No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
... Failing to see language as part of the human bio-ecology (Cowley 2014) -species-specific interactional coordinated cooperative behavior with an adaptational (orientational) functionand reifying linguistic signs as independently existing material objects that contain meanings allegedly exchanged in communication, linguistics with its written language bias (Linell 2005) comes short of identifying its subject matter in a consistent and uncontroversial manner (Kravchenko 2008). Unable to make noticeable progress, it remains, at best, what Kuhn (1962) called a "pre-science", raising questions about the intellectual health of the discipline of linguistics (Yngve 1986), while some researchers go further and simply deny linguistics its status as a science (Finch 2003, Harris 2005. This poses the question of the relationship between science and language. ...
... In science, a change of paradigm is a revolution (Kuhn 1962) -"a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc. that affects large numbers of people" (www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com). The advent of Saussure's structuralism as a unified theory in linguistic research was such a revolution in the 20 th century, and the scale and magnitude of its effect on the "soft" sciences and, understandably, on much of social practices, first and foremost in education, is yet to be assessed and evaluated. ...
... but occasionally, a groundbreaking discovery can lead to a major shift in the field or across fields resulting in huge rearrangements. In science studies, we may say that small changes are those adding to the stock of knowledge while large-scale collapse would be those major disruptions of the existing order, what Kuhn (1962) might have called "paradigm shifts" or Uzzi et al. (2013) might call disruptive novelty. ...
... The idea that science operates as a network has been explored by many philosophers, sociologists, and historians of science. Key figures like , Kuhn (1962), Callon, Law & Rip (1986), Latour (1987), andCrane (1972) noted the networked nature of scientific knowledge production, communication, and collaboration. Their work highlights the complex, dynamic, and interconnected nature of science, where networks of researchers, ideas, and institutions drive the evolution of knowledge. ...
Loet Leydesdorff revolutionized science studies by characterizing scientific communications as an emergent social system that exhibits nonlinear dynamics including feedback loops, emergence, and self-organizational traits. A network of international collaboration (derived from coauthorships) was an appealing system to investigate because it reflects a next-order dynamic that feeds back to the national and local levels. Leydesdorff and colleagues discovered a reputationally regulated incentive mechanism that operates globally. A worldwide network was demonstrated as growing denser and more integrated over time, signaling that players and states are interested in participating at that level. As the network grew, significant hubs arose and clusters formed around leaders; yet, the network became more decentralized, implying that power was shifting away from historic leaders like the United States. Increasing density resulted in shorter pathways across the global network, promoting rapid dispersion and creating chances for new entrants. The global system was found to contain small worlds and display self-organized criticality, as predicted by a complex adaptive system. The insights developed by Leydesdorff provide insight into the dynamics of knowledge creation which can help policymakers better support science by using principles of network governance.
... Failing to see language as part of the human bio-ecology (Cowley 2014)species-specific interactional coordinated cooperative behavior with an adaptational (orientational) functionand reifying linguistic signs as independently existing material objects that contain meanings allegedly exchanged in communication, linguistics with its written language bias (Linell 2005) comes short of identifying its subject matter in a consistent and uncontroversial manner (Kravchenko 2008). Unable to make noticeable progress, it remains, at best, what Kuhn (1962) called a "prescience", raising questions about the intellectual health of the discipline of linguistics (Yngve 1986), while some researchers go further and simply deny linguistics its status as a science (Finch 2003;Harris 2005). This poses the question of the relationship between science and language. ...
... In science, a change of paradigm is a revolution (Kuhn 1962) -"a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc. that affects large numbers of people" (www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com). The advent of Saussure's structuralism as a unified theory in linguistic research was such a revolution in the 20 th century, and the scale and magnitude of its effect on the "soft" sciences and, understandably, on much of social practices, first and foremost in education, is yet to be assessed and evaluated. ...
Unlike other modern sciences that have dramatically transformed our way of life over a historically short period of time, linguistics cannot boast of any serious achievements that affect our daily life. This raises the issue of practicality of linguistic theories and their applicability in our praxis of living. Confined to the methodologically erroneous and theoretically untenable framework based on the code model of language and communication, linguistics of the mainstream persists in viewing language as a cultural tool in the service of the mind rather than a biologically and ecologically functional feature of humans as a species. Reification of language precludes any productive theorizing about its nature and function, and the biological function of language and its role in the evolution of our species is ignored. Based on constructivist epistemology and the biology of language and cognition, a systems approach to language as the cognitive domain of humans allows for a new conception of language as part of the organism-environment system in which the flow of linguistic interactions (languaging) within a community constitutes its ecological self-constructed niche (language) as a relational domain in which humans develop as living systems. A systems approach used in theorizing language opens an entirely new horizon in the study of languaging and language as crucial biological and ecological factors that define the evolution of humans. A different set of core concepts in the study of language as the human praxis of living signals an ascending revolution in the language sciences and a paradigm shift to ecolinguistics-the study of language that addresses the question of what makes Homo loquens ecologically special, shedding light on the elusive nature of humanness. ЭКОЛИНГВИСТИКА: СМЕНА ПАРАДИГМЫ А. В. Кравченко, Байкальский государственный университет В отличие от других современных наук, самым существенным образом изменивших наш образ жизни за исторически короткий период времени, лингвистика не может похвастать сколько-нибудь серьезными достижениями, повлиявшими на нашу повседневную жизнь. Это заставляет задаться вопросом о практичности лингвистических теорий и их применимости в нашей жизненной практике. Ограниченная методологически ошибочной и теоретически несостоятельной системой взглядов, основанной на кодовой модели языка и коммуникации, лингвистика мэйнстрима продолжает рассматривать язык как культурный инструмент на службе у разума, но не как биологически и экологически функциональную особенность человека как вида. Объективизация языка исключает какое-либо продуктивное теоретизирование о его природе и функции, при этом игнорируется биологическая функция языка и его роль в эволюции нашего вида. Основанный на конструктивистской эпистемологии и биологии языка и познания системный подход к языку как когнитивной области человека позволяет концептуально по-новому взглянуть на язык как часть системы организм-среда, в которой поток языковых взаимодействий (языковая деятельность) внутри сообщества образует его экологическую, им самим конструируемую нишу (язык) как реляционную область, в которой люди развиваются как живые системы. Теоретизирование языка с использованием системного подхода открывает совершленно иной горизонт в исследованиях языковой деятельности и языка как ключевых биологических и экологических факторов, определяющих эволюцию человека. Иной набор ключевых понятий в исследовании языка как жизненной практики человека указывает на начавшуюся революцию в науках о языке и смену парадигмы в сторону эколингвистики-такого изучения языка, при котором ставится вопрос о том, что делает «человека говорящего» экологически особенным, проливая свет на ускользающую от нас природу человечности. Ключевые слова: лингвистика, язык, языковая деятельность, системный подход, система организм-среда, экология.
... When focusing on evaluating disruptive research, identifying an indicator of performance becomes more manageable by recognizing that scientific progress alternates between large quantities of incremental (normal) science and much smaller amounts of revolutionary science or breakthrough discoveries (Kuhn, 1970). Under this model, research evaluations can be particularly focused on publications reporting breakthrough discoveries, which are often identified by their high citation counts (Bornmann et al., 2013;Min et al., 2021;Schneider & Costas, 2017;Wuestman et al., 2020). ...
Purpose
Citation-based assessments of countries’ research capabilities often misrepresent their ability to achieve breakthrough advancements. These assessments commonly classify Japan as a developing country, which contradicts its prominent scientific standing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the underlying causes of such inaccurate assessments and to propose methods for conducting more reliable evaluations.
Design/methodology/approach
The study evaluates the effectiveness of top-percentile citation metrics as indicators of breakthrough research. Using case studies of selected countries and research topics, the study examines how deviations from lognormal citation distributions impact the accuracy of these percentile indicators. A similar analysis is conducted using university data from the Leiden Ranking to investigate citation distribution deviations at the institutional level.
Findings
The study finds that inflated lower tails in citation distributions lead to undervaluation of research capabilities in advanced technological countries, as captured by some percentile indicators. Conversely, research-intensive universities exhibit the opposite trend: a reduced lower tail relative to the upper tail, which causes percentile indicators to overestimate their actual research capacity.
Research limitations
The descriptions are mathematical facts that are self-evident.
Practical implications
The ratios between the number of papers in the global top 10% and 1% by citation count to the total number of papers are commonly used to describe research performance. However, due to variations in citation patterns across countries and institutions with reference to the global pattern, these ratios can be misleading and lose their value as research indicators.
Originality/value
Size-independent research performance indicators, obtained as the ratios between paper counts in top percentiles and the total numbers of publications, are widely used by public and private institutions. This study demonstrates that the use of these ratios for research evaluations and country rankings can be highly misleading.
... Granted, (C) runs against the current wisdom of both laypersons and philosophers: as famously argued by Kuhn (1962), scientific consensus may be achieved even for sociological (non-epistemic) reasons, and many theories or hypotheses that in the past were accepted as a matter of course have subsequently been rejected by the "scientific revolutions" and are now considered straightforwardly false. Yet, Vickers holds this criterion is borne out by the history of science: no claim fulfilling the requirements of (C) has ever been rejected: all the once largely accepted claims that have subsequently been rejected were still debated by at least some 6% of specialized scientists. ...
... 15 This is the terminology utilized in Pasinetti (1981Pasinetti ( , 2007, while in Pasinetti (1986) slightly different expressions are employed: 'pure preference' and 'pure labour' respectively. 16 The original source are Kuhn (1962) and Lakatos (1970Lakatos ( , 1971). programmes to the more or less recent history of economics has been one of the most widely debated issues among economic methodologists and historians of economic thought. ...
... Fleck's attention to the co-evolution of epistemic styles and material contexts allows Renn to develop a historical epistemology that avoids Kuhn's Cold War-era idealism and individualism. Thus, relativity is not treated as a Kuhnian paradigm shift but as a "longue-durée" reorganization of knowledge [23], [11], [12], [19]. ...
This article offers a critical engagement with J\"urgen Renn's historiographical approach, with particular focus on "The Evolution of Knowledge" and "The Einsteinian Revolution" (co-authored with Hanoch Gutfreund). It explores how Renn reinterprets Albert Einstein's contributions to modern physics, especially special and general relativity, not primarily as the product of individual insight, but as emergent from broader epistemic structures and long-term knowledge systems. The discussion centers on key concepts such as "challenging objects," "epistemic matrices," "mental models," and "borderline problems," and situates Renn's framework within broader debates involving Thomas Kuhn, Ludwik Fleck, and Mara Beller. While recognizing the historiographical strengths of Renn's structuralist approach, the article raises questions about its implications for understanding individual agency, conceptual creativity, and the philosophical dimensions of scientific change. The paper contends that a balanced account of scientific innovation must preserve both the historical embeddedness of knowledge and the originality of conceptual breakthroughs.
... This reflects Blumer's view of social constructs as dynamic entities comprised of individuals who play an active part in its construction rather than being viewed as static structures. Whilst Kuhn (1996) One of the major criticisms made by Blumer (1969) was the apparent reliance on hypotheses or concepts and accepted research methods. He believed that this led to research being carried out within a methodological bubble. ...
Creation and verification a theory of change in role identity for physiotherapists who become prescribers of medication
... Another possible explanation is that many authors adhere to what is seen by some as a gender "paradigm" that guides the study of IPVAW. Likening it to other social science "paradigms" that fit Kuhn's (1962) landmark description of the concept, Dutton (1994, p. 169) wrote that the gender inequality paradigm serves "to deflect critical analysis of the paradigm's central tenets through diverting attention from contradictory data." However, feminist scholars' responses to those who challenge the gender paradigm have arguably helped maintain its ascendancy. ...
Gender inequality is widely understood to be crucial to explaining the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). Yet the “civilization thesis” links a decline in violence in general in the Western world to modernization processes/socioeconomic development that began during the Enlightenment. The research presented here asks whether cross-national differences in World Health Organization survey-based estimates of IPVAW rates are more strongly linked to gender inequality than they are to socioeconomic development. Gender Development Index and Gender Gap Index (GGI) measures are used because, unlike other gender inequality measures used in cross-national comparisons, they fully separate gender inequality from women’s absolute level of attainment (the latter is strongly linked to socioeconomic development). Findings from linear regression models that controlled for relevant variables indicate that low socioeconomic development (not gender inequality) is key to whether a country has a high estimated IPVAW rate. In all nine models, at least one socioeconomic development variable was a stronger predictor of IPVAW rates than any gender inequality variable. Absolute poverty rates were a consistently significant predictor of IPVAW, while the GGI’s educational inequality component was the only significant gender inequality predictor. Hence, the findings highlight the need to eradicate the world’s worst material conditions and equalize educational provision.
... A paradigm shift occurs when a dominant standard practice becomes incompatible due to some emerging technological phenomena, facilitating the adoption of new forms of conceptualization, practices, or paradigms [55,95]. The current state-of-the-art GenAI models are known to exhibit remarkable capabilities across a wide range of generative tasks. ...
... Indeed, the KO field has been widely influenced by the notion that any concept is "theory-laden", as stated by Hanson (1958) and made popular by Kuhn's (1962) epistemology. As concepts are the basic units of KOSs, there could be no neutral system, no atheoretical classification (Hjørland, 2016). ...
The field of knowledge organization was originally developed from library and information science, although it is of more general philosophical interest. Today its influential school of domain analysis is based on pragmatist views, according to which any classification reflects particular perspectives and purposes. This implies that there are many alternative ways to identify real, natural kinds and to group them, none of which would be superior to the others. The same concepts, e.g. rice and bamboo, are indeed grouped in different ways according to disciplinary contexts, e.g. biology or agriculture or economics. On the other hand, a principle of “unique definition” was identified in the 1960s by Jason Farradane and other members of the Classification Research Group to draft a general bibliographic classification based on phenomena (as opposed to disciplines): according to such principle, a concept can be defined at a specific level of organization then combined with concepts at other levels without losing its constant notation. Some classifications inspired by that research are currently under development. Classification structures are illustrated with some actual examples. It is shown how certain technical solutions developed for bibliographic organization of knowledge, including unique definition, may also offer contributions to address epistemological issues, suggesting a way towards the development of classifications that can serve as reference to reconnect different purposes.
... In the discussion of the exception less attention is paid to how Agamben understands the exception as a paradigm (Stahl 2020). Agamben's use of paradigm, however, is clearly distinct from that of Kuhn (Kuhn 1970;Agamben 1993Agamben , 2009Raulff 2004). A paradigm, for Agamben, is a "historically singular phenomenon" that he used to "construct a large group of phenomena … to understand a historical structure" (Raulff 2004, 610). ...
Giorgio Agamben’s theorization of the exception marks a shift in geographical scholarship and other social sciences. I argue, however, that although equally crucial, the example remains a surprisingly understudied phenomenon even though Agamben views it as the symmetrical opposite of the exception. I thus push forward Agamben’s theorization of the sovereign not only through a reading of the exception but also the example. The provocation of the article, and its key contribution to knowledge, is to step back from the point where Agamben positions these two as indistinguishable and to clearly distinguish between them—simultaneously marking a shift in the current scholarship of the exception by bringing the example in. To achieve this, I present two cases from Bangladesh and Finland that demonstrate how one sovereign’s exception might be depicted as an example by another, and how both the exception and the example can coexist within the same system. Finally, I highlight the importance of reading the sovereign through the figures of both a homo sacer and a homo exemplar because the sovereign’s power is manifested not only via the production of a state of exception but also equally through the creation of a state of example.
... Specifically, aspects of both 'original' and, especially, Glaserian, grounded theory were critiqued as being based on objectivist conceptions of reality and knowledge (Charmaz, 2000(Charmaz, , 2014Bryant, 2017), and both researcher and participants presented without reflexivity. Such positivist-leaning underpinnings have been regarded as problematic for several decades (Kuhn, 1962;Bryant & Charmaz, 2007;Denzin & Lincoln, 2018), and they are especially so in justice-oriented research, which by its nature requires a high level of reflexivity (Charmaz, 2005;Keane, 2015;Charmaz et al. 2018;Keane & Thornberg, 2025b). Charmaz's (2000Charmaz's ( , 2005Charmaz's ( , 2006Charmaz's ( , 2014Charmaz's ( , 2017Charmaz et al., 2018) constructivist grounded theory, while retaining the guidelines of the original method, has repositioned the method on a new epistemological footing. ...
Grounded theory is the most cited qualitative methodology, and its popularity is continually increasing through researchers’ engagement with its constructivist school. In this short paper, I explore its core purpose, history, and development over time, including its ‘contested’ nature, and the constructivist school’s increasing emphasis on social justice-oriented research through its pragmatist roots. Next, I examine constructivist grounded theory’s process, examining its core features and how these translate into specific strategies, as well as constructivist ‘adaptations’. Here, I also consider examples from education and nursing social justice-oriented research that have employed constructivist grounded theory. Finally, I end by considering the promise of the methodology, first by outlining some key challenges in its use, and finally by emphasising the significant potential of the methodology for social justice research into the future.
... Sin embargo, la obra de Barros Arana, como se verá más adelante, se basó con frecuencia en narrativas coloniales y observaciones subjetivas que carecían de rigor científico. Dicho esto, la paradoja positivista en la obra de Barros Arana puede entenderse como la "pretensión de lo real" sin considerar lo que autores como Max Weber (1904) entendían como la motivación detrás de las acciones, o lo que Karl Popper (1983;2015) y Thomas Kuhn (1962) sostienen desde la falsación por sobre la verificación. En este sentido, se sostiene en este artículo que la aplicación selectiva del positivismo por parte de Barros Arana se materializa en lo que se denomina como discurso, entendido como "expresiones de estos grupos", que "se reconocen en todos los ámbitos de la vida social, tanto públicos como privados" (Calsamiglia & Tusón, 1999, p. 16). ...
Este artículo se propone estudiar la obra sobre el pueblo mapuche del historiador chileno Diego Barros Arana, a través del análisis histórico de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Se parte de la premisa de que su trabajo analiza al pueblo mapuche enfocado en su inclusión o exclusión dentro del Estado nación. Como resultado de este estudio, se evidencia que su trabajo se desarrolló bajo una tensión discursiva entre salvaguardar la imagen guerrera de los mapuches, propia del período colonial, y, por otra parte, describirlo como un pueblo en decadencia, tal como se percibía en el siglo XIX. Finalmente, la visión del historiador chileno sobre el pueblo mapuche, con todos sus aportes, se basó en las concepciones de su época y configuró la imagen que prevaleció en la sociedad chilena durante el siglo XX.
... Yu and Cole (2014:680) or Ogborn (2011) 3 Bhaumik (2015:1,3); Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (1935) supported byThompson 2025a 4 Sankey (2010) 5 seeKuhn (1970) ...
Current physical theories are based on speculation without unequivocal definitions of fundamental elements. In particular, standard quantum mechanics is open to serious objections. This article introduces a causal definition in opposition to Heisenberg uncertainty, thus creating a new quantum mechanics to give a complete structure of the universe and its processes. It upgrades my previous articles by reducing the philosophical contents but reinforces philosophy’s importance in providing answers.
It is divided into three parts for ease of reading: One, the formation of the micro-universe: a basic structure, sub-atomic particles and the nature of force. Two, the macro-universe which has recently been surprised by the latest DES results which appear to agree with the quantum structure derived here. Details of atomic nuclear structure and unexpected actions of neutrinos are included. Three, Popper testing of its tenets.
... Peirce (1878) described the process now known as "abduction" or "inference to the best explanation" (Douven, 2021), in which scientists continually gather data and adjust their theories to account for that data. This process has been the throughline of the most well-known models of scientific progress, such as falsifiability, in which scientists seek out evidence that falsifies a theory (Popper, 1934) and paradigm shifts, in which scientific fields occasionally undergo radical updates to existing paradigms (Kuhn, 1962). More recent studies with computational modeling suggest that "science advances by surprise" through novel combinations of scientific content (e.g., materials, properties) and scientific context (e.g., authors, journals) (Shi & Evans, 2020). ...
Accurate and verifiable large language model (LLM) simulations of human research subjects promise an accessible data source for understanding human behavior and training new AI systems. However, results to date have been limited, and few social scientists have adopted these methods. In this position paper, we argue that the promise of LLM social simulations can be achieved by addressing five tractable challenges. We ground our argument in a literature survey of empirical comparisons between LLMs and human research subjects, commentaries on the topic, and related work. We identify promising directions with prompting, fine-tuning, and complementary methods. We believe that LLM social simulations can already be used for exploratory research, such as pilot experiments for psychology, economics, sociology, and marketing. More widespread use may soon be possible with rapidly advancing LLM capabilities, and researchers should prioritize developing conceptual models and evaluations that can be iteratively deployed and refined at pace with ongoing AI advances.
... During a scientific revolution, new theories, methods and approaches replace the previous paradigm. This change is not merely cumulative but involves a fundamental reinterpretation of problems and solutions within the scientific field (Kuhn, 1962). ...
Questões de paz e conflito têm sido uma preocupação constante em todas as culturas e ao longo da história humana. Somos, antes de tudo, seres relacionais, e nossa complexidade naturalmente gera conflitos. Através de nossas relações, conflitos e estados de paz podem surgir, e a transformação e realização desses estados conferem significado e compreensão sobre nosso lugar no mundo. O campo de Estudos de Paz e Conflito (EPC) é fundamentalmente transdisciplinar, abrangendo uma ampla gama de disciplinas acadêmicas, como ciência política, sociologia, história, antropologia, tradições contemplativas, teologia, psicologia, filosofia, entre outras áreas, abordagens teóricas e lições aprendidas na prática. Através da aplicação de pesquisa, educação e prática, o EPC se preocupa com a investigação da natureza dos conflitos, violência, identidade, segurança, poder e com o treinamento de habilidades e métodos para aplicar a transformação de processos conflitivos, levando a uma paz dinâmica e inclusiva. Como disciplina acadêmica, o campo dos EPC tem menos de 100 anos e está em constante desenvolvimento. As dinâmicas sempre mutáveis das complexidades de qualquer conflito e as preocupações daqueles que desejam transformá-lo continuam a moldar e refinar o campo. Esta entrevista é uma breve visão geral de algumas das principais tendências que moldaram o desenvolvimento do campo dos Estudos de Paz e Conflito. Os Estudos de Paz e Conflito constituem um discurso e uma prática que têm se tornado cada vez mais amplos em seu escopo e mais profundos em sua nuance, à medida que mais disciplinas contribuem para sua formação. É importante destacar que o desenvolvimento do campo dos EPC não ocorreu de forma linear, com certas tendências substituindo concepções anteriores; ao contrário, as perspectivas e experiências que moldaram os campos da teoria e da prática se sobrepõem e coexistem como fios em um tear. O desenvolvimento dos EPC pode ser compreendido por meio de mudanças em larga escala na compreensão da natureza e das causas dos conflitos, nos meios de abordá-los e nos principais atores responsáveis por lidar com os conflitos. Desde sua longa história, os EPC têm sido moldados por visões de mundo enraizadas em observações do mundo natural e na compreensão do lugar dos humanos nele. Muitas das palavras mais antigas para paz estão fundamentadas em uma visão de mundo energética que considera a fertilidade como a principal fonte de paz e bem-estar (Dietrich, 2019). A compreensão de paz mantida em muitas culturas tradicionais e outras tradições antigas reflete uma perspectiva de harmonia dinâmica entre o mundo natural e os seres humanos. Esta entrevista busca fornecer uma visão geral dos EPC como um campo acadêmico, bem como trazer algumas reflexões sobre os estudos de paz e conflito. O Professor Dr. Wolfgang Dietrich é nosso ilustre convidado para esta valiosa entrevista, que visa apresentar e esclarecer pontos importantes no campo acadêmico dos Estudos de Paz e Conflito. Vale ressaltar que o Professor Dietrich é um dos mais renomados acadêmicos da área, e, entre suas vastas contribuições, destaca-se a teoria das Muitas Pazes, que é um dos desenvolvimentos mais recentes no campo dos EPC, baseada na Filosofia da Paz Transracional (Dietrich, 2019), e pode ser vista como uma importante virada epistemológica no campo. Dietrich possui dois doutorados, em História e Literatura e em Direito, pela Universidade de Innsbruck, onde iniciou sua carreira como Professor Adjunto em 1990 e foi homenageado com o título de Professor Honorário em 2015. Durante sua carreira na Universidade de Innsbruck, ele atuou como Diretor da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Políticas e liderou o Programa de Mestrado em Paz, Desenvolvimento, Segurança e Transformação Internacional de Conflitos. De 2008 a 2023, ocupou o cargo de Cátedra UNESCO em Estudos de Paz e foi membro da Comissão Austríaca da UNESCO durante esse período. Dietrich também teve a oportunidade de compartilhar sua expertise como professor visitante em várias instituições renomadas, incluindo o Instituto de Ciência Política da Universidade de Viena, o Centro de Estudos de Paz e Desenvolvimento da Universidade de Castellón, na Espanha, na Universidade das Nações Unidas para a Paz (UPEACE), em Colón, Costa Rica, e no programa de Estudos de Paz e Transformação de Conflitos no Brasil (Paz & Mente). Seu profundo compromisso com a pesquisa sobre a paz e a transformação de conflitos é ainda mais sublinhado por seu extenso trabalho de campo na América Central durante a década de 1980, bem como pelas pesquisas realizadas na América Latina e Caribe, Índia, África Oriental e Sudeste Asiático ao longo da década de 1990. Ele foi presidente da seção austríaca da Anistia Internacional de 1989 a 1991 e dirigiu a Universidade Europeia de Paz de 1995 a 1998. Além disso, foi Diretor Acadêmico do Instituto Austríaco para a América Latina de 1995 a 2007, antes de se concentrar inteiramente no desenvolvimento da Escola de Estudos de Paz de Innsbruck, da qual se aposentou em 2021. Dada sua carreira ilustre e substanciais contribuições ao campo, Dietrich é um convidado notável para esta entrevista. Conduzimos a entrevista online por meio de trocas de e-mails em julho de 2024, e somos profundamente gratos por sua generosidade e pela precisão de suas respostas.
... The separation of CFs or WVs precludes any comparison between them. If one stops at this point, Ajdukiewicz's approach does not differ from Thomas Kuhn's notion of incommensurability (Kuhn 1962). ...
In this article, we explore how natural sciences can serve as sources of theological reflection. We do this by clarifying the notion of the intelligibility of the world and showing how it may work as the mediator between science and theology. In contrast to the celebrated classification of the relationship between science and religion provided by I. Barbour, we elaborate our approach within the threefold division: concordism, discordism, and articulation (mediation). We opt for the articulation mode of relationship, arguing that the link between science and theology can be articulated by raising the issue of intelligibility from the epistemic and ontic points of view. From the epistemic perspective, it results that both science and theology are operating according to proper principles and are aimed at unifying their domains of discourse and giving proper understanding. From the ontic point of view, both are related to reality: science applies its own principles to the universe and works under empirical commitments, whereas theology discusses God himself, the relationship between God and all things (creatures), and God’s action in created reality. We emphasize how the articulation mode contributes to the formulation of a worldview, and we problematize the articulation by asking whether it is a convergent or divergent strategy. For this purpose, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz’s philosophical approach is applied. Finally, we show that Georges Lemaître and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who used two very different scientific and theological approaches, can come together if we consider them from the point of view of the intelligibility of the universe.
... Como então decidir o que merece escrutínio? A filosofia da ciência oferece várias abordagens para compreender de que modo ocorre a seleção: i) paradigmas: os paradigmas determinam o que pode ser investigado (Kuhn, 1996); ii) concessão de financiamento: pesquisas que não se enquadram no que é de interesse de agências de fomento tendem a ser deixadas de lado (Stanford, 2015); iii) institucionalização de disciplinas científicas: as disciplinas científicas determinam a relevância das pesquisas e com isso excluem linhas investigativas que não promovem o desenvolvimento das próprias disciplinas (Lenoir, 2003); iv) laboratórios: eles definem a atividade cultural da ciência; é no interior de laboratórios que se gera conhecimento por meio da produção de objetos científicos (Knorr-Cetina, 1992). Vejamos, a título de exemplo, o caso dos laboratórios. ...
O realismo ontológico defende que as entidades científicas são independentes das práticas científicas. Este artigo apresenta a importância do realismo ontológico para a compreensão da crença na existência das entidades científicas. Em seguida discute outra concepção: a dependência das entidades científicas à prática científica. Por fim argumenta-se que as duas teses não são excludentes.
... Many well-known contributions to the philosophy of science implicate particular accounts of obsolescence: for example, Kuhnian paradigms and their purported incommensurability tell one theory-driven story of why and how certain research programs obsolesce(Kuhn 1962), while Hacking's account of styles of reasoning suggests another(Hacking 2002). ...
Since 2021, the field of protein chemistry has been in a state of heightened uncertainty, owing in large part to the introduction of novel artificial intelligence tools. Much of the fanfare surrounding the new AI tools in protein chemistry revolves around the possibilities these new technologies open up. However, the focus on young scientists with budding careers and a horizon of future possibilities eclipses what such a disruptive moment might mean, in practice, for practitioners pursuing ongoing research programs on paths that might have suddenly changed shape, perhaps reaching an endpoint. Worries about the obsolescence of highly paid, highly educated workers at the hands of AI have abounded in the last few years. The sciences, I argue, provide a privileged site in which to explore the meanings (or meaninglessness) of threatened obsolescence. In this article, I draw on interviews with a structural chemist and longstanding interlocutor in order to trace an actor’s perspective on encountering and navigating perceived technical and epistemic disruption. I use Hans-Jörg Rheinberger’s notion of “conjuncture” to illuminate threatened obsolescence as a dense node made up of technological, epistemic, and social ingredients.
... for an illustration). A scientific discipline, such as personality psychology, can repeatedly move through different phases in cycles marked by routine and crises (i.e., birthing new concepts and innovating, consolidating and stabilizing, doing "science as usual," maturing concepts, falling into crisis or revolutionizing, birthing new concepts, etc.; Kuhn, 1962). For example, Cervone (1991) recounted ups and downs of personality psychology, corresponding to phases of crisis and revitalization. ...
What is published in personality psychology, and which trends emerge over time? We examined in six major personality–psychological journals (European Journal of Personality, Journal of Individual Differences, Journal of Personality, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Personality Processes and Individual Differences, Journal of Research in Personality, and Personality and Individual Differences) what content—as captured by keywords attached to journal articles (14,227 full articles, with 23,900 unique keywords that attracted a total of 62,578 mentions)—was featured in the first 2 decades of the new millennium (years 2000–2021). From 406 consolidated keywords that received 20 or more mentions across all years and journals (capturing a large portion of the literature and hence reasonably representative), we identified 44 keyword-topics, grouped into nine keyword-domains (from most to least mentioned): (Mal-)Adjustment, Basic Dispositions, Characteristic Adaptations & Narratives, Modalities, Other, Socio-Cultural, Methodology, Stability/Change, and Biological. The top 5 most mentioned keyword-topics were “B5 Constructs,” “Emotion,” “Internalizing,” “Health/Well-being,” and “Dark Tetrad,” and the top 5 most mentioned keywords were personality, big five, narcissism, sex differences, and depression. We also examined co-occurrences, rank-order stabilities, trajectorial trends, and associations with citations for keywords, keyword-topics, and keyword-domains as well as similarities between the sampled journals. We cast a descriptive and systematic portrait of contemporary published personality–psychological content, contrast those insights with earlier accounts of trends in personality psychology, and venture predictions for the future.
Disputes and debates surrounding AI regulations and ethics are intensifying as innovative tools become increasingly prevalent in both personal and business spheres, and are used across many industries, professions and multidisciplinary research. From medical analysis to self-learning robot-pets, the uses of advanced AI are seen across countless new practices, whether developing new knowledge or providing emotional comfort in moments of need. However, at the same time, the complexity of legal and ethical regulations of advanced technology and AI systems escalate, and anxiety over doomsday visions spread globally. Central to the discourse of fear is the crucial question that regulators cannot ignore: What can constitute ethical conduct in a world with such a rich tapestry of cultures, beliefs, histories, and values? Is it possible to design a universal framework of definitions and legal decisions which will be capable of encompassing a diverse array of norms and habits? Seeking to find a unifying framework that will bridge the longstanding divides between cultures and individuals, I draw upon theories of Complex Systems and Bruno Latour's Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which offers a holistic and inclusive vision of an ecosystem where all participants, human and nonhuman, are equal participants maintaining the equilibrium of the entire system. In this chapter, I aspire to merge philosophy of nature, studies of Alife, swarm intelligence, and traditional beliefs of Japanese Shinto, which are based on the view of an interconnected world where all objects, life, and past-life are one entity. My hope is to propose a paradigm shift of the basic concept of ethics, that will design a new ontological perspective of a world that embraces diverse values, cultural practices, and religions. A shift in the perception of ethics will pave a new path towards better regulation of an AI-2 human future that will be free of fear, safe, and based on equal collaboration and respect.
Hans-Michael Trautwein raised an important pair of questions regarding the changing nature of economics: is increasing specialization fragmenting and disunifying the field, and if so does the history of economics bear special responsibility for explaining the nature of the field? This paper discusses increasing specialization in economics in the historical context of the post-WWII history of the field, and describes economics’ research structure in core-periphery terms. It then comments on Trautwein’s argument regarding a special role for the history of economics, and addresses what his insights can mean regarding the state of pluralism in economics. Central to this is the distinction between a ‘live and let live’ fragmented sort of pluralism and an engaged pluralism that resists fragmentation. Trautwein’s recommendation that historians of economics both specialize in their own research and also act as generalists regarding economics as a whole offers a path forward for the latter.
In 1963, Bernard Forscher wrote and published a commentary manuscript that detailed concern over the status of the pursuit of science. The manuscript was written based on a cynical metaphor of science viewed as building construction. This manuscript describes the impact that Forscher made on the education of the author during his early training, followed by a continuation of Forscher’s metaphor from 1963 to current time. As will be revealed, concerns over the ‘health’ status of science have increased since 1963. There is clear evidence that the chaos and dysfunction have escalated within the brickyard (institutions where science is pursued) and spread to the multiple layers of systems that support it.
Das Kapitel führt in das Feld der Medienkulturforschung ein. Dazu werden grundlegende Begriffe geklärt und es wird diskutiert, was Medien und Kultur sind und wie diese im Zusammenhang gesellschaftlicher und technologischer Bedingungen, also ihrer Kontexte, zu verstehen sind. Ausgehend davon stellt das Kapitel Traditionslinien und Theorierahmen der Medienkulturforschung vor. Insbesondere geht es dabei um die Mediumstheorien, wie sie zum Beispiel in den Ansätzen von Harold A. Innis und Marshall McLuhan formuliert wurden. Auch die Kulturtheorien von Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens und Michel Foucault werden betrachtet, bevor die Tradition der Cultural Studies näher beleuchtet wird. Auf dieser Basis ist es möglich, zentrale Konzepte medienkulturwissenschaftlicher Forschung vorzustellen. Die Schwerpunkte liegen dabei auf Technologien, auf Diskursen und auf Praktiken. Im Ausblick des Kapitels geht es schließlich darum, zu klären, wie Medienkulturen erforscht und verstanden werden können, welche Fragen eine medienkulturwissenschaftliche Perspektive auf Medienaneignung, Medienwandel bzw. die Entwicklung von medienbezogenen Praktiken eröffnet und welche methodischen Herangehensweisen zur Verfügung stehen, um diese zu beantworten.
There are many impediments to critical thinking. Two of the most serious impediments are love for and hatred of ideas. This essay analyzes love of and hatred for ideas—what are their structures and how do they impede critical thinking? Love of ideas is analyzed in terms of stories of love; intimacy, passion, and commitment toward ideas; and the ecological context in which the ideas occur. Hatred is analyzed similarly but more briefly. It is concluded that unless we become willing to examine our feelings toward ideas and become more flexible in these feelings, we risk conflicts that escalate and ultimately may lead us to the brink.
This study explores the key factors and internal driving forces of knowledge creation by constructing a research framework for the evolution of knowledge genes. The evolutionary mechanism of scientific topics is examined through the inheritance and variation characteristics of knowledge genes. Subject–predicate–object triples are used to identify knowledge gene topics, which are further categorised into four types based on their stability and variation features. A knowledge gene evolution path is then developed using content similarity and inheritance across adjacent time slices. Multidimensional feature analysis is applied to explore the inheritance and variation dynamics of these knowledge genes. A case study in the hematopoietic stem cells field, supported by literature validation and expert consultation, demonstrates the effectiveness of this method in enhancing the understanding of the knowledge innovation mechanism.
This “Forum” considers attitudes towards theories and theoretical knowledge among ethnologists and anthropologists. Answering questions from the forum organisers, its participants discuss the need for a common “grand theory” that would unite the entire anthropological community, the tense relationship between theory and description, the causes, manifestations and effects of theory fatigue — and also the need for it, its shortage — and overproduction. The most promising theoretical concepts are noted in the responses (in particular, different opinions are given on the post-anthropocentric vector in humanitarian studies). The authors discuss the extent to which the “vitality” of theories depends on external and internal factors, share their personal experience and strategies for dealing with theories: their selection, combination, transformation and production. The responses of the participants reveal significant differences in approaches to understanding the essence and functions of theory in anthropology. In part, these differences are due to the different understanding of the subject of anthropology by the participants (as the history of the emergence of culture and society — or of their functioning). An important issue of the “Forum” is the (im)possibility of theory’s becoming a space for common conversation in anthropology. Hopes for the realization of this possibility are associated with overcoming the subject-object paradigm, and the obstacle to it is the generative model of theorising, which prescribes not working with existing concepts, but generating new ones.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become part and parcel of scientific knowledge production since the latest iterations of generative AI models (e.g., ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Claude, or Gemini) became widely available. Given AI has rapidly evolved since the initial release of ChatGPT in 2022, researching how AI’s capabilities impact organizations and how researchers make use of AI tools can be likened to a moving target. In this editorial essay, we explore the implications of the introduction of AI in the context of academic research, both as the subject of investigation (i.e., research on AI) and as a research tool to facilitate academic writing, data generation, or the peer review process (i.e., research with AI). Specifically, concerning research on AI, we consider issues around clarity regarding both existing definitions and concepts in the AI literature and how these are influenced by the rapid technological evolution of AI’s capabilities. In regard to research with AI, we reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of the use of AI as a research tool and discuss the Human Relations AI Usage Policy . Overall, our aim is not to be overly prescriptive on how to conduct research on and with AI but to encourage authors to reflect on how to best capture AI as a moving target in the context of their research endeavors.
Poverty is a challenging issue for any society and state. It is not just an economic, social, psychological, and political phenomenon, but also related to human dignity, equity, and justice. Poverty measurement has various approaches, but it has historically dominated mainstream economics. The classical and neoclassical schools’ well-known measurement approach of market poverty focuses on the monetary incapacity to purchase basic needs. Rowntree was a pioneer of the concept of poverty.
Building on recent research in posthumanist and neomaterialist thought, the study considers a techno-poetic consciousness that blurs the distinction between the natural and the artificial (human-made) and pays attention to small but significant natural elements, silica in particular, and their deep influence on the development of human life and, more recently, digital culture. Adopting an intermedial semiotic approach, the chapter interweaves perspectives from semiotics, art, and mythology to analyse Everything, a videogame created by Irish filmmaker and game developer David O’Reilly. The game and its short video serve as a case study in the evolving landscape of interactive gaming. By shifting player perception through spatial immersion and scale traversal, Everything fosters a relational understanding of existence and challenges anthropocentric perspectives, with implications for eco-cultural education and gamification trends. In this way, the chapter discusses the evolving digital spaces of artistic creation.
This article explores Gaston Bachelard's philosophy of the scientific method, focusing on the three main stages he proposes: epistemological rupture, knowledge construction, and empirical verification. We begin by analyzing Bachelard's concept of "epistemological rupture," where he emphasizes that scientific progress requires a break from traditional knowledge and previous concepts. This rupture is seen as a critical step toward more accurate and advanced knowledge. We then move to the "construction" phase, where Bachelard stresses the importance of building scientific models and hypotheses through methodical and experimental thinking. This phase is crucial in the active and organized development of knowledge, free from initial assumptions. In the "verification" phase, we discuss the role of experimentation in validating the hypotheses and models that have been constructed. The role of experimentation varies between the natural and social sciences, and the article highlights how epistemological barriers can be overcome in the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Additionally, we address the application of Bachelard's philosophy in contemporary sciences, both in physics and chemistry, as well as in social sciences, illustrating his impact on current scientific research practices. In conclusion, Bachelard's philosophy sheds light on the process of scientific thought evolution, which is not just about the accumulation of knowledge but also requires constant reevaluation and critical revision of previous concepts. Bachelard's ideas remain an essential guide for understanding science in the modern era and serve as a foundation for pushing science toward new frontiers of understanding and discovery.
This article explores Gaston Bachelard's philosophy of the scientific method, focusing on the three main stages he proposes: epistemological rupture, knowledge construction, and empirical verification. We begin by analyzing Bachelard's concept of “epistemological rupture,” where he emphasizes that scientific progress requires a break from traditional knowledge and previous concepts. This rupture is seen as a critical step toward more accurate and advanced knowledge. We then move to the “construction” phase, where Bachelard stresses the importance of building scientific models and hypotheses through methodical and experimental thinking. This phase is crucial in the active and organized development of knowledge, free from initial assumptions. In the “verification” phase, we discuss the role of experimentation in validating the hypotheses and models that have been constructed. The role of experimentation varies between the natural and social sciences, and the article highlights how epistemological barriers can be overcome in the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Additionally, we address the application of Bachelard’s philosophy in contemporary sciences, both in physics and chemistry, as well as in social sciences, illustrating his impact on current scientific research practices. In conclusion, Bachelard’s philosophy sheds light on the process of scientific thought evolution, which is not just about the accumulation of knowledge but also requires constant reevaluation and critical revision of previous concepts. Bachelard's ideas remain an essential guide for understanding science in the modern era and serve as a foundation for pushing science toward new frontiers of understanding and discovery.
Objectives
Explore the interest of Canadian undergraduate and graduate nursing students in medical (MC) and recreational cannabis (RC) education.
Methods
Transformative learning theory framed an online survey exploring sources of information; factors and learning modalities of increasing interest in learning about MC/RC; and future career plans regarding MC/RC in practice. Survey ran from September 2022 to February 2023. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were applied.
Results
Respondents (n=153) disclosed knowledge gaps in MC/RC regulations (90 %), effectiveness (88 %), and dosing best practices (86 %). Exposure to clinical opportunities and virtual resources were stimulating learning factors.
Conclusions
A socially responsive curriculum is crucial to engage nursing students in becoming more knowledgeable about this topic and understand the nurse’s role in enhancing practice quality. Implications for International Audience - The evidence provides a proactive approach to nursing educators in countries where cannabis is legal or in the process of being legalized.
Psychological research engages with manifold phenomena, including as diverse events as verbal self-descriptions, neural activity, and societal changes. Still, the discipline owns a proper perspective onto being, identifying a genuinely psychological aspect in life. This tacit subject-matter of the discipline has been the topic of recurrent discussions in theoretical psychology, but no ultimate answer could be found. Hence, the problem of subject-matter arises. To face it, theoretical psychology requires not only knowledge about its history but also a systematic approach. This approach encompasses a methodology unlike empirical procedures, consisting of meta-methods, for instance, hermeneutic philosophy of science. Such meta-methods reveal that the problem of subject-matter partakes in a foundational hierarchy of problems which reunites psychology with philosophy. When addressing the problem of subject-matter, it becomes necessary also to explore the problem of reality.
El pluralismo falibilista y comprometido sistematiza los aportes más relevantes del filósofo norteamericano Richard Bernstein, en vistas de pensar en la posibilidad reconstructiva de la historia de la ciencia desde una perspectiva tal que se desestimen las reducciones fundacionalistas. El abordaje de las categorías conceptuales seleccionadas intenta conservar la complejidad y conflictos que suscita el propósito bernsteiniano de actualizar los temas comunes del pragmatismo clásico, a la vez que pretende servir de insumo marco-conceptual para la lectura estructurada y crítica de historiografías reductivas de la ciencia.
El libro se estructura a través de cuatro capítulos, de los que los dos primeros constituyen aproximaciones generales a la vida académica y propósitos temáticos de la obra de Bernstein, mientras que los dos restantes consisten en una especificación categorial mayor, en particular, en lo referido al falibilismo y al pluralismo. Se ha intentado lograr un grado satisfactorio de exhaustividad, seleccionando las obras del filósofo en las que éste explícitamente se hubiera referido a problemas de epistemología general e historia de la ciencia, con lo que se ha excluido toda aquella bibliografía relacionada con asuntos más bien propios de la ética.
Este libro, por último, complementa la sistematización propuesta en el Tomo I – Sección I – Parte I, al comprenderse el pragmatismo bernsteiniano como una aproximación teórico-crítica respecto de las tradiciones epistemológicas hegemónicas en el mundo anglosajón y sus derivas coloniales.
O autor analisa atentamente o ensaio de Karl Popper intitulado “The Myth of the Framework”, reenquadrando-o histórica e filosoficamente na época em que foi publicado. Mostra que a problemática do relativismo é o tema fundamental desse ensaio e que a mesma está na origem de uma importante viragem para a metafísica por parte do respetivo autor, a qual deve ser vista em contaste com os objetivos iniciais da sua filosofia da ciência. Deste ponto de vista, procede ao confronto entre as conceções de Popper e as de alguns filósofos seus contemporâneos, como é o caso de Feyerabend, Quine e Kuhn.
This chapter considers the myth of the creative genius. It argues that this myth derives from a person-centred account of creativity divorced from process, product and social communication. The chapter considers how the myth of the scientific genius is a key trope within normative account of creative scientific breakthrough. It argues that this myth is a contemporary manifestation of religious ex nihilo understandings of creativity discussed in Chap. 2. The chapter argues that creative breakthrough in science and art is an inherently messy social process and not the result of a pure rupturing of an accepted belief.
Appreciate the connection between Creativity and Research, Know the challenges in Social Science Research and Theory Building in Research, Study the changing paradigms in Research and the process of theory building in research with an illustrative example.
The idea of “epidemic constitutions” is attributed to Thomas Sydenham, one of the most eminent physicians of the 17th century. Regardless of the type of disease epidemic (cholera, influenza, smallpox), it aimed to explain what remains unexplained to this day: Why now? And why do some develop serious illness while others do not? In this article, I review some debates that occurred during the cholera epidemics of the 19th century, discuss the idea of telluric “epidemic constitutions”, and propose a reinterpretation, or perhaps just an updated interpretation of Thomas Sydenham's amazing insight into the cause of epidemic constitutions: a confluence between an exciting cause that was in the atmosphere and a predisposing cause that was in the bodies of the sufferers themselves . With what we have learned since then, I explain his insight as representing the process and product of our co-evolution with Influenza A viruses. I explore theoretically how this interpretation would explain differences in rates and distributions of infection, disease and mortality during epidemics, and, propose alternative explanations to the epidemiology of the early emergence of COVID-19 in China and selected countries, based on an epidemiological inquiry on the circulation of influenza viruses during the 2019-2020 influenza season across those countries. The approach brought up new questions that could only emerge from epidemiological (population-based) reasoning (what causes vulnerability?) and epidemiological studies (what was the context of influenza during the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic?), such as: a) did Influenza B have a role in the production of vulnerability to infection by the SARS-COV2 virus? b) do the SARS-COV2 virus and the H1N1 influenza virus share some immunological attribute conductive to a same type of immune-inflammatory response among non-H1 primed individuals? Or do the sequence B-H1 and B-SARS_COV2 produce similar morbidity? Does a sequence of B – H1 – SARS-COV2 explain the severity of COVID-19 Pandemic in the US? Do the SARS-COV2 viruses and the H1N1 viruses compete in the same ecological spot? What would this mean for future developments of our immune-inflammatory landscape?
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.