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The New Praxeology of Digital Journalism in Latin America: Media Organizations Learn How to Walk by Running
Abstract
With no time to waste in becoming capable of producing high-quality journalism, media organizations in Latin America learn to walk through difficult times, rushing to use the best that technology, collaboration and the digital world have to offer. Globally, media organizations have had to adapt to a platformization of society that has undermined the journalism nexus and their business models. The situation is not different in Latin America. However, the innovative and creative aspects found in the region make it one of the most exciting places to investigate its media ecosystem. Through new practices of engagement, reporting, and collaborating and through activism or empathy, Latin American media organizations reveal a novel praxis of the profession in the region. In this chapter, we discuss the praxeology (the study of practice and action) through the analysis of 93 questionnaire responses and 11 interviews to argue that, even with enormous difficulty, the main journalistic objectives are still the basis of their motivations and values. The overall situation of crisis in the media market took a toll on these organizations. Yet, they have been able to raise their heads above water by throwing themselves into innovative praxis.
... This research focused on the understanding of CJ in the intersection of two forces: (1) the contextual economic, political, social and cultural environment and (2) the ideological framework in which journalism and news are perceived as a public service -a profession with its own norms, values and mission. This study was performed at a time where CJ holds political power to engender social transformation and justice (Mesquita and de-Lima-Santos, 2021;Mesquita and Fernandes, 2021). ...
... Furthermore, Mesquita and Fernandes (2021) found that in Latin America's digital journalism ecosystem, CJ emerges as new practices in the profession with strong commitments to the promotion of diversity and plurality as well as with quality journalism. These new practices are also motived by the lack of coverage from the mainstream and corporate media on issues deemed essential to communities and populations. ...
... Moreover, CJ has started to spread worldwide, and little is known about its practice, processes, norms and mission and how as well as whether they change in these other parts of the world. For example, the primary investigative journalistic projects conducted in Latin America are collaborative, such as the Latin American chapter of the Pandora Papers (Medina, 2021), Vaza Jato, 889 Pages, and Lavajato (Stearns, 2015;Mesquita and de-Lima-Santos, 2021;Mesquita and Fernandes, 2021). However, little is known about what it means to collaborate for those in the region, how they translate commitments into practices and processes, why they are collaborating and with whom and which factors influence these motives and practices. ...
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... The phenomenon of collaboration in journalism is not new but these projects showed that collaborative journalism plays a central role in the production of stories that impact our society and challenge our global consciousness. In this respect, cooperative efforts gave means for practitioners to address the complexities of our current globalised, datafied and platfomized society (Mesquita and Fernandes 2021). However, collaborative news projects are very much associated with transnational efforts, which is not always the case. ...
... However, collaboration happens in different ways and not only via larger organisations, such as the ICIJ and Connectas. Journalists and news organisations join forces to produce journalistic projects, which can range from short-term to long-term based upon these actors' needs (Mesquita and Fernandes 2021;Salaverría et al. 2018). Scholars have pointed out that Latin American news media organisations began to collaborate as a way to mitigate the lack of resources and stretch their audiences' coverage (Salaverría et al. 2018). ...
... Thus, collaborative journalism becomes a crucial tool to engage with communities and diverse voices by fostering cooperative approaches "among newsrooms, journalists, and community members in a spirit of inclusion, dialogue, and analysis" (Ford et al. 2020, p. 61). For example, news outlets partnered with local communities to deliver information that is relevant to those in remote areas (Mesquita and Fernandes 2021); meanwhile, these news outlets might benefit from the partnership in terms of accessing wider audiences. ...
The practice of collaboration in journalism is not new. The developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) are understood by many scholars as the critical factor for collaborative journalism to flourish across newsrooms. By working together, practitioners can address the challenges of a profession in crisis as well as the need to produce quality investigative reporting. Much of the academic discussion regarding cooperative efforts in journalism has happened in the US and Europe. This paper aims to shed light on collaborative journalism outside this region, focusing on Latin America. To conduct our study, we looked at the literature concerning collaborative journalism in the Scopus and Scielo databases to build a survey that was shared among Latin American practitioners who worked on collaborative projects in recent years. Our findings show that Latin American news organisations are taking part or forming collaborative efforts to share a set of practices, processes, and motivations. However, their motivations are different from their Western counterparts, as Latin American journalists are looking for ways to fulfil the normative role of journalism in society and occupying spaces left by the mainstream media. By doing so, practitioners focus on topics and communities that are often misrepresented, forgotten, or underreported in the media. Finally, our paper concludes by suggesting a profile of news outlets working on collaborative projects across the region, and we provide some directions for future research.
... Technological progress, together with the skills it forges, has therefore changed the way in which the media industry faces its day to day challenges . Furthermore, this analogue to digital transition, with all of the social, economic and political challenges it brings (Mesquita & Fernandes, 2021), has had a definitive influence on the daily tasks of journalists. ...
... Beyond the fact that this digital revolution includes new practices, a new treatment of audiences and new financial strategies, the central value of journalism has not changed (Mesquita & Fernandes, 2021). In other words, there is a search for new channels of communication, there is a much higher consideration of audiences, interactivity is fostered in different formats, amongst other characteristics, but information continues to be the most important and credibility is transcendental, to which there is no room for fake news and ethics is presented as fundamental in the exercise of the profession (Moreno-Espinosa, 2017;Ulpo et al., 2020). ...
Knowing what the best channels of information are in the digital ecosystem has become a great challenge for science journalism, especially in pandemic times and where social networks have given rise to greater dissemination and immediacy. New processes are constantly appearing that are reinventing the profession through disruptive actions, such as communication via transmedia narratives. This chapter presents an approach on how journalism has been developed in the digital age and, in particular, how science journalism is incorporating technologies, narratives, and formats to project its content. From here, an analysis model is proposed for evaluating the degree of transmedia innovation and evolution in science journalism, along with a number of guidelines and recommendations for implementation.
... Historically, media organisations in Latin America have faced difficulties in establishing a sustainable revenue stream, ranging from high reliance on philanthropic money to failure in making the public pay for news (de-Lima-Santos & Mesquita, 2021;Mesquita & Fernandes, 2021;Requejo-Alemán & Lugo-Ocando, 2014). According to R10 and R19, GNI is a laboratory for media outlets seeking to test sustainable business models (Sirkkunen & Cook, 2012). ...
... Some scholars have evaluated the idea of "creative destruction" (Schumpeter, 1975), of innovation as a "creative reconstruction" of the news industry (Alexander et al., 2016). In journalism, technological innovation therefore may contribute to new concepts, models, and practices (Mesquita & Fernandes, 2021), which in turn intertwine professional ethics with civil ideas, such as "truth-seeking, transparency, accuracy, accountability, and civic engagement" (Luengo, 2021, p. vii). Conversely, technological innovation has value implications because it can spread practices, promoting or undermining specific values (Taebi et al., 2014). ...
The global proliferation and escalating threat posed by major tech corporations, notably Facebook and Google, have engendered considerable scholarly debate. Notably, these corporations have recently made substantial investments in journalistic endeavors to cultivate healthier relationships with news media. On a global scale, Google has channeled substantial sums of money into pioneering technological initiatives, delineating the trajectories of technological advancement through initiatives like the Google News Initiative (GNI) Innovation Challenge and other forms of fiscal and institutional backing extended to news organizations. Grounded in the realms of Innovation Management and Responsible Innovation theories, this chapter scrutinizes the 224 recipients of the inaugural three iterations of the GNI Innovation Challenges across regions including Asia-Pacific, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, as well as North America. The findings unveil a substantial portion of the awarded projects centering on innovative news products. Nevertheless, only a scant representation of Responsible Innovation attributes, such as foresight, introspection, and adaptability, is discernible within these projects. In summation, this study advocates for an augmented partnering model characterized by greater transparency and sustainability concerning the allocation of financial and technological resources in collaboration with big tech companies.
... Journalists and news organisations have been using collaborative journalism to continue working despite the difficult conditions, conducting quality investigations, and, most of all, trying to re-establish some of the central secular values of journalism to society, especially in countries with less developed economies and democracies and/or under authoritarian regimes, such as many in Latin America (Mesquita and de-Lima-Santos, 2021;Mesquita and Fernandes, 2021). Therefore, to better understand these commitments and the current state of collaborative journalism in Latin America, this research conducted an empirical study of several organisations involved in collaborative journalism in the region, as outlined below. ...
Collaboration in journalism has become increasingly important, in the face of the challenges posed by digitalisation and platformization. The development of information and communication technologies has led to collaborative journalism committed to democratic and public-oriented methods. However, it is unclear how this commitment is reflected in practice, and whether it varies according to political, economic and media system contexts, especially in non-democratic and authoritarian regimes. Latin America is a diverse region with a history of social, economic and political instability, alternating between authoritarian and democratic regimes. This context can help answer the research question of this study, which aims to understand the commitments, norms and values of practitioners of collaborative journalism in various contexts. The thematic analysis of 36 semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in Latin America found that practitioners of collaborative journalism commonly share normative journalism roles, practices, values and norms. The study suggests a need to reinforce, restore and reform normative journalism norms and values, particularly in non-democratic, authoritarian, and developing democracies. This study can be a valuable resource for future researchers exploring journalism, collaborative journalism and investigative journalism beyond the context of Western liberal democracies.
... Some scholars have evaluated the idea of "creative destruction" (Schumpeter, 1975), of innovation as a "creative reconstruction" of the news industry (Alexander et al., 2016). In journalism, technological innovation therefore may contribute to new concepts, models, and practices (Mesquita & Fernandes, 2021), which in turn intertwine professional ethics with civil ideas, such as "truth-seeking, transparency, accuracy, accountability, and civic engagement" (Luengo, 2021, p. vii). Conversely, technological innovation has value implications because it can spread practices, promoting or undermining speci c values (Taebi et al., 2014). ...
Much scholarly discussion surrounds the global spread and the increasing threat imposed by the big tech companies, such as Facebook and Google. Recently, these companies have invested heavily in journalistic projects. Globally, Google has invested millions of euros in innovative technological projects, defining the paths of technological innovation through the GNI Innovation Challenge and other forms of financial and institutional support to news organizations. Drawing upon Innovation Management and Responsible Innovation theories, this chapter analyzes the 224 recipients of the first editions of GNI Innovation Challenges in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, the Middle East, Turkey & Africa, and North America. Results show that a significant part of awarded projects focus on innovative news products. However, few characteristics of Responsible Innovation, such as anticipation, reflexivity, and responsiveness, can be found in these projects. To conclude, this study advocates for a more transparent and sustainable partnering model of financial and technological resources with big tech companies.
... De cierta forma, los medios de comunicación están migrando sus esfuerzos a plataformas online y sociales debido al avance de las tecnologías, además de las implicaciones de estos cambios en lo social, político y económico (Mesquita & Fernandes, 2021) e, incluso, se observa una tendencia creciente entre los periodistas chilenos que han incorporado redes sociales como Twitter o Instagram a su desempeño diario profesional (Mellado & Alfaro, 2020). ...
Esta investigación plantea como objetivo general identificar la cobertura informativa y los formatos de comunicación aplicados por los medios impresos y digitales chilenos de mayor audiencia al abordar las noticias científicas asociadas al coronavirus. Los resultados muestran que la principal fuente de información científica de las noticias sobre COVID-19 son los centros científicos o médicos (36,8% del total) y que la mayoría de las publicaciones científicas chilenas, asociadas al coronavirus, provienen de la Región Metropolitana. Este estudio pretende contribuir a dibujar el panorama del periodismo científico en Chile, así como a ofrecer algunas claves útiles acerca de cómo abordar este tipo de noticias e informaciones en los medios impresos –tales como diversificar la procedencia de las fuentes– y, principalmente, digitales –como reforzar el componente hipertextual, el cuál puede aportar un mayor atractivo y rigor a las publicaciones–.
... As shown in the following chapters, this subtle but unstoppable transformation of news work implies, rst of all, a new praxeology-that is, a new approach to the practice of journalism and its professional routines (Mesquita and Fernandes 2021). It also involves the development of innovative business models to create sustainable quality journalism on digital platforms (De Lima-Santos and Mesquita 2021a), the strategic use of data journalism (De Lima-Santos and Mesquita 2021b) as well as the web metrics (Corzo and Salaverría 2021) to expanding news coverage, the exploitation of user-generated content in news sites , and the analysis of emerging news consumption patterns through social media and messaging applications . ...
Globalization is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon that does not reach equally to all global actors. In fact, the lack of technological capabilities to promote innovation has been an essential conditioning factor that has limited an equal diffusion worldwide of technology, research, and development, thus restricting the concrete growth opportunities of the least favored countries. While in the Global South many countries still struggle to jump on the wave of Information Society, Northern countries have been navigating the waters of innovation and technology disruption for decades. In this chapter, we discuss the multiple external factors, mainly political and economic, which have contributed to the relative lack of academic studies on the patterns of journalism in Latin America. Through its evolution, the Latin American region has become a laboratory of interesting ideas and initiatives that shed lights on how to confront the problems suffered locally and by the media ecosystem worldwide.
Many suggest that the process of precarity is now a common feature of contemporary journalism. Still, precarity is introduced often from a western point of view and assessed according to an underlying assumption of full and permanent employment as being the norm. This view of precarity contrasts with the precarious conditions that are found in the global south. This paper recognises these differences and in turn puts forward the concept of “precarious professionalism” to assess their presence and impact. Precariousness is explored therefore in a study of 15 journalists working in the developing democracy of Nigeria. The analysed interviews reveal journalists’ experiences of “precarious professionalism” as based in “fragile professionalism”, “ingrained in-job instability” and as incorporated within challenges to both their “professional and personal selves”. The paper concludes that these factors not only provide a more robust understanding of the general situation common in non-western contexts, but they show what must be addressed to help to rebuild professionalism in the case of Nigeria.
This article focuses on news journalism, social media platforms and power, and key implications for epistemology. The conceptual framework presented is intended to inspire and guide future studies relating to the emerging sub-field of journalism research that we refer to as "Epistemologies of Digital Journalism". The article discusses the dependencies between news media and social media platforms (non-proprietary to the news media). The authority and democratic role of news journalism pivot on claims that it regularly provides accurate and verified public knowledge. However, how are the epistemic claims of news journalism and the practices of justifications affected by news journalism's increased dependency on social media platforms? This is the overall question discussed in this article. It focuses on the intricate power dependencies between news media and social media platforms and proceeds to discuss implications for epistemology. It presents a threefold approach differentiating between (1) articulated knowledge and truth claims, (2) justification in the journalism practices and (3) the acceptance/rejections of knowledge claims in audience activities. This approach facilitates a systematic analysis of how diverse aspects of epistemology interrelate with, and are sometimes conditioned by, the transformations of news and social media.
In 1994, the first web online media outlets were introduced in several countries around the world. Twenty-five years later, digital or online journalism is a confirmed reality and common practice in professional and academic circles. Based on an extensive bibliographic review, this article examines the main areas of academic research related to digital media at the global level in the last quarter of a century. It shows the lines of research on the history of journalism on the Internet, the forms of digital media, their languages and economic challenges. It also reviews the most widespread research theories and methods. The analysis confirms that research on digital journalism is a strong, ongoing discipline, despite the fact that several methodological and thematic challenges will need to be addressed in the next few years.
The political economy for watchdog reporting is deeply challenging, yet exposing abuses of public trust had renewed focus in 2016. “Spotlight”—a Boston Globe investigation into Catholic Church sex abuse—inspired an Oscar-winning film. Two months later, 300 International Consortium for Investigative Journalism members broke the global story of tax evasion with the Panama Papers. These represent exemplar moments for watchdog journalism in a “post-truth” age characterised by fake news. They illustrate a shift in investigative reporting practice: from an “old model” of a highly competitive single newsroom environment—like the “Spotlight” team—to a “new model” of multiple newsrooms (and countries) sharing information to expose wrongdoing on a global scale, like the Panama Papers. This paper applies mixed methods to analyse the development and consequences of this new model of collaborative investigative journalism. It examines 30 years of national media awards in Britain, the United States and Australia to identify when award-winning newsroom collaborations began, their key story targets and outcomes. These findings are triangulated with interviews with investigative journalists. The findings theoretically and empirically add to emerging scholarship examining how digital media technologies—held responsible for the “journalism crisis”—paradoxically offer opportunities for evidence-based journalism.
Este artigo apresenta uma revisão de literatura nacional e internacional sobre ofinanciamento coletivo aplicado a projetos jornalísticos. Tem como objetoempírico principal as iniciativas financiadas no Catarse, considerada a maiorplataforma de crowdfunding do Brasil. Ao se estudar as iniciativas jornalísticas, oartigo propõe a classificação em quatro arranjos econômicos - Bolsa deReportagem, Manutenção de Veículo de Mídia, Criação de Veículo de Mídia eProjeto -, sendo que deste último decorre a subdivisão em Projeto Independente,Projeto de Veículo Alternativo e Projeto de Veículo Hegemônico. A proposição daclassificação permite compreender melhor os investimentos e a busca porsustentabilidade das organizações que procuram o crowdfunding para financiarsuas produções.
Following recent studies on “field theory” and “new institutionalism”in journalism studies (Benson 2004, 2006), the starting premise ofthis article is that the press maintains linkages with three externalfields: states, markets and civic society. Linkages are shaped bystructural relations as well as by newsmaking practices. Structuralfactors such as ownership, financing, and legislation determinethe connections of news organizations with states, business, andcivic actors. The processes of news production and consumptioninvolving newsrooms, sources, and audiences also affect theintensity of the relations between the press and external fields.
Journalism has enjoyed a rich and relatively stable history of professionalization. Scholars coming from a variety of disciplines have theorized this history, forming a consistent body of knowledge codified in national and international handbooks and canonical readers. However, recent work and analysis suggest that the supposed core of journalism and the assumed consistency of the inner workings of news organizations are problematic starting points for journalism studies. In this article, we challenge the consensual (self-)presentation of journalism – in terms of its occupational ideology, its professional culture, and its sedimentation in routines and organizational structures (cf. the newsroom) in the context of its reconfiguration as a post-industrial, entrepreneurial, and atypical way of working and of being at work. We outline a way beyond individualist or institutional approaches to do justice to the current complex transformation of the profession. We propose a framework to bring together these approaches in a dialectic attempt to move through and beyond journalism as it has traditionally been conceptualized and practiced, allowing for a broader definition and understanding of the myriad of practices that make up journalism.
Based on a review of online newsroom studies, this chapter tries to shed light on the processes of innovation in journalism. On the one hand, it looks from a structuralist and institutional perspective at the economic, organizational and professional factors shaping the adoption of new tools and practices in newsrooms. On the other hand, it discusses the role of agency by looking at the ways in which both human and non-human actors negotiate the changes in journalism through their everyday practices.
Neste artigo abordamos a importância da entrevista como uma técnica de coleta de dados que é utilizada em Sociologia para a captação de dados subjetivos. São diversos os tipos de entrevistas, diante disso, explicitamos os mais utilizados que são: a entrevista projetiva, entrevistas com grupos focais, história de vida, entrevista estruturada, aberta e semi-estruturada. Discutimos sobre a importância destes tipos de entrevistas, suas vantagens e desvantagens. Relatamos sobre a preparação do pesquisador para ir a campo e também expomos algumas sugestões tecidas por Bourdieu de como fazer uma entrevista utilizando o método científico.
This paper considers the question of whether journalism can be considered to be a social practice. After considering some of the goods of journalism the paper moves to investigate how external goods can corrupt the practice and make it somewhat ineffective. The paper therefore looks to consider ways in which the goods claimed have been better served in ‘radical’ journalism. Bristol Independent Media Centre is then evaluated as an example of an active project in which the goods of community are pursued through an inclusive form of participatory journalism.
This e-book sets the limits of the qualitative research paradigm taking into account its theoretical and methodological foundations. If any scientific activity fits into specific spatial-temporal and social-historical contexts that mediate and justify its methodological options, the coherence and the interaction between the theoretical reference model and the methodological strategies are core dimensions of research projects in education. Thus, in the first part of the document, we characterize very briefly the qualitative research in the current context of scientific research and, in the second part, we present some methodologies and techniques suitable for qualitative studies.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No presente e-book delimita-se o paradigma de investigação qualitativa, a partir da exploração de fundamentos teóricos e práticos das metodologias e técnicas de investigação que emanam deste paradigma. Subjacente à concretização desta proposta está a convicção de que qualquer atividade científica se enquadra num conjunto de coordenadas espácio-temporais e sócio históricas que condicionam e justificam as suas opções metodológicas. Deste modo, a coerência e a interação permanentes entre o modelo teórico de referência e as estratégias metodológicas emergem como dimensões fulcrais dos projetos de investigação em educação. Assim, na primeira parte do documento, caracterizamos sucintamente a investigação qualitativa no contexto atual da investigação científica e, na segunda parte, apresentamos algumas metodologias e técnicas adequadas a estudos desta natureza.
This article examines the emergence of Latin American investigative non-profit journalism in terms of organisational sustainability and journalistic dynamics. In so doing, it seeks to understand the role of these organisations, which have come to be described as a new type of journalistic practice for gathering, investigation and dissemination of news, which is conducted by non-profit investigative journalism projects set up between 1998 and 2011. These small groups of journalists have come to work together, creating research-based centres for investigative journalism. The essay describes and examines how these centres and their participants work, how they are funded and create a new business model in the context of their journalistic and editorial practices. By analysing the business model of eight major projects identified by the Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas and the Nieman Lab at Harvard University, the authors aim to understand their business model from both a historical and present perspectives. In so doing, the authors have applied the CANVAS model of analysis, which identifies four categories for observation and discussion: infrastructure, product offer, relations with customers and financing. We then locate these findings in the context of a wider theoretical discussion that examines sustainability.
This article explores the relationship between political clientelism and the development of media systems in southern Europe and Latin America, considering the cases of Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil. Common characteristics of the media systems in these countries include low newspaper circulation, a tendency towards political instrumentalization of the media, limited development of journalism as a differentiated and autonomous profession, and regulatory agencies that are at the same time party-politicized and relatively weak. We argue that these media-system characteristics must be understood in relation to a broader history of political clientelism - though a number of forces, including commercialization of media industries and globalization, have tended in recent years to undermine clientelistic relationships.
Based on interviews with 300 journalists in Chile, Brazil and Mexico, this article describes similarities and differences in their professional cultures. Two competing conceptual explanations are tested: the dominance of political structures, levels of press freedom and the size and concentration of media ownership vs the predominance of political cultures and political parallelism. Although the study provides some evidence in favour of the second scenario – overall in terms of the institutional roles supported by the journalists – neither of the two explanations can fully account for the differences between the countries. Meanwhile, the epistemological and ethical views of the journalists seem to be trapped in contesting terrains of ambiguity, where organizational, media routines and individual factors override country differences.
This article assesses the concept of media convergence from a technological perspective. It presents digitization as a major factor —but not the only one— that gives rise to the process of convergence in the media companies, since it makes possible the merging of their management structures, job profiles and multimedia content. Starting from that description, this paper provides a prospective overview of the changes that may shape journalism in the future. In this analysis, several opportunities and threats are identified, considering the challenges that technological convergence poses to the media companies and, in general, to journalism as a profession.
Individuals all over the world can use Airbnb to rent an apartment in a foreign city, check Coursera to find a course on statistics, join PatientsLikeMe to exchange information about one’s disease, hail a cab using Uber, or read the news through Facebook’s Instant Articles. In The Platform Society, Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal offer a comprehensive analysis of a connective world where platforms have penetrated the heart of societies—disrupting markets and labor relations, transforming social and civic practices, and affecting democratic processes. The Platform Society analyzes intense struggles between competing ideological systems and contesting societal actors—market, government, and civil society—asking who is or should be responsible for anchoring public values and the common good in a platform society. Public values include, of course, privacy, accuracy, safety, and security; but they also pertain to broader societal effects, such as fairness, accessibility, democratic control, and accountability. Such values are the very stakes in the struggle over the platformization of societies around the globe. The Platform Society highlights how these struggles play out in four private and public sectors: news, urban transport, health, and education. Some of these conflicts highlight local dimensions, for instance, fights over regulation between individual platforms and city councils, while others address the geopolitical level where power clashes between global markets and (supra-)national governments take place.
This study uses surveys with readers of entrepreneurial news startups in seven Latin American countries to examine their motivations for donating to journalism. Using the donor–organization relationship from public relations scholarship as a framework, this study showed content, independent/objective journalism, and community were main motivating factors for donating. A lack of priority, and techno- and commercial-related concerns were reasons why readers did not donate. Professional and theoretical implications are discussed.
Digital journalism has become entwined with the platform ecosystem as news companies distribute their news through platforms to gain audience attention and reader revenue. To understand where, how, and by whom individual user interaction is collected, measured and monetised, the concept of attention is critical. However, attention is a scarce and fluid commodity. It shifts between platforms and news sites, and is affected by new technologies and algorithmic changes. All this makes extracting monetary value from platform attention challenging. This article explores attention as a core concept to study digital journalism revenue models which are dependent on harvesting user attention on platforms. Three aspects of attention are considered as a part of the conceptual framing offered: attention as a scarce and fluid commodity; attention as a unit for measurement; attention as a source of monetisation. This framework is especially useful for understanding evolving attention patterns for news; news content monetisation opportunities, shifts in power balances between platforms and news companies, and associated risks with platform news distribution.
Technological developments, along with associated economic realities and social changes, continue to disrupt current practices of the news media industry, which creates substantial impacts on news firm management strategy and performance. This research is an exploratory step in understanding the strategies related to institutional change within the context of the news media industry, specifically as related to change in the journalist profession and the rise of news nerds. Using semi-structured interviews with 20 news editors and managers across 17 news firms (global and local within the United States), I examine patterns of strategies and how they relate to institutional change within the journalist profession and the news media industry more broadly. The findings from this research answer questions about the strategies that drive rapid institutional change in the journalist profession.
In recent years, journalism in Latin America has been undergoing profound transformations. Confronting the stagnation or even decline of a large part of the big media industry, hundreds of digital native publications are surging up to challenge the traditional journalism landscape of this region. From the Caribbean to Patagonia, all 20 Latin American countries are witnessing the emergence of innovative online media projects that, in some cases, have already reached a high degree of consolidation. This chapter analyzes the origins, models and challenges of this emerging Latin American journalism. Firstly, it shows the historical evolution of these digital native media outlets. Then, their current characteristics are analyzed, focusing on their innovative ways to explore sustainable business models. Finally, the challenges for the future consolidation of these emerging digital media are examined.
This study investigates challenges faced by investigative journalists in Latin America, one of the most dangerous places in the world for reporters. Guided by the hierarchy of influences model, we analyzed answers from 1,543 journalists, journalism educators, and journalism students in the region. We identified both single and multilevel constraints impeding investigative reporting in Latin America. Single-level influences are those that are better analyzed by focusing on one level of the hierarchical model. These included individual (lack of training), routine (relationships with sources), organizational (media ownership), and institutional influences (censorship). However, results also suggest there are certain types of influences that are better suited for analysis combining all levels. Despite two decades of media liberalization, crime and corruption, state violence against the press, and the lack of a free-speech culture cut across all layers, posing severe constraints to investigative reporting in Latin America.
noting in this connection that KotarbiIiski's assumptions were proved true many years later, and that increasingly representatives of various scientific disciplines have come to observe paradigms of efficiency which had often tended to be ignored; empirical studies involving a large concentration of personnel, financial resources and equipment are now guided by the principles of efficiency and economy. In his second paper Kotarbiriski referred to Alfred Espinas, the French philosopher and sociologist, and to other authors who repre sented the praxiological viewpoint, together with that of the general systems approach. KotarbiIiski was the first to accept a theory more general than praxiology, which he termed the theory of complexes. He considered one of its representatives to be A. Bogdanov (1873-1928), the Marxist theorist and author of Tectology. A General Theory of Organization (first written in Russian, published in the German language version as Allgemeine Organizationslehre in the 1920's, and recently translated into English in Canada). KotarbiIiski also realized that he was not the only praxiologist, that even the name of the dis cipline had been used earlier by various authors not aware of the work of others.
Organized journalism in every era offers examples of news sharing: cooperative practices by which rival news outlets work together to produce or distribute news. Today, this behavior is being institutionalized by certain emergent news organizations. To understand news sharing, we argue, requires attention to how these journalists seek to not only practice but repair the field of journalism. This article analyzes news sharing as a form of field repair, drawing on ethnographic studies of investigative news nonprofits and professional fact-checking groups. We argue that journalism's "high-modern" era, with its broad alignment of economic and professional goals, highlighted competitive rather than collaborative elements of newswork. As that alignment unravels, journalists are engaging in explicit news sharing in pursuit of two intertwined goals: to increase the impact of their own reporting and to build institutional resources for public-affairs journalism to be practiced more widely across the field.
The telephone and other news-gathering technologies had been present in US newsrooms since the late 1800s. But increasing access to them by the mid-1930s meant more agency and autonomy for news workers, freed from having to either share phones with colleagues in the newsroom or fight for access to phones outside of it (at least not as much). Granted, not every newsroom was awash in phones. Increasingly, however, after 1920 reporters and their phones became as common a vocational association as reporters and typewriters. The car closely followed, and soon the two technologies were united, via radio, on an experimental basis in the “radio car.” This latter technology allowed the reporter to increase his or her reach (and independence) beyond the newsroom. This study briefly explores the adoption of these disruptive technologies on newsroom relationships and news workers during the decades after the First World War.
When he embarked upon the task of constructing a view of the world from the very foundations, Descartes decided to abide by certain rules of behaviour. First of all, he deemed it proper to adopt some provisional rules before he had devised permanent ones, and this in itself was a certain rule. Furthermore, he resolved to base himself for the time being on methods in common use at that time. Then he decided that at this preliminary stage he must avoid as far as possible anything that might hamper his freedom of action in the future Finally, among other preliminary rules he also put forward the following: having selected a certain procedure, follow it faithfully because the mere continuity of application of a certain procedure is sometimes an indispensable condition for the effectiveness of actions, even if apart from this the particular procedure selected was not the best possible choice. Here Descartes cited the example of the wanderer who has lost his way in a forest and who ought to walk steadily in one direction in order to find his way out of the wilderness.1
This study maps the emerging digital media landscape of online-native news sites in Latin America, interrogating to what extent these sites challenge mainstream, traditional journalism. Researchers identified and analyzed the region’s online-native sites, exploring their influence and “alternativeness”—in terms of ownership, funding, content, degree of activism, and organizational goals—and their “digital-ness,” in terms of the sites’ inclusion of multimedia, interactive, and participatory digital features. In general, results show that the most influential online-native sites are attempting to renovate traditional, outdated modes of journalism, serving as alternatives to mainstream media and aiming to change society, even if the sites do not necessarily self-identify as “alternative” per se. Their emphasis on using innovative, digital techniques is important for re-conceptualizing not just the role of journalism in a digital era, but also journalism’s relationship to alternative media and activism.
This article proposes that changing technology influences journalism in at least four broad areas: (1) how journalists do their work; (2) the content of news; (3) the structure or organization of the newsroom; and (4) the relationships between or among news organizations, journalists and their many publics. Although new media such as the Internet, World Wide Web and digital video are perhaps the most visible examples of technologies that are transforming journalism, the history of journalism is in many ways defined by technological change. The article concludes with a proposed research agenda for the study of journalism and technological change.
The use of multimedia has traditionally been considered one of the basic characteristics of on-line communication; however, the incorporation of a multimedia journalistic discourse in the Spanish cyber-media has not yet really taken place. In recent years, there has been a noticeably greater development of video on the Internet and a change in the habits of media consumption which has not passed unnoticed by the cyber-media. The latter appear to have deposited a large part of their hopes for the future in multimedia contents, accompanied by the search for complicity on the part of Internet users. The objective of this article is to analyze the degree of incorporation of video in the news contents of the Spanish digital media and to evaluate the importance of this type of content. To do so, an analysis has been carried out of the use of these resources in four different media portals: El País.com, El Mundo.es, La Vanguardia.es and Libertad Digital.
Jornalismo Pós-Industrial-Adaptação aos novos tempos
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A History of Videotape
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Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality
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