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IDEOPHONES AS LINGUISTIC “REBELS”: THE EXTRA-SYSTEMATICITY OF IDEOPHONES IN XHOSA – Part II
... This prototype is defined cumulatively as a set of properties that have been postulated given their cognitive salience and prevalence in ideophones attested in specific languages (Andrason 2020).² As far as the form of ideophones is concernedthe topic of our researcha prototypical ideophone is associated with a set of phonetic, morphological, and syntactic features (see Andrason 2020Andrason , 2021a drawing mainly on Voeltz and Kilian-Hatz 2001, Dingemanse 2012, Lahti et al. 2014, Ibarrretxe-Antuñano 2017, see also Heine forthcoming). With regard to syntax, a prototypical ideophone constitutes a "complete autonomous utterance" (Andrason 2020, 130, Heine forthcoming). ...
... Overall, the model implies that a language-specific ideophone and/or the entire ideophonic category of a language may violate the prototype to a lesser or larger extent and in a variety of ways.⁵ Consequently, neither ideophones found within a single language nor ideophonic categories attested across different languages need to exhibit the same or even similar extents of canonicity (see Andrason 2020, 2021a.⁶ Given the model of the ideophonic category presented earlier, our research strategy will involve the following: We will test the Arusa ideophones for their compliance with the formal prototype of an ideophone 3 Regarding the notion of "sentence grammar," consult Heine et al. (2013) and Heine (forthcoming). 4 Additional types of phonetic aberrancy associated with the prototype of an ideophone may appear at the level of the entire ideophonic lexical class found in a specific language. ...
... In all such cases, an ideophone may approximate or be syntactically indistinguishable from a verb, adverb, and/or adjective (Marivate 1985, Childs 1995, Ameka 2001, Nuckolls 2001, Schafer 2001, Beck 2008. This is arguably related to the grammaticalization of an ideophone or the entire ideophonic category in a languagethe more grammaticalized and integrated, the more diffused in order they are (Dwyer and Moshi 2003, Dingemanse 2011, Dingemanse and Akita 2017, Andrason 2021a with regard to syntax, morphology, and phonetics. This will allow us to study the ideophonic category in a principled manner, i.e., to describe its most relevant properties and to explain its global structure. ...
The present article is dedicated to the syntax, morphology, and phonetics of ideophones in Arusa Maasai. After examining the compliance of 69 ideophonic lexemes with the typologically driven prototype of an ideophone, the authors conclude that Arusa ideophones may range from canonical to non-canonical even within a single language module. When syntax, morphology, and phonetics are considered jointly, holophrastic and asyntagmatic ideophones are more canonical than ideophones used as verbal modifiers and parts of complex predicates, which are, in turn, more canonical than predicative ideophones. The extent of canonicity is inversely correlated with the systematicity and integration of ideophones in sentence grammar and their diffusion into other lexical classes: predicative ideophones have been fully incorporated into the category of verbs; for ideophones employed as verbal modifiers, a comparable incorporation into the category of adverbs has not been completed; for all the other types, especially holophrastic and asyntagmatic, ideophones still maintain their categorical individuality. Overall, ideophones constitute an "old" category in Arusa, one that is well advanced on its grammaticalization cline.
... The prototype of an onomatopoeia itself is designed by drawing on the work of Ameka (1992Ameka ( , 2006, Rubino (2001), Reay (2006), Ibarretxe-Antuñano (2006), Feist (2012), Meinard (2015), Stange (2016), Johansson et al. (2020), and Körtvélyessy (2020), as well as on typological studies dedicated to the related category of ideophones, especially those authored by to the former habitats of the Southern African San before resettlement.) Childs (1994Childs ( , 2003, Voeltz and Kilian-Hatz (2001), Dingemanse (2011Dingemanse ( , 2012Dingemanse ( , 2015Dingemanse ( , 2017, Lahti et al. (2014), Ibarretxe-Antuñano (2017), and Andrason (2020). Given our framework, we principally aim to determine the extent of the compliance of Tjwao onomatopoeias with an onomatopoeic ideal plotted cross-linguistically. ...
... Pure creation matrices or radical origin Mono-morphemicity and absence of inflections, derivations, and compounding Expressive morphological patterns: full repetitions, replicas with vowel alternation, and rhyming combinations with linking elements Openness and productivity Table 1: The features of a prototypical onomatopoeia 7 Onomatopoeias also exhibit syntactic commonalities, in that they "are syntactically isolated" (Meinard 2015: 151) and their syntactic realization is typically more peripheral than the other types of ideophones (see Dingemanse 2012: 657). Regarding syntactic properties of onomatopoeias (and ideophones), see Voeltz and Kilian-Hatz (2001); Kilian-Hatz (2001);Childs (2003); Nübling (2004: 37); Ameka (2006: 743); Dingemanse 2011Dingemanse , 2012Meinard (2015: 151, 157, 167); Stange (2016: 16); Ibarretxe-Antuñano (2006: 152-154, 2017; and Andrason (2020). 8 This extra-systematicity (or markedness / uniqueness) of onomatopoeias (and ideophones) is sometimes questioned (see, e.g., Newman's (2001) study of Hausa, as well as Körtvélyessy's (2020) and Körtvélyessy and Štekauer's (2020) analysis of Slovak and English). ...
The present article analyzes the meaning and form of onomatopoeias in Tjwao, a Khoe-Kwadi (Kalahari Khoe) language. Making use of a prototype approach to categorization, a corpus of 113 onomatopoeic lexemes were tested for their compliance with the semantic, phonetic, and morphological features associated with the prototype of onomatopoeias in scholarly literature. The evidence demonstrates that Tjwao onomatopoeias tend to instantiate the prototype fully. This signifies, in turn, that, as far as their phonetics and morphology are concerned, Tjwao ono-matopoeias tend to be extra-systematic.
... See, for instance, wathi hahaha 'he said hahaha' (i.e. he mocked the idea of going to the movies) in (2b). Accordingly, the L-INTJ ha may form a complex predicate with -thi that carries inflection and derivation (see Du Plessis 1978, Andrason 2020. However, in contrast to ideophones, where the omission of -thi is grammatical (Andrason 2020), sentences such as USihpho hahaha izolo, where the base -thi is not expressed overtly, are problematic. ...
The present paper analyzes the system of laughter-based interjections (L-INTJs) in Xhosa. By drawing on corpus and fieldwork evidence, the author concludes the following: the systems of L-INTJs consists of five types of constructions built around the segments ha, he, ho, hi, and yha, the satellites te and ti, as well as a number of replicative templates. The pattern hVhVhV with a short vowel is the most productive. Other replicative patterns, patterns involving (extra‑)long vowels, and the pattern tVhV are less productive. Overall, L-INTJs are the canonical members of the interjective category. The presence and range of uses of L-INTJs result from the interjectionalization of laughter-based onomatopoeias or the onomatopoeization of non-laughter-related interjections.
... An objective assessment of Saussure's position strongly depends on how broadly onomatopoeia is defined, as already indicated in the Introduction. In principle, the problem concerning the number of onomatopoeia from a cross-linguistic point of view faces the obstacle of its unequal comprehension, ranging from direct sound imitation, through secondary onomatopoeia (onomatopoeia-based derivatives or semantically shifted words), to subsuming these words under ideophones (Akita 2009;Alpher 2001;Andrason 2020;Childs 1988;Creissels 2001;Dingemanse 2011Dingemanse , 2023Ibarretxe-Antuñano 2017;Kießling 2024;Nuckolls 2001;Samarin 1971; van Hoey 2019; and many others), interjections (Bednall 2024;Benczes 2019;Brown 2024;Cuenca 2000;Ondruš and Sabol 1987;Swiatkowska 2006;Vassileva 2007;etc.), or other word-classes. ...
In recent years, numerous publications on onomatopoeia have discussed this class of words either separately or as a part of a broader class of ideophones. Those focused on onomatopoeia usually provide a language-specific description primarily based on phonological, morphological and/or syntactic characteristics. Semiotically oriented papers generally discuss the nature of onomatopoeia against the background of Saussure’s conception of arbitrariness. What is missing is the representation of onomatopoeia in the main semiotic models. Therefore, this paper outlines the fundamental semiotic models and adapts them to capture the class of onomatopoeia. The paper covers Saussure’s dyadic model of linguistic sign, the triadic models of Peirce and Ogden and Richards, and a cognitive onomasiological model proposed by Horecký. The latter’s advantage is that it is a dynamic model with potential for adaptation to various word-formation processes, including onomatopoeia-formation.
This article studies the morpho-phonetic instability of interactives through the example of Gorwaa interjections. The analysis of 91 constructions demonstrates that, in Gorwaa, interjections are highly unstable: the number of idiolectal interjections is much larger than that of shared interjections, and the interjections of both sets form clusters – spaces composed of constructions connected through the family resemblance of a formal and functional type. The formal modifications are achieved through prolongation, replication, alternation (of phones/features), and concatenation, and are related to changes in meaning and the polysemy inherent to interjections. Overall, the interjective category is modeled as a dynamic/fuzzy network of related (formally/functionally) constructions. The grammatical profiles of shared and idiolectal interjections are identical and corroborate the validity of the prototype of interjections. The refinements proposed include a preference for [j] over [w], a tendency toward (extra-)high tones and decreasing tonal patterns, the use of gutturals and clicks as the most common extra-systematic sounds and that of clicks as genuine consonants in non-click languages, the iconic foundation of some interjections and their relationship to babytalk, as well as the close relationship of interjections with the |A| place of articulation.
This volume on grammaticalization focuses on new theoretical and methodological challenges underpinning language change. It provides new approaches and insights deepening our understanding of the cognitive, pragmatic, and socio-cultural mechanisms that trigger the formation and the change of grammars. In this volume, grammaticalization is dealt with diachronically, synchronically and as a by-product of dialogic interaction. Another key feature of this book is language diversity; as it includes studies on language families ranging from Niger-Congo, Koreanic, Japonic, Sino-Tibetan to Germanic and Romance. The novel aspects of grammaticalization addressed are new slants on the fundamental debate about grammaticalization as expansion vs reduction; the grammatical formation of ideophones; the semantic domain of fear as a source and a trigger of grammatical change, and many other aspects of semantic and morphosyntactic development.
The present article examines the accuracy of the widespread opinion according to which Polish entirely lacks a word-initial phoneme or (allo)phone /ɨ/~[ɨ]. After reviewing seventeen nominal, adjectival, interjective, and ideophonic lexemes, the author concludes the following: the word-initial /ɨ/~[ɨ] is attested in Polish; however, it is peripheral from the perspective of the phonological and/or phonetic system of this language.
Ideophones are often described as words that are highly expressive and morphosyntactically marginal. A study of ideophones in everyday conversations in Siwu (Kwa, eastern Ghana) reveals a landscape of variation and change that sheds light on some larger questions in the morphosyntactic typology of ideophones. This article documents a trade-off between expressiveness and morphosyntactic integration, with high expressiveness linked to low integration and vice versa. It also describes a pathway for deideophonization and finds that frequency of use influences the degree to which ideophones can come to be more like ordinary words. The findings have implications for processes of (de)ideophonization, ideophone borrowing, and ideophone typology. A key point is that the internal diversity we find in naturally occurring data, far from being mere noise, is patterned variation that can help us to get a handle on the factors shaping ideophone systems within and across languages.
Cross-linguistically, reduplication associated with iconic readings, such as plurality, iteration, and continuation, is prevalent in ideophones. However, not all reduplicative processes in ideophones are clearly iconic. Notably, both less and more iconic uses of reduplication are encountered in ordinary vocabulary resulting in the overlapping semantic functions of reduplication between ideophonic and non-ideophonic (i.e., prosaic) lexical categories. Given this, the aim of this paper is not to establish one clear-cut point to distinguish ideophonic reduplication from prosaic reduplication that may be impossible, but to specify dimensions of possibilities along which several instances of ideophonic and prosaic reduplication can be calibrated, using Canonical Typology (Corbett). The current paper adopts the canonical approach of typology in an innovative way – not to compare a reduplicative phenomenon across languages (classic " typology "), but within a language by drawing ideophonic and prosaic data from Japanese, which is rich in reduplication and ideophones. Measuring the canonicity values of the various occurring types of ideophonic and prosaic reduplication against six criteria for canonical ideophonic reduplication, this paper shows how many and what criteria can differentiate the two sets of phenomena. Consequently, it reveals how ideophonic and prosaic reduplication are alike or different from each other. It also demonstrates the utility of Localized Canonical Typology, for the precise description and analysis of complex categories in a single language.
p>Abstract: The ideophone, a word class not unique to but highly characteristic of the Bantu languages, presents particular challenges in both monolingual and bilingual lexicography. Not only is this part of speech without a counterpart in most other languages, the meaning of ideophones is highly elusive. In this research article these challenges are studied by means of an analysis of the treatment of ideophones in a corpus-driven Zulu–English school dictionary project.
Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY, BILINGUAL, CORPUS, FREQUENCY, BANTU, ZULU (ISIZULU), ENGLISH, IDEOPHONE, SEMANTIC IMPORT, PARAPHRASE, PART-OF-SPEECH MISMATCH
Samenvatting: De lexicografische behandeling van ideofonen in Zoeloe. De ideofoon, een woordklasse die niet uniek maar wel heel karakteristiek is voor de Bantoetalen, is een echte uitdaging in zowel de monolinguale als bilinguale lexicografie. Niet enkel heeft deze woordklasse geen equivalent in de meeste andere talen, de betekenis van ideofonen is heel moeilijk vast te leggen. In dit onderzoeksartikel worden deze uitdagingen onderzocht aan de hand van een analyse van de behandeling van ideofonen in een corpus-gedreven Zoeloe–Engels schoolwoorden-boekproject.
Sleutelwoorden: LEXICOGRAFIE, WOORDENBOEK, TWEETALIG, CORPUS, FRE-QUENTIE, BANTOE, ZOELOE, ENGELS, IDEOFOON, SEMANTISCHE LADING, PARAFRASE, VLOEKENDE WOORDKLASSEN</p
Quotative indexes often do not simply encode a speech event but turn out to be grammatical constructions with the dual function of referring to a state of affairs and of orienting the audience to the presence of reported discourse. A still poorly analyzed quotative strategy without overt reference to a speech event is thetic non-verbal identificational and presentational clauses that focus on the identity of the speaker as the source of the reported discourse. The article will on the one hand demonstrate with data that are diverse in terms of geography, genealogical affiliation, and diachronic dimension that this pattern is cross-linguistically recurrent, and thus robust as a type, and on the other hand explore the special morphosyntactic and functional nature of this subtype of quotative index.
Cognitive linguistics views linguistic cognition as indistinguishable from general cognition and thus seeks explanation of linguistic phenomena in terms of general cognitive strategies, such as metaphor, metonymy, and blending. Grammar and lexicon are viewed as parts of a single continuum and thus expected to be subject to the same cognitive strategies. Significant developments within cognitive linguistics in the past two decades include construction grammar and the application of quantitative methods to analyses.
DOWNLOAD PDF: http://is.gd/lncreview — Ideophones are marked words that depict sensory imagery found in many of the world’s languages. They are noted for their special forms, distinct grammatical behaviour, rich sensory meanings, and interactional uses related to experience and evidentiality. This review surveys recent developments in ideophone research. Work on the semiotics of ideophones helps explain why they are marked and how they realise the depictive potential of speech. A true semantic typology of ideophone systems is coming within reach through a combination of language-internal analyses and language-independent elicitation tools. Documentation of ideophones in a wide variety of genres as well as sequential analysis of ideophone use in natural discourse leads to new insights about their interactional uses and about their relation to other linguistic devices like reported speech and grammatical evidentials. As the study of ideophones is coming of age, it sheds new light on what is possible and probable in human language.
Cambridge Core - Grammar and Syntax - World Lexicon of Grammaticalization - by Tania Kuteva
L’article décrit la variabilité fonctionnelle du verbe -ira en shangaci et tente d’en définir le sémantisme lexical. Synchroniquement, le verbe -ira doit plutôt être considéré comme un «verbe quotatif » , mais l’étude comparative montre qu’à l’origine il s’agissait d’un verbe d’action générique. L’hypothèse avancée est que son usage fréquent dans le discours rapporté peut mener à une polysémie faire/ dire
et même le transformer en un verbe déclaratif générique.
An authoritative general introduction to cognitive linguistics, this book provides up-to-date coverage of all areas of the field and sets in context recent developments within cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar.
Available through http://thesis.ideophone.org/
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