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Citation: Perrotta G (2021) Massive use of tattoos and psychopathological clinical evidence. Arch Community Med Public Health 7(2): 079-085.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000144
https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/acmphDOI:
2455-5479ISSN:
MEDICAL GROUP
Abstract
Purpose: This research aims to identify any recurrent psychopathological profi les in individuals who abuse tattoos and that, for this reason, the tattoo itself could be
the manifestation of a specifi c symptom.
Methods: Clinical interview and administration of the MMPI-II and PICI-1.
Results: The research on a population sample of 444 people has shown a strong psychopathological tendency in the MMPI-II that is confi rmed in the PICI-1 (TA
version); in fact, the data are even more signifi cant and expressive a precise psychopathological diagnosis of personality. In the male group with a percentage of less than
25%, at least three dysfunctional traits of anxiety, phobic, obsessive, somatic, borderline and antisocial disorder emerged individually. In the male group with a percentage
between 26% and 50%, at least four dysfunctional traits of borderline, narcissistic, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged individually. In the male group with a
percentage between 51% and 75%, at least 5 dysfunctional traits of bipolar, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged individually. In
the male group with a percentage between 76% and 100%, at least 6 dysfunctional traits of borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged
individually. In the female group with a percentage of less than 25%, at least three dysfunctional traits of anxiety, phobic, obsessive, somatic, borderline and bipolar
disorder emerged individually. In the female group with a percentage between 26% and 50%, at least four dysfunctional traits of borderline, borderline, anxiety, phobic,
obsessive, somatic, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged individually. In the female group with a percentage between 51% and 75%, at least fi ve dysfunctional traits
of bipolar, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged individually. In the female group with a percentage between 76% and 100%, at
least 6 dysfunctional traits of bipolar, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged individually.
Conclusions: On the basis of these data, it is reasonable to argue that as the percentage of body surface area covered by tattoos increases, so do the dysfunctional
traits of a specifi c main disorder. In particular, the recurrent dysfunctional traits are anxious, phobic, obsessive, somatic and bipolar in subjects with less than 25% of the
body surface covered by tattoos, while borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic traits are more frequent in subjects with more than 26% of the body
surface covered by tattoos. Comparing the data with the control group we reasonably come to the conclusion that the use of tattoos is not directly related to the presence
of one or more psychopathologies, but if the use is massive this is a fairly robust indicator of the likely presence of a signifi cant number of psychopathological traits of
the same morbid condition.
Research Article
Massive use of tattoos and
psychopathological clinical
evidence
Giulio Perrotta*
Psychologist sp.ing in Strategic Psychotherapy, Forensic Criminologist, Legal Advisor sp.ed SSPL,
Researcher, Essayist, Institute for the study of psychotherapies - ISP, Via San Martino della Battaglia no.
31, 00185, Rome, Italy
Received: 08 April, 2021
Accepted: 05 June, 2021
Published: 07 June, 2021
*Corresponding author: Dr. Giulio Perrotta,
Psychologist sp.ing in Strategic Psychotherapy,
Forensic Criminologist, Legal Advisor sp.ed SSPL,
Researcher, Essayist, Institute for the study of
psychotherapies - ISP, Via San Martino della Battaglia
no. 31, 00185, Rome, Italy,
E-mail:
Keywords: Tatoo; Tattooing; Psychopathological
diagnosis; MMPI-II; PICI-1
https://www.peertechzpublications.com
Contents of the manuscript
Introduction and background
Tattooing is considered to be a technique of human bodily
decoration, while the product of this technique is famously
called “tatoo” and consists (in its traditional form) of incising
the skin by delaying healing with special substances or of
puncturing it by introducing dyes into the wounds. Therapeutic
tattoos have been found on the mummy of the ‘Pazyryk man’
in Central Asia with intricate animal tattoos, or that of the Ukok
princess (Altai Mummy) dating from around 500 B.C. depicting
an imaginary animal (deer and griffi n) of a high artistic level.
Among the ancient civilisations where tattooing developed was
Egypt, but also ancient Rome, where it was banned by Emperor
Constantine, following his conversion to Christianity. It should
also be noted that, before Christianity became a licit religion
and later the state religion, many Christians tattooed religious
symbols on their skin to mark their spiritual identity. Tattooing
re-emerged from the shadows in the second half of the 19th
080
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Citation: Perrotta G (2021) Massive use of tattoos and psychopathological clinical evidence. Arch Community Med Public Health 7(2): 079-085.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000144
century, with the publication in 1876 of Cesare Lombroso’s
essay ‘L’uomo delinquente’ (Criminal Man). Lombroso
closely correlates tattoos with the criminal’s innate moral
degeneration: the tattooed sign is one of those anatomical
anomalies capable of recognising the anthropological type of
the criminal. The born criminal shows specifi c anthropological
characteristics that bring him closer to primitive animals
and humans, and the act of tattooing by repeat offenders is a
sign of regression to the primitive, wild state. Following the
spread of Cesare Lombroso’s theories, tattoos were further
censored and this is why, unlike in other Western countries,
no professional studios or workshops were set up until the end
of the 1970s. From the end of the sixties and the beginning
of the seventies of the last century, tattoo culture gradually
spread, fi rst in young hippy subcultures, in prisons and among
motorcyclists, and then slowly conquered every social stratum
and age group. Between the end of the 1990s and the early
2000s, tattoos became increasingly popular, driven by the
popularity of the public fi gures who had them on their bodies,
and from a simple phenomenon of custom it became a fashion
for people of all ages, although there is still a percentage of
risk of contraindications, especially if already suffering from
skin diseases, predisposition to allergies, photosensitivity,
vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections, coagulation
disorders, immunosuppressive conditions, serious cardiac
abnormalities treated with drugs and pregnancy [1-5]. Tattoo
removal has been carried out using different tools throughout
the history of tattoos. While tattoos were once considered
permanent, it is now possible to remove them with treatments
in whole or in part. Prior to the development of the laser
tattoo removal method, the most common removal techniques
included dermabrasion, TCA (trichloroacetic acid, an acid that
removes the upper layers of the skin, reaching the layers where
the ink resides), salabrasion (rubbing the skin with salt),
cryosurgery, and incisions, which are sometimes still used in
conjunction with skin grafting for larger tattoos. Some earlier
forms of tattoo removal included the injection or application of
wine, lemon, vinegar or pigeon droppings. Laser tattoo removal
was initially performed with continuous wave lasers, and later
with Q-switched lasers, which were commercially available
from 1990. Today the words “laser tattoo removal” refer to the
non-invasive removal of tattoo pigments using Q-switched
lasers and typically black and darker inks are removed more
easily [6-10].
Research objectives and Methods
This research aims to identify any recurrent
psychopathological profi les in individuals who abuse tattoos
and that, for this reason, the tattoo itself could be the
manifestation of a specifi c symptom.
The phases of the research were divided as follows:
1) Selection of the population sample.
2) Individual clinical interview.
3) Administration of the MMPI-II and PICI-1 [11], to each
population group.
4) Data processing following administration, in relation to
data obtained from clinical interviews and the administration
of the MMPI-II and PICI-1 [12,13].
All participants were guaranteed anonymity and respects
the ethical, moral and clinical content of the 1964 Declaration
of Helsinki.
Setting and participants
The requirements decided for the selection of the sample
population are:
1) Age between 18 years and 75 years.
2) Residence or domicile on Italian territory for at least 5 year,
regardless of nationality and/or citizenship.
3) Male and female gender.
4) Absence of psychopathological diagnosis before tattooing.
5) Percentage of soiling of the body surface greater than 5%.
To calculate the %, the body should be divided into the
following districts (including front and back): head and
neck [I], shoulders and chest [II], arms and hands [III],
abdomen, groin and buttocks [IV] legs and feet [V]. Each
district is equivalent to 20%. The percentage per district
is calculated based on the extent of the tattoo, assigning
the value of 1%, 2% 5%, 7%, 10%, 15% or 20% based
on how much skin is not tattooed. Extensive tattoos
greater than 200 square centimetres in volume or those
present in the following anatomical parts automatically
equal 20% even if there are (in that district) parts of
skin that are not tattooed: face, neck, hands, wrists and
areas that the person tends to keep uncovered more
frequently. Extensive tattoos exceeding 180 square
centimetres in volume, if present in the legs and arms
but only on one side, are worth 10%. To calculate the
volume of the tattoo, multiply its base by its height (in
square centimetres). Let’s take an example. Let’s take a
36 year old adult with 7 tattoos in the following areas:
a) Right chest, 25 square centimetres in volume; b) Left
deltoid, 9 square centimetres in volume; c) High back,
49 square centimetres in volume; d) Left forearm, 14
square centimetres in volume; e) Right thigh, 225 square
centimetres in volume; f) Left foot, 12 square centimetres
in volume; g) Right malleolus, 1 square centimetre in
volume. By dividing the body into districts it is possible
to assign percentages to each tattoo: a) Right chest, 25
square centimeters in volume = II district, 5%; b) Left
deltoid, 9 square centimetres of volume = II district,
2%; c) High back, 49 square centimeters of volume =
II district, 5%; d) Left forearm, 14 square centimeters
of volume = III district, 2%; e) Right thigh, 225 square
centimeters of volume = V district, 10%; f) Left foot, 12
square centimetres in volume = V district, 2%; g) Right
malleolus, 1 square centimetre of volume = V district,
1%; Summarising by districts: the fi rst is 0/20, the
second is 12/20, the third is 2/20, the fourth is 0/20 and
the fi fth is 13/20, giving an overall total of 27/100 (27%).
The selected setting, taking into account the protracted
081
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Citation: Perrotta G (2021) Massive use of tattoos and psychopathological clinical evidence. Arch Community Med Public Health 7(2): 079-085.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000144
pandemic period (already in progress since the beginning of
the present research), is the online platform via Skype and
Videocall Whatsapp, both for the clinical interview and for the
administration.
The present research work was carried out from June 2020
to December 2020.
The selected population sample is 444 participants, divided
into four groups:
Population sample Total
Sex Male Female
% Of body surface area
affected by tattoos
6% - 25% 144 78 222
26% - 50% 102 42 144
51% - 75% 34 22 56
76% - 100% 16 6 22
Total 296 148 444
The same reasoning was applied to the selected control
group, consisting of 444 participants with the following
participation requirements:
1) Age between 18 years and 75 years.
2) Residence or domicile on Italian territory for at least 5 years,
regardless of nationality and/or citizenship.
3) Male and female gender.
4) Absence of psychopathological diagnosis.
5) Absence of tattoos on the body and declaration by the
participant in the control group not to want the application
of a tattoo on his body.
The control group was not subdivided into groups because
of the necessity and priority of a comparison with respect to the
possible presence of one or more psychopathological disorders;
therefore, were subjected exclusively to PICI-1(TA).
Results, limits and possible confl icts of interest
Once the sample of the population that met the requirements
had been selected (fi rst stage), the participants were subjected
individually to a clinical interview (second stage), aimed at
obtaining as complete a personal and family history as possible.
The following relevant data emerged from the clinical interview:
The main recurrent reasons for getting tattoos are: personal
emotional meaning or overcoming a traumatic event (45.5%,
202/444), aesthetic beauty (40%, 178/444), fashion and social
trend (10%, 44/444), mirroring a partner or a familiar or
friendly person (4.5%, 20/444). The relationships between the
male and female samples are substantially equal and preserved.
17.1% (76/444) regretted having tattooed their body, with a
greater tendency among women (55.3%, 42/76).
As the frequency of the percentage of tattoos on the body
increases, the borderline, narcissistic and antisocial symptoms
worsen.
The clinical interview and anamnestic reconstruction reveal
very clear and sharp personality profi les [14-47].
The male gender of the selected sample of the population
(296/444) exhibits mood instability, marked instinctiveness
and aggression, obsessive and paranoid thoughts, listlessness,
boredom and humour decline, marked narcissistic tendency
and a strong inclination towards sadistic/ masochistic traits.
The female gender of the selected sample of the population
(148/444) exhibits obsessive and paranoid thoughts about their
physical appearance, somatic and body dysmorphic symptoms
(in some cases even leading to the need for surgery), listlessness,
boredom, bipolar, borderline, narcissistic symptoms and and a
strong inclination towards sadistic/ masochistic traits.
4) The population sample selected denies having a previous
psychopathological diagnosis and/or need for therapeutic
intervention, despite the symptoms found and described in the
anamnesis.
The third phase is dedicated to the administration of the
MMPI-II and the PICI-1 (TA version). [45-47] In the fi rst case,
the data emerged confi rm what had already been noted during
the clinical interview (presence of at least 65 correct points in
the following scales, with at least 50% frequency):
The data from the PICI-1 (TA version) [2,3] were
administered and analysed, as listed below:The control group,
subjected in the last phase to the administration of PICI-1(TA)
reported the following values:
The main limitations of the research is one: the PICI-1 is not
yet standardised psychometric instruments but are proposed,
despite the excellent results obtained and already published in
international scientifi c journals [11-13].
This research has no fi nancial backer, it’s indipendent and
does not present any confl icts of interest.
Conclusions
The research on a population sample of 444 people de-
monstrated
Very contrasting values emerge from the MMPI-II. Among
the clinical scales, the values above the 50% frequency are: for
the male gender, 63.2% of the hypomania scale, 67.9% of the
schizophrenia scale, 75.3% of the paranoia scale and 82% of
the psychopathic deviation scale; for the female gender, 65. 5%
of the schizophrenia scale, 68.9% of the anxiety scale, 70.9%
of the hypomania scale, 73.6% of the depression scale, 80.4%
of the hysteria scale, 85.8% of the psychopathic deviance scale
and 86.5% of the paranoia scale. On the other hand, in relation
to the content scales, if in the male group the anxiety and
depression scales are below the threshold, in contrast to the
female group, the remaining scales are extremely high: 70.1%
of the social discomfort scale, 81.4% of the antisocial behaviour
scale, 82.7% of the anger scale and 92.7% of the family
problems scale. In particular, in the groups with more than
082
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Citation: Perrotta G (2021) Massive use of tattoos and psychopathological clinical evidence. Arch Community Med Public Health 7(2): 079-085.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000144
Clinical Scale
SCALE Hs D Hy Pd Pa Sc Ma
Signifi cance Hypochondria Depression Hysteria Psychopathic deviation Paranoia Schizophrenia Hypomania
Frequency (m) < 50% < 50% < 50% 243/296
(82%)
223/296
(75.3%)
201/296
(67.9%)
187/296
(63.2%)
Frequency (f) 102/148
(68.9%)
109/148
(73.6%)
119/148
(80.4%)
127/148
(85.8%)
128/148
(86.5%)
97/148
(65.5%)
105/148
(70.9%)
Content Scales
Scale ANX DEP ANG CYN ASP SOD FAM
Signifi cance Anxiety Depression Anger Cynicism Antisocial behaviour Social discomfort Family problems
Frequency (m) < 50% < 50% 254/296
(85.8%)
234/296
(79%)
227/296
(76.7%)
211/296
(71.3%)
271/296
(91.5%)
Frequency (f) 103/148
(69.6%)
110/148
(74,3.3%)
118/148
(79.7%)
128/148
(86.5%)
127/148
(85.8%)
103/148
(69.6%)
139/148
(93.9%)
Population sample
Sex Male Female
List of main personality disorders identifi ed
by PICI-1 data from PICI-1 data
% of body surface area
affected by tattoos
6% - 25%
They individually present at least 3
dysfunctional traits of the disorder
anxious, phobic, obsessive, somatic, borderline and
antisocial disorder
They individually present at least 3 dysfunctional traits of the disorder
anxious, phobic, obsessive, somatic, bipolar and borderline disorder
26% - 50%
They individually present at least 4 dysfunctional traits of
bipolar disorder, borderline, narcissistic,
sadistic and masochistic
They individually present at least 4 dysfunctional traits of bipolar,
borderline, anxiety, phobic, obsessive, somatic, sadistic and masochistic
disorder
51% - 75%
They individually present at least 5 dysfunctional traits of
bipolar disorder, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial,
sadistic and masochistic
They individually present at least 5 dysfunctional traits of bipolar disorder,
borderline, narcissistic, antisocial,
sadistic and masochistic
76% - 100%
They individually present at least 6 dysfunctional traits of
bipolar disorder, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial,
sadistic and masochistic
They individually present at least 6 dysfunctional traits of bipolar disorder,
borderline, narcissistic, antisocial,
sadistic and masochistic
Control group
Sex Male Female
296/444 148/444
1) Anxious 10/296 1) Anxious 20/148
2) Phobic 3/296 2) Phobic 7/148
3) Avoidant 1/296 3) Avoidant 3/148
4) Obsessive 10/296 4) Obsessive 6/148
Pathological traits 4 pathological traits 5) Somatic 8/296 5) Somatic 6/148
M = (159/296) 6) Manic 8/296 6) Manic 1/148
F = (100/148) 7) Bipolar 5/296 7) Bipolar 4/148
8) Emo-Behav. 10/296 8) Emo-Behav. 3/148
9) Dependent 4/296 9) Dependent 1/148
10) Depressive 20/296 10) Depressive 12/148
11) Borderline 20/296 11) Borderline 16/148
12) Histrionic 5/296 12) Histrionic 1/148
13a) Narciss. Overt 3/296 13a) Narciss. Overt 2/148
13b) Narcis. Covert 5/296 13b) Narcis. Covert 4/148
14) Antisocial 15/296 14) Antisocial 4/148
15) Sadistic 3/296 15) Sadistic 1/148
16) Masochistic 4/296 16) Masochistic 5/148
083
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Citation: Perrotta G (2021) Massive use of tattoos and psychopathological clinical evidence. Arch Community Med Public Health 7(2): 079-085.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000144
17) Psychopathic 1/296 17) Psychopathic 1/148
18) Schizophrenic 0/296 18) Schizophrenic 0/148
19) Schizoid 0/296 19) Schizoid 0/148
20) Schizotypal 0/296 20) Schizotypal 0/148
21) Schizoaffective 0/296 21) Schizoaffective 1/148
22) Delusional 7/296 22) Delusional 2/148
23) Paranoid 11/296 23) Paranoid 3/148
24) Dissociative 2/296 24) Dissociative 1/148
1) Anxious 2/296 1) Anxious 3/148
2) Phobic 1/296 2) Phobic 1/148
3) Avoidant 1/296 3) Avoidant 1/148
4) Obsessive 3/296 4) Obsessive 1/148
5) Somatic 0/296 5) Somatic 1/148
5 pathological traits 6) Manic 1/296 6) Manic 1/148
M = (19/296) 7) Bipolar 3/296 7) Bipolar 2/148
F = (11/148) 8) Emo-Behav. 0/296 8) Emo-Behav. 0/148
9) Dependent 0/296 9) Dependent 0/148
10) Depressive 2/296 10) Depressive 0/148
11) Borderline 3/296 11) Borderline 0/148
12) Histrionic 0/296 12) Histrionic 0/148
13a) Narciss. Overt 1/296 13a) Narciss. Overt 0/148
13b) Narcis. Covert 0/296 13b) Narcis. Covert 0/148
14) Antisocial 1/296 14) Antisocial 0/148
15) Sadistic 0/296 15) Sadistic 0/148
16) Masochistic 0/296 16) Masochistic 0/148
17) Psychopathic 0/296 17) Psychopathic 0/148
18) Schizophrenic 0/296 18) Schizophrenic 0/148
19) Schizoid 0/296 19) Schizoid 0/148
20) Schizotypal 0/296 20) Schizotypal 0/148
21) Schizoaffective 0/296 21) Schizoaffective 0/148
22) Delusional 0/296 22) Delusional 0/148
23) Paranoid 1/296 23) Paranoid 1/148
24) Dissociative 0/296 24) Dissociative 0/148
1) Anxious 1/296 1) Anxious 1/148
2) Phobic 0/296 2) Phobic 0/148
3) Avoidant 0/296 3) Avoidant 0/148
4) Obsessive 0/296 4) Obsessive 1/148
5) Somatic 0/296 5) Somatic 0/148
6) Manic 0/296 6) Manic 0/148
6/+ pathological traits 7) Bipolar 0/296 7) Bipolar 0/148
M = (3/296) 8) Emo-Behav. 0/296 8) Emo-Behav. 0/148
F = (4/148) 9) Dependent 0/296 9) Dependent 0/148
10) Depressive 0/296 10) Depressive 0/148
11) Borderline 1/296 11) Borderline 1/148
12) Histrionic 0/296 12) Histrionic 0/148
13a) Narciss. Overt 0/296 13a) Narciss. Overt 0/148
13b) Narcis. Covert 0/296 13b) Narcis. Covert 0/148
14) Antisocial 0/296 14) Antisocial 0/148
084
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Citation: Perrotta G (2021) Massive use of tattoos and psychopathological clinical evidence. Arch Community Med Public Health 7(2): 079-085.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000144
15) Sadistic 0/296 15) Sadistic 0/148
16) Masochistic 1/296 16) Masochistic 1/148
17) Psychopathic 0/296 17) Psychopathic 0/148
18) Schizophrenic 0/296 18) Schizophrenic 0/148
19) Schizoid 0/296 19) Schizoid 0/148
20) Schizotypal 0/296 20) Schizotypal 0/148
21) Schizoaffective 0/296 21) Schizoaffective 0/148
22) Delusional 0/296 22) Delusional 0/148
23) Paranoid 0/296 23) Paranoid 0/148
24) Dissociative 0/296 24) Dissociative 0/148
50% of the body surface tattooed, we fi nd the highest values
of the clinical scales of paranoia and psychopathic deviance,
as well as the highest values of the content scales of cynicism,
antisocial behaviour and family problems.
From PICI-1 (TA version), the data are even more signifi cant
and expressive a precise psychopathological diagnosis of
personality. In the male group with a percentage of less than
25%, at least three dysfunctional traits of anxiety, phobic,
obsessive, somatic, borderline and antisocial disorder emerged
individually. In the male group with a percentage between
26% and 50%, at least four dysfunctional traits of borderline,
narcissistic, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged
individually. In the male group with a percentage between 51%
and 75%, at least 5 dysfunctional traits of bipolar, borderline,
narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic disorder
emerged individually. In the male group with a percentage
between 76% and 100%, at least 6 dysfunctional traits of
borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic
disorder emerged individually. In the female group with a
percentage of less than 25%, at least three dysfunctional
traits of anxiety, phobic, obsessive, somatic, borderline and
bipolar disorder emerged individually. In the female group
with a percentage between 26% and 50%, at least four
dysfunctional traits of borderline, borderline, anxiety, phobic,
obsessive, somatic, sadistic and masochistic disorder emerged
individually. In the female group with a percentage between
51% and 75%, at least fi ve dysfunctional traits of bipolar,
borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic
disorder emerged individually. In the female group with a
percentage between 76% and 100%, at least 6 dysfunctional
traits of bipolar, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic
and masochistic disorder emerged individually. On the other
hand, the control group scored, with regard to 4 dysfunctional
traits, 159/296 for the male group and 100/148 for the female
group; with regard to 5 dysfunctional traits, 19/296 for the
male group and 11/148 for the female group; with regard to
6 or more dysfunctional traits, 3/296 for the male group and
4/148 for the female group. Overall, in the control group, the
following results were obtained: 61.15% of the male group
presented at least 4 psychopathological traits, while 77.7% of
the female group presented at least 4 psychopathological traits.
Based on these data, recurrent dysfunctional traits are
anxious, phobic, obsessive, somatic and bipolar in subjects
with less than 25% of body surface covered by tattoos, while
borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic and masochistic
traits are more frequent in subjects with more than 26% of
body surface covered by tattoos. Comparing the data with the
control group we reasonably come to the conclusion that the
use of tattoos is not directly related to the presence of one or
more psychopathologies, but if the use is massive this is a fairly
robust indicator of the likely presence of a signifi cant number
of psychopathological traits of the same morbid condition.
In the light of the signifi cant results of this research, it seems
consequential to suggest to provide psychological support
[48,49] to all subjects presenting at least 3 dysfunctional traits
of a specifi c disorder, starting from the meaning of tattoos on
the patient’s body in order to tap into all those unconscious
information about the patient and the deep reasons of his
discomfort.
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085
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Citation: Perrotta G (2021) Massive use of tattoos and psychopathological clinical evidence. Arch Community Med Public Health 7(2): 079-085.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000144
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