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The History of Knots and Surgical Suturing
Abstract
As one of the oldest materials used by human, many evidences show that ropes are closely related to human evolution. Due to perishability, few ropes remain intact after thousands of years. Even if there are few intact ropes found, most of them are collected in museums. Therefore, ropes may be “the most remarkable invention of human.” One piece of fiber is of no use. But when these fibers are spun into yarns, yarns are twisted into strands, and strands are woven into ropes, such a trivial thing will become strong and flexible, creating unlimited possibilities.
Introducción.
Anudar es una de las habilidades quirúrgicas esenciales y de su correcta ejecución dependen procesos de vital importancia. La adquisición de estas competencias requiere trabajo motor, entornos amigables y realistas. Una estrategia para facilitar el aprendizaje de la técnica de anudado es generar instrumentos de simulación accesibles.
Métodos.
Se presenta un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos, construido con materiales de bajo costo y asequibles para la población en general, con un presupuesto de aproximadamente 1,23).
Resultados.
Se desarrolló un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos que, al fijarse a la extremidad inferior desde una posición sentada, proporciona una superficie estable para llevar a cabo la práctica de anudado de manera efectiva.
Conclusión.
La cirugía moderna considera la seguridad del paciente como la principal prioridad, por lo que ya no es apropiado adoptar un método de formación de “ver uno, hacer uno, enseñar uno”. Es la práctica constante mediante simuladores, el método más adecuado. Este trabajo presenta una alternativa de aprendizaje ininterrumpido de las técnicas quirúrgicas relacionadas con los nudos.
Suture materials is one of the critical factors that determines the surgical outcomes. Therefore, careful selection of suture is imperative to achieve satisfactory results during surgical procedures. Importantly, the characteristics and functional performance of suture materials depends on its intrinsic features such as physical, mechanical, shape-memory, biocompatibility, anti-microbial and wound healing properties. Developing smart suture materials with superior properties is the need of the hour. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the recent literature on the properties of suture materials was elaborated. Moreover, the recent advances on the properties of novel suture materials enabled with nanomaterials was discussed. The clinical use of the suture materials and its advantages were also highlighted. In addition, characterization methods and future perspectives of the suture materials were briefed.
When, how, and following which paths hominins created the innovations that allowed them to colonize regions of the planet that were not suited to their thermal physiology is still a matter of inquiry. In this paper, we elaborate a theoretical framework to investigate the origin and diversification of bone needles, summarize the evidence for their emergence, create a large database of their morphometric and stylistic characters, and present results of the study of an exceptionally well-preserved collection of needles from Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG12), a site located in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northern China, dated to ca. 11.2 ka BP. Bone needles are reported from 271 sites and 355 archaeological layers. Revision of the evidence shows they represent an original cultural innovation that emerged in Eurasia between 45-40 ka BP. Size differences between the earliest known specimens, found in Siberia and China, indicate needles may have been invented independently in these two regions. Needles from Eastern Europe may represent either an independent invention or a geographic extension of earlier Siberian and Caucasian sewing traditions. In Western Europe, needles appear during the Solutrean. The wider size range characteristic of Magdalenian specimens supports the idea that needles of different sizes were used in a variety of tasks. In China, the robust sub-circular needles found at sites dated between 35-25 ka BP are followed, between 26-23 ka BP, by small flat needles, which may represent an innovation associated with the microblades/microcores toolkit. At SDG12, technological, functional, and morphometric analyses of finished needles and manufacturing by-products identify two previously undetected reduction sequences for the production of needles of different size and, probably, function. The bone needles found at Paleoindian sites are the smallest and reflect a never previously achieved mastery in the production of such tools.
While the well-known scene of the transport of the
colossal statue of governor Djehutihotep in his tomb
at Dayr al-Barshā has already been discussed at length,
the wider context of this scene has not received much
attention. In part this is due to its fragmentary copy
in P.E. Newberry, El Bersheh (London, <1894>). A new
recording of the scene that shows the destination towards
which the statue is dragged demonstrates that
it was to be located at the ka-chapel of the governor.
In addition, new inscriptions allow to reconstruct the
supply chain from which the offerings derive that were
intended for the cult at this chapel.
The ropes found in Cave 5 at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, an ancient Egyptian harbor on the Red Sea, are associated with the maritime expeditions of the Twelfth Dynasty. Various aspects of the cordage from Cave 5 were already published in this journal (2008). Here we present microscopic analysis and reexamination of the source of the plant material used for manufacturing the ropes (cordage). The large thick ropes in Cave 5 were made of papyrus culms (Cyperus papyrus L.) and the ropes were transported to the harbor from the Nile valley likely for the expeditions to the land of Punt, ca. 3800 years ago.
This essay considers how New Bedford native Clifford Warren Ashley (1881–1947) shaped a lasting image of America’s vanishing whaling industry as a preindustrial craft practice, informed by the Arts and Crafts movement and by the social and environmental toll of industrialization in the city’s burgeoning textile mills circa 1900, when New Bedford became one of the nation’s leading producers of cotton goods. Focusing on Ashley’s influential work as a maritime artist, writer, and designer of period rooms at the Jonathan Bourne Whaling Museum (now the New Bedford Whaling Museum), it explores the range of strategies he adopted to promote whaling’s fading traditions of handiwork, including knotting, sailmaking, coopering, shipsmithing, and carving scrimshaw. While Ashley’s representations of the great days of the whaling ships mounted a critique of the city’s machine-based production, it also obscured whaling’s unsavory, proto-industrial character. The whaleship was a crucible of capitalist abuse, alienated labor, and the unstable social relations that came to characterize New Bedford’s factory life in the early twentieth century. Whaling also literally fueled the growth of the factory system by furnishing the whale and sperm oils used to lubricate heavy and high-speed machinery. Although Ashley’s craftsmen seemed to occupy a simpler, preindustrial past, whaling actually presaged and produced sweeping changes in the nation’s modes of production and systems of labor.
Eleven scenes are examined for information concerning the techniques and terminology of making rope. The definition of certain technical terms is refined from the earlier work of Junker and Vandier, and several scenes are added to Vandier's corpus of rope-making scenes.
This book studies the formation of complex societies in prehistoric China during the Neolithic and early state periods, c. 7000–1500 BC. Archaeological materials are interpreted through anthropological perspectives, using systematic analytic methods in settlement and burial patterns. Both agency and process are considered in the development of chiefdoms and in the emergence of early states in the Yellow River region. Interrelationships between factors such as mortuary practice, craft specialization, ritual activities, warfare, exchange of elite goods, climatic fluctuations, and environmental changes are emphasized. This study offers a critical evaluation of current archaeological data from Chinese sources, and argues that, although some general tendencies are noted, social changes were affected by multiple factors in no pre-determined sequence. In this most comprehensive study to date, Li Liu attempts to reconstruct developmental trajectories toward early states in Chinese civilization and discusses theoretical implications of Chinese archaeology for the understanding of social evolution.
Amputation of the nose was practiced as a sign of humiliation to adulterers, thieves, and prisoners of war by certain ancient populations. To erase this disfigurement, numerous techniques were invented over the centuries. In India, where this injury was common, advancement cheek flaps were performed (around 600 BC). The forehead flap was introduced much later, probably around the 16th century. The Venetian adventurer Manuzzi, in writing a report about the Mughal Empire in the second half of the 17th century gave the description of the forehead rhinoplasty. Detailed information concerning the Indian forehead flap reached the Western world in 1794, thanks to a letter to the editor that appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine. From this episode, one can date the beginning of a widespread interest in rhinoplasty and in plastic surgery in general. In Europe, nasal reconstruction started in the 15th century in Sicily with the Brancas, initially with cheek flaps and then with arm flaps. At the beginning of the 16th century, rhinoplasty developed in Calabria (Southern Italy) with the Vianeos. In 1597, Gaspare Tagliacozzi, Professor of Surgery at Bologna, improved the arm flap technique and published a book entirely devoted to this art. He is considered the founder of plastic surgery.
Sushruta is considered the "Father of Plastic Surgery." He lived in India sometime between 1000 and 800 BC, and is responsible for the advancement of medicine in ancient India. His teaching of anatomy, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies were of unparalleled luminosity, especially considering his time in the historical record. He is notably famous for nasal reconstruction, which can be traced throughout the literature from his depiction within the Vedic period of Hindu medicine to the era of Tagliacozzi during Renaissance Italy to modern-day surgical practices. The primary focus of this historical review is centered on Sushruta's anatomical and surgical knowledge and his creation of the cheek flap for nasal reconstruction and its transition to the "Indian method." The influential nature of the Sushruta Samhita, the compendium documenting Sushruta's theories about medicine, is supported not only by anatomical knowledge and surgical procedural descriptions contained within its pages, but by the creative approaches that still hold true today.
When Sir John Lubbock, 1st Lord Avebury, died in 1913 (before the outbreak of the 1914-18 war) he was deeply mourned by thousands who knew him and revered by millions who only knew of him. By the end of that war his reputation was in complete eclipse and it is only now and very partially beginning to emerge from an unmerited obscurity. In a recent number of New Biology I found the following passage: ‘It is remarkable that up to 1914 there was no definite proof that bees could see colours. Everyone from Sprengel onwards had assumed it, but there were nonly a few experiments such as those of Lubbock (1875-6). These, though suggesting that bees possessed colour-vision, did not eliminate the possibility that they discriminated between different colours by their brightness alone. Indeed, the first full-scale experiments came from Hess (1913) who claimed that this was the case: that honey bees could not see true colours but only various shades of grey. For a time there was doubt, but in 1914 von Frisch began his classic work...´ This is one example of how Lubbock’s work is forgotten or, if remembered, described in such a way as to diminish its importance. It is simply not true that von Frisch proved what Lubbock had failed to prove forty years earlier. Von Frisch does not mention Lubbock in his bibliography and it may well be that he was only impelled to begin his colour-vision work by a distrust of the work of Hess who started out with a bee in his bonnet and was wrong about most things. Nevertheless, von Frisch’s technique resembled Lubbock’s very closely and his results are open to the same sort of criticism. The final answer was given so far as bees are concerned, not by von Frisch in 1914, but by Kuhn in 1927 using pure spectral colours (a method invented by Lubbock though applied by him only to Daphnia and to ants). It is worth noting that Lubbock’s experiments on bees were supported by extremely pertinent observations on the colour-sensitivity of wasps and ants, water-fleas and dogs.
Describes the Quipu, a mathematical device invented by the Incas of Peru that used the base-10 number system to store information. Suggests ways of incorporating material on the quipu into the arithmetic class. (MDH)
This biographical sketch on Baron Joseph Lister corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery (1867), available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1320-x .
The cave home of Peking Man. Foreign Languages Press Peking; 1975. First edition 1975 Printed in the People’s Republic of China
- L-P Chia
Knots, splices and rope work
- A H Verrill
A short review on Albucasis achievements in dentistry based on his book: Al-Tasrif li man Ajaz an-il-Talif
- M R Noras
- M Hajzadeh
- A Arianpoor