
105 Bali calves consisting of 34 male calves and 71 female calves. The data is taken by one of
the characters. The data obtained were descriptive qualitative. Qualitative descriptive statistical
analysis was performed by calculating the average value and performance of the data including
birth weight, weaning weight with a factorial analysis of variance. The results showed that the
exterior of the Bali Calf has a character of brick red and yellow on the body and white on the
buttocks and lower legs. As well as calves, male and female Bali calves have horns at the age
of less than one year. The birth weight of highland calves (P<0.05) was higher than that in the
lowlands. The weaning weights of male and female calves (P<0.05) were higher than those in
lowlands.
1. Introduction
The Utilization of local cattle in Indonesia as a source of food intake of protein provides a large
contribution One of them is Bali cattle, which is germplasm to produce quality cow breeds because of
its advantages that other cattle breeds in the world do not have, for example having the ability to
utilize low quality, efficient feed, high fertility rates, resistance to various types of diseases, easily
adaptable various environments, and a fast harvest. Geographically, Bali Province is located at 8°
25'23″ South Latitude and 115°14'55″ East Longitude which reports a tropical climate like other parts
of Indonesia. Bali Province consists of two parts, namely the highlands with an altitude of 1200 mdpl
above sea level and lowlands of 200 - 250 mdpl [1]. The existence of this difference in terrain means
that there is a difference in Bali calves. Characteristic of activities to identify important properties that
are of economic value, or which are characteristics of a related family. Characteristic is an important
step that must be achieved in managing genetic resources properly [2]. Characteristic can be done
quantitative and qualitative [3]. Traits are productive and quantitative or measurable properties. The
expression of this trait is determined by many people who are built and built by the environment, both
internal (age and sex) and externally (climate, food, disease, and management [4]. Meanwhile,
International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security:2020
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 782 (2021) 022094
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/782/2/022094
2
qualitative traits are those generally with words or pictures, for example, body color, fur or skin, color
patterns, horned or hornless traits that can be distinguished without having to measure them.
Qualitative traits are usually only controlled by genes and environmental factors do not affect. Apart
from their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, Bali cattle also have high productivity
advantages. The superiority of Bali cattle production can be seen from several indicators of
characteristics such as birth weight, weaning weight, adult weight, body weight gain rate, carcass
characteristics (carcass proportion, and carcass quality), as well as traits such as sexual maturity,
puberty age, birth spacing. (delivery interval), and the proportion of births. Several production and
survey characteristics are important characteristics that can be used as selection indicators [5]. So it
can be seen by looking at the effect of altitude on the limit of demand and growth of Bali calves in
Bali Province.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
The materials used are 105 Bali calves in Kintamai, Gianyar District, consisting of 34 male calves, 71
female calves.
2.2. Methods
The exterior characteristics data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively using the
Microsoft Excel application. Quantitative descriptive statistical analysis was carried out by calculating
the average value. Calf growth data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The statistical analysis
of variance of the 2x2 factorial pattern of altitude was the first factor, sex the second factor, Statistical
analysis using SPSS version 23.0 personal computer software.
3. Results and discussion
The exterior characteristics are a group of qualitative traits [6]. Qualitative traits are those with fewer
discrete phenotypes that can be distinguished from visual observation [7]. The results of observations
on the exterior characteristics of Bali cattle calves are presented in Table 1.
Exterior characteristics are characteristic of a breed and become an inherent reputation for the
breeds. The exterior observed included body color, leg color, buttocks, dorsal line, tail tip color, lip
border color, horn shape, nail shape, and head shape. At birth, male calves in the high and lowlands of
Bali have a brick red and blackish brown body color, while female calves have a brick red and yellow
body color where at birth, both males and females are brick red with a distinctive bright color. the
back of the leg. The male and female calves in the highlands have very thick hair compared to the
lowland calves. [8] also reported that Bali cattle have light brown, yellowish brown, dark brown to
brick red colors. The color of male Bali cattle turns black at the age of 12-18 months and with age the
black color gets darker [9]. The color of the lower legs of Bali cattle calves, both male and female at
birth, has the same color as the body color with a little irregular white spot. At the age of less than one
year, most of the lower legs are white in the form of socks, but a small part is white without socks. In
this cross, the color trait of the lower leg that is owned by the Bali cattle is not passed on to the
offspring of the cross or is not genetically heterozygous for this trait. The color of the leg of the parent
Bali cattle.
Bali cattle calves, both male and female at birth and aged less than one year, most have white rump
color, not mirror shape. At the age of 1 year Bali cattle, both male and female, mostly have a mirror
shaped white rump color, and a small part is white without a mirror shape, Bali calves are the color of
the buttocks from birth and the older they are showing the color pattern of the buttocks is more firmly
forming a mirror, but it needs to be examined. further periodically in the same livestock. The exterior
characteristics of the rump color are inherited from the genetics of Bali calves so that it produces the
same phenotype, but different colors are caused by crosses between different colored parents. Most of
Bali cattle, both male and female at birth, have a thick black backline, while a small proportion of
International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security:2020
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 782 (2021) 022094
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/782/2/022094
3
them are medium black. These results are the same as those of [10] explained that the offspring of the
crossbreeds of Bali cattle with Simmental, Limousin, Ongole and Brahman males have exterior
backline characteristics derived from Bali cattle.
Table 1. Exterior characteristics of male and female Bali cattle calves Highland and Lowlands.
Variable
Highland
Lowland
Male
Female
Male
Female
n=23
n=32
n=10
n=40
Body color
Tan (%)
-
62.50
-
250
Yellowish (%)
4.30
25.00
20.00
17.50
Brick red (%)
53.17
68.75
60.00
65.00
Brick red (%)
43.47
-
20.00
15.00
Leg color
White sock shape (%)
78.26
84.37
60.00
62.50
White doesn't form socks (%)
4.34
3.10
10.00
5.00
Same as body color (%)
17.30
12.50
30.00
32.50
Buttocks
White mirror form (%)
21.70
18.75
90.00
67.50
White does not form a mirror (%)
69.50
81.25
10.00
27.50
Mirror shape brown (%)
8.69
_
-
5.00
Dorsal line color
Thick black (%)
69.56
56.25
70.00
62.50
Medium black (%)
30.43
43.75
30.00
37.50
Tail tip color
Black (%)
100
100
100
100
Lip border color
White on the edge (%)
100
83.30
96.20
100
White streak (%)
-
16.70
3.80
-
Hom shape
Looking Forward (%)
43.47
71.87
40.00
60.00
Sideways (%)
30.43
28.12
5.00
30.00
Going backwards (%)
26.08
_
10.00
10.00
Nail shape
Normal (%)
100
100
100
100
Head shape
Wide with compact neck (%)
47.8
62.5
40.00
55.00
Wide with a slim neck (%)
52.1
37.5
60.00
45.00
Bali cattle, both male and female at birth, less than one-year-old, have a black tail tip. The black
color at the end of the tail is derived from the two elders who also have black tail hair, but the reddish-
black color is a combination of the body color of the elder. These results are consistent with the
research of explained that the offspring from crossing Bali cattle with Simmental, Limousin, Ongole,
and Brahman have a dominant black tail hair color, but there are several colors of tail hair which are a
mixture of elder colors including brown red and white. Male and female Bali calves have dominant
white lip color. White color is the phenotype of Bali cattle. The similarity of phenotypes can show
genetic identity even though there are limitations, among others: identical phenotypes can be caused
by different alleles or genes at different loci [11].
Bali calves, both male and female at birth, both have no horns. At the age of less than one year, all
Bali cattle have horns. Balicattle that have horns attached to the skull, are longer and point forward.
International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security:2020
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 782 (2021) 022094
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/782/2/022094
4
The nature of horns in Bali cattle is in accordance [12] reported that the hornbill in cattle began to
appear during the first 2 months of life, floating freely in the skin over the skull, and then with age, the
hornbill was attached to the skull precisely in the periosteum of the frontal bone covering the frontal
sinuses and then the horn grew bigger. The Male Bali calves have a wide head shape with a slender
neck, while female calves have a wide head shape with a compact neck. [13] explains that Bali cattle
have a short and wide head, flat forehead, horns in males grow outward, while females are slightly
inward so that they resemble buffalo.
The fastest growth of livestock is at the calf, weaning until the age of two years, then at the age of
four it begins to decrease and after that, the growth starts to be constant. This variation in birth weight
is thought to be due to variations in parentage and environmental factors. In addition, environmental
influences such as cattle health and supply in the feed are very important because they have a direct
effect on cattle performance, for example through food, disease, and management. The results of calf
growth observations by looking at the effect of altitude on calf birth weight for Bali cattle are
presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Effect of altitude and sex on calf birth weight for Bali cattle (kg).
yz: different superscripts on the same line indicate significant differences
(P<0.05)
ns: not real different
Based on the data in Table 2, it can be seen that altitude does not have a significant effect on the
birth weight of Bali cattle calves. The mean birth weight of Bali cattle calves in the highlands and
lowlands is 18.02 kg and 17.52 kg, respectively. Based on the data in Table 2, it is known that sex has
a significant effect (P<0.05) on the birth weight of Bali cattle calves. Male calves have a higher birth
weight value than female calves. This is thought to be due to different genetic factors between the two
types of calves. Following the opinion [14] stated that the birth weight of male calves is greater than
that of female calves.
The results of observing the effect of height and sex on weaning weight for 180 days of calf Bali
cattle are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Effect of altitude and sex on weaning weight of 180 days for Bali cattle calves (kg).
Sex
Altitude
Total average
Highland
Lowland
Male
78.01 ± 10.15
73.74 ± 11.05
76.62 ± 10.48y
Female
74.46 ± 8.25
70.60 ± 9.17
72.34 ± 8.19z
Total average
75.95 ± 9.17a
71.29 ± 9.58b
ab: different superscripts on the same line indicate significant differences (P<0.05)
yz: different superscripts on the same line indicate significant differences (P<0.05)
Based on the data in Table 3, it is known that altitude has a significant effect (P<0.05) on the
weaning weight of Bali calves. The 180 day weaning weight of male calves in the highlands is greater
than that of female calves. The explains that the existence of environmental differences, including
temperature and air, causes differences in weaning weight in calves.
Sex
Altitude
Total average
Highland
Lowland
Male
20.73 ± 1.44
20.66 ± 1.11
20.71 ± 1.32y
Female
16.07 ± 2.35
16.63 ± 2.63
16.38 ± 2.50z
Total average
18.02 ± 3.06ns
17.52 ± 2.89ns
International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security:2020
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 782 (2021) 022094
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/782/2/022094
5
Based on the data in Table 3, it is known that sex has a significant effect (P<0.05) on the birth
weight of Bali cattle calves. Male calves have a greater weaning weight than female calves. This is
presumably because the male calves have a large birth weight, which causes the weaning weight to be
greater than the female calves. In accordance with [15] stated that high birth weight has a high
weaning weight.
4. Conclusions
The exterior characteristics are the color of the dorsal line, the tip of the tail is the same, while specific
differences are seen in the color of the body, lower legs, buttocks, nail shape, head shape, lip color,
and horns. The sex affects calf birth weight and calf weaning weight. highland calves have better
growth than lowland calves.
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