PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CHITRAKA HARITAKI AVALEHA: A COMPOUND AYURVEDIC FORMULATION

Abstract

Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha is a Leha Kalpana (semisolid preparation of drugs, prepared with addition of jaggery and boiled with prescribed decoction) specifically indicated for oral use in treatment of nasal disorders in Ayurveda. It is also indicated in various disorders like Kshaya (Pthisis), Kasa (Cough), Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis/sinusitis), Krimi (Helminthiasis / Worm infestation), Arsha (Haemorrhoids), Swasa (Asthma/dyspnoea) and Agnimandhya (Digestive impairment). In this study, effort has been made to overcome from the controversy regarding ingredients in the finished product of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha and attempted to standardize the final product as per guidelines of API. In present study it has been used in Nasa Arsha (Nasal Polyposis). The presence of tannins, parenchyma cells, fibers, starch grains, pollen grains, acicular and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, rosette crystals, stone cells etc. were the characteristic features observed in the microscopy of prepared formulation. Physicochemical analysis showed that Ash value was 2.5 % w/w, pH was 5.80, Loss on drying was 23.5 % w/w, Alcohol soluble extractive value was 69 %, Water soluble extractive value was 61 % and 97.49 % level of Total sugar in Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha.

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Atara Achyuta et al / Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 5(3), May - Jun 2014
274
Research Article
www.ijrap.net
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF
CHITRAKA HARITAKI AVALEHA: A COMPOUND AYURVEDIC FORMULATION
Atara Achyuta1*, Manjusha R.2, CR Harisha3, Pandya Preeti4, Shukla VJ5
1Ph D Scholar, Department of Shalakya Tantra, Institute for Postgraduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
2Professor, Department of Shalakya Tantra, Institute for Postgraduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
3Head, Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Institute for Postgraduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
4Laboratory Assistant, Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Institute for Postgraduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
5Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
Received on: 22 /04/14 Revised on: 02/06/14 Accepted on: 18/06/14
*Corresponding author
Dr. Achyuta G. Atara, Final year Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Shalakya Tantra, Institute for post graduate teaching & research in Ayurveda, Gujarat
Ayurveda University, Jamnagar-361 008 Gujarat India E-mail: achyutaa250@gmail.com
DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.05356
ABSTRACT
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha is a Leha Kalpana (semisolid preparation of drugs, prepared with addition of jaggery and boiled with prescribed decoction)
specifically indicated for oral use in treatment of nasal disorders in Ayurveda. It is also indicated in various disorders like Kshaya (P thisis), Kasa
(Cough), Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis/sinusitis), Krimi (Helminthiasis / Worm infestation), Arsha (Haemorrhoids), Swasa (Asthma/dyspnoea) and
Agnimandhya (Digesti ve impairment). In t his study, effort has been made to overcome from t he controversy regarding ingredi ents in the finished
product of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha and attempted to standardize the final product as per guidelines of API. In present study it has been used in Nasa
Arsha (Nasal Polyposis). The presence of tannins, parenchyma cell s, fibers, starch grains, pollen grains, acicular and prismatic crystals of calcium
oxalate, rosette crystals, stone cells etc. were the characteristic features observed in the microscopy of prepared formulat ion. Physicochemical anal ysis
showed t hat Ash value was 2.5 % w/w, pH was 5 .80, Loss on drying was 23.5 % w/w, Alcohol soluble extractive value was 69 %, Water soluble
extractive value was 61 % and 97.49 % level of Total sugar in Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha.
Keywords: Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical, Nasa Arsha.
INTRODUCTION
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha is a Leha Kalpana (semisolid
preparation of drugs, prepared with addition of jaggery
and boiled with prescribed decoction) specifically
indicated for oral use in Nasaroga Chikitsa by
Chakradutta1 and Bhaishajya Ratnavali2. It is also
indicated in various disorders like Kshaya (Pthisis), Kasa
(Cough), Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis/sinusitis), Krimi
(Helminthiasis/ Worm infestation), Arsha (Hemorrhoids),
Swasa (Asthma/dyspnoea) and Agnimandhya (Digestive
impairment). In the present study it has been used in Nasa
-Arsha (Nasal Polyposis). Nasal polyps are most
commonly thought to be caused by allergy and recurrent
sinus infection resulting into chronic inflammation to the
mucous lining of the ethmoidal sinuses causes increased
blood vessel permeability which in turn causes edema of
the mucosa. Eventually this mucosa, which in effect is the
lining of the ethmoids, prolapses out of the sinus.
Repeated blowing of the nose encourages growth of the
polyp3. An Aushadha (medicine) is one of the treatment
modalities mentioned for the treatment of Arsha which
can be applied for the disease Nasa Arsha (Nasal polyp).
As per literature survey Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha has
been used in Kasa and Dushta Pratishyaya, but not in
Nasa Arsha. So this is the first study planned to evaluate
the efficacy of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha for its systemic
action on Nasa Arsha. It is the need of the hour to come
up with a standard formulation without compromising its
effectiveness. Standardization of Ayurvedic drugs is taken
up on priority basis these days. WHO has framed a code
of Drug Manufacturing Practice in Ayurveda4. So, present
work was selected as an initial attempt in this direction to
confirm the standards of the prepared formulation
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha as per API5. With following
aims and objectives pharmacognostical study of
compound formulation Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha and
physico-chemical analysis of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha
was carried out.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study involved the following operating procedures.
Collection, identification and authentification of raw
drugs
The raw drugs except Honey and Jaggery were procured
from the Pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurveda University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Honey and Jaggery were
procured from local market of Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
The ingredients and the part used are given in the Table 1.
The raw drugs were identified and authenticated by the
department of Dravyaguna and Pharmacognosy
laboratory of IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurveda
University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. The identification
was carried out based on the morphological features,

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275
organoleptic characters and powder microscopy of the
individual drugs and formulation as per API standards for
the authentification.
Preparation of the drug Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha at
Pharmacy of Gujarat Ayurved University
Preparation of Yavakoota (Coarse powder)
Chitraka, Amalaki, Gudoochi and Dhashamoola were
taken and made into coarse powder separately and then
mixed to make a homogeneous mixture. Haritaki was
taken as a whole tied in Potali and was kept embedded in
whole process of decoction preparation for boiling. At the
end of decoction preparation before filtration, Haritaki
fruits were taken out and made into paste after removing
the seeds.
Preparation of Kwatha (decoction)
Decoction preparation was done as per Sharangadhara
Samhita6. One part of coarse powder was added with 4
parts of potable water and subjected to heat on medium
temperature, until the volume was reduced to 1/4th of its
initial quantity. The contents were filtered.
Preparation of Avaleha
In filtered decoction jaggery was added and cooking in
medium flame was done in order to make 2 thread
condensed sugar mixture when pressed between two
fingers. Finally paste of Haritaki was mixed to make
homogenous mixture. Then after fine powders of
Prakshepa Dravyas were added and stirred continuously
and vigorously to form a homogenous mixture. When
whole mixture got cooled afterwards honey was added
and mixture was finally mixed to get Chitraka Haritaki
Avaleha.
Pharmacognostical evaluation
Organoleptic and Microscopic studies of the prepared
drug were done as per the guidelines of Ayurvedic
pharmacopoeia of India at Pharmacognosy Lab, I.P.G.T
and R.A, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Little quantity of
Avaleha dissolved in the distilled water and placed on
slide adding with small quantity of water and observed
under the microscope to get the microscopical characters
of the ingredients of the Avaleha, then stained with Iodine
solution and Sudan III. Microphotographs were taken
under the corl zeiss trinocular microscope attached with
camera7. The diagnostic features obtained were found to
be complying with the standards mentioned at respective
volumes of API.
Physicochemical analysis of the Chitraka Haritaki
Avaleha
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha was analyzed by using,
qualitative and quantitative parameters as per guidelines
at Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of I. P. G.T and
R. A., Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, Gujarat,
India8.
RESULTS
Pharmacognostical study of compound formulation-
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha
Organoleptic characters
The organoleptic characters and microscopic characters of
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha are depicted in Table 2.
Microscopic Evaluation
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha showed presence of tannins,
vessels with simple pits, groups of sclereids, spiral
vessels, thin walled fibers, multiple simple and compound
rounded to oval starch grains, connective and numerous
golden yellow pollen grains having 1-3 protuberances,
acicular crystals of calcium oxalate, cluster crystals of
calcium oxalate, perisperm cells, endosperm cells,
mesocarp cells, oil globules, prismatic crystals of calcium
oxalate, vessels with bordered pits, thin-walled
parenchymatous cells, rosette crystals of calcium oxalate,
stone cells, pointed, stratified fibers and trichomes. (Photo
Plate-1)
Physicochemical assay of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha
The prepared drug was analyzed for the physical and
chemical parameters such as loss on drying, pH, ash
value, sugar content, water soluble extract and alcohol
soluble extract. The results are cited in Table 3.
DISCUSSION
Microscopic identification of the botanical ingredients is a
standard for statutory purposes in several solid and semi-
solid compound formulations. In the present
investigation, pharmacognostical and physico-chemical
studies were conducted on Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha as
per API guidelines. These studies revealed the presence of
various important bioactive compounds and proved that
these all are medicinally important too. The finished
product proved all the ingredients were present in
formulation. This showed genuinity and quality of
Avaleha. Main ingredient of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha is
Haritaki which contains tannin. Tannins belong to the
phenolic class of secondary metabolites9. Tannins such as
chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, tannic acid and gallic
acid belong the hydrolysable group and are extensively
used for medicinal purposes10,11. Terminalia chebula
Retz. contains hydrolysable type of tannins. Tannic acid is
used to produce tannate salts of certain anti-histamines
and anti-tussives to impart increased stability or slow
release properties to the API (active pharmaceutical
ingredient). Further to this, tannic acid is the principle
ingredient in anti-allergen sprays12. Orally, tannic acid
applied directly can treat sore throat and tonsils and fever
blisters. When consumed, tannic acid can medicate
bleeding, persistent coughs, cancer etc13. A systematic
review by Chung et al. (1998)14 found that tannins have
also been reported to exert many physiological effects,
such as to accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood
pressure, decrease the serum lipid level and modulate
immune responses. Sclereids found in Haritaki, Amalaki
and Guduchi help to prevent collapse of softer tissues at
times of water stress. They are grouped with fibers under
the general term sclerenchyma.

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1.Tannin content-Harit aki
2. Pitted Sclereids-Haritaki
3. Sclereids-Amalaki
4. Group of Fibers-Amalaki
5.Simple starch grains- Shunthi
6.Annual Vessels-Shunthi
7. Oil globules – Tamalpatra
8. Pollen grains of Nagakesara
9. Compound starch grai ns- Guduchi
10. Group of sclereids – Guduchi
11. Prismatic crystal s-Gokshura
12. Stratified fibers- Gokshura
13. Acicular crystals –Twak
14. Stone cells – Twak
15. Perisperm cell s – Maricha
16. Mesocarp cell –Maricha
17. Oil globules-Pippali
Oil globules-Pippali confirmed by sudan III

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277
18. Endosperm cells in surface view-Pippali
19.Cluster crystal of Calcium oxalate-
Sukshmaela
20. Starch grains – Chitraka
21. Fibers- Chitraka
22. Bordered pitted vessel- Bilva
23. Starch Grains- Bilva
24. Starch grains- Agni mantha
25. Fibers with pointed ends-Shyonak
26. Prismatic crystal s -Patala
27. Thin walled parenchyma- Gambhari
28. Prismatic crystal s-Shalaparni
29. Starch and prismatic crystal-Shalaparni
30. Stone cells- Kantakari
31. Stellate Trichomes- Kantakari
32. Round and oval starch grains – Brihati
33. Stellate Trichomes- Brihati
34. Parenchyma cell s – Prishnaparni
Photo Plate 1: M icrophotographs of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha

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Table 1: Ingredients of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha
Drug
Botanical Name
Part used
Proportion
Chitrak moola coarse powder
Plumbago zeylani ca Linn.
Root
5 kg.
Amalaki coarse powder
Embelica officinalis Gaertn.
Fruit
5 kg.
Guduchi coarse powder
Tinospora cordifolia Miers.
Stem
5 kg.
Bilva coarse powder
Aegle marmelos Carr.
Whole plant
500 g.
Agnimanth coarse powder
Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.
Whole plant
500 g.
Shyonak coarse powder
Oroxylum indicum Vent.
Whole plant
500 g.
Patala coarse powder
Steospermum sauveolens DC.
Whole plant
500 g.
Gambahari coarse powder
Gmelina arbora Roxb.
Whole plant
500 g.
Shalaparni coarse powder
Desmodium gangeticumi DC.
Whole plant
500 g.
Prishnaparni coarse powder
Uraria picta Desv.
Whole plant
500 g.
Brihati coarse powder
Solanum indicum Linn.
Whole plant
500 g.
Kantakari coarse powder
Solanum xanthocarpum Birm.
Whole plant
500 g.
Gokshura coarse powder
Tribulus terrestries Linn.
Whole plant
500 g.
Guda
Jaggery
-
20 kg.
Haritaki
Terminalia chebula Retz.
Fruit
12 kg.
Shunthi choorna
Zingiber officinale Roxb.
Rhizome
748 g.
Maricha choorna
Piper nigrum Linn.
Fruit
748 g.
Pippali powder
Piper longum Linn.
Fruit
748 g.
Tvak powder
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume.
Bark
748 g.
Ela powder
Elettaria cardamomum Linn.
Fruit
748 g.
Patra powder
Cinnamomum tamala Nees and Eberm
Leaf
748 g.
Nagakesara powder
Mesua ferrea Linn.
Anthers
748 g.
Yavakshara powder
Hordoleum vulgare
-
92 g.
Madhu
Honey
-
1500 g.
Table 2: Organoleptic c haracters of Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha
Parameters
Sample- Avaleha
Color
Dark brown
Touch
Soft
Odor
Pleasant
Taste
Astringent, pungent
Table 3: Physico-chemical assay of Chitraka Harita ki Avaleha
S. No.
Analytical parameters
Results of Avaleha
1
Loss on drying
23.5 % w/w
2
Total Ash value
2.5 % w/w
3
Alcohol soluble extractive value
69 %
4
Water soluble extractive value
61 %
5
pH
5.80
6
Sugar content
Total sugar
97.49 %
Non- reducing sugar
36.45 %
Reducing sugar
61.04 %
Their walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a
plant. Fibers found in Amalaki, Shyonak and Chitraka has
high load-bearing capacity. Parenchyma generally
constitutes the "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. They
allow the cells to store and regulate ions, waste products,
and water. Tissue specialized for food storage is
commonly formed of parenchyma cells. Sclereids,
parenchyma and fibers are used to protect other cells15.
Starch present in many drugs of Avaleha is the main form
by which plants store carbohydrate and is a major
photosynthetic product in many species16. Pollen in
Nagakesara contains within itself sperm cells, complete
with cell walls and plasma membranes. Function of
pollen- Biotic and abiotic pollinator preference and fluid
dynamics17. Calcium oxalate crystals found in Ela (cluster
crystal), Gokshura, Patala, Shalaparni (prismatic crystal)
and Twak (acicular crystals). Oxalic acid (ethanedioic
acid), and its salts occur as an end product of metabolism
in a number of plants. Oxalate is associated with
metabolic disorders and infectious diseases18. The crystals
are especially common in the cells bounding the air
chamber of stomata which certainly require some
mechanical support. In the case of acicular crystals, so
prevalent in monocotyls, it is evident that they give
elasticity as well as support against crushing pressure19.
Perisperm cells and Endosperm cells are identical cells of
Trikatu20. Mesocarp also is identical cell of Maricha21. In
experimental studies oil of Piper longum Linn. produced
more inhibition of edema than the standard anti
inflammatory drug, ibuprofen. This activity appears to be
significant as carrageenan induced paw edema was taken
as prototype of exudative phase of inflammation, where
development of edema being described as biphasic. The
initial phase is attributable to release of various
biochemicals, viz. histamine, 5-HT, various kinins in the
first hour injection of carrageenan. A more pronounced
second phase is related to the release of prostaglandin like
substances in 2 to 3 h. The essential oil of Piper longum
Linn. reduced the edema induced by carrageenan. Similar
pathology occurs in nasal polyp22. Tamal has leaf oil the
main constituent of which is eugenol (60 – 70 %, is a best

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279
analgesic drug), cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde,
respectively23. Trichomes of Kantakari and Brihati checks
excess transpiration activity of the plant; hence retaining
the chemical constituents of the raw drugs, trichomes
observed in Brihati and Kantakari are identical
characters24. The prepared drug was analyzed for the
physical and chemical parameters such as loss on drying,
ash value, pH, sugar content, water soluble extract and
alcohol soluble extract. All the values obtained were
compared with that prescribed in API and found within
prescribed limits. Physicochemical standards such as total
ash values and extractive values are useful in
identification and authentication of the plant material. The
total ash is particularly important in the evaluation of
purity of drugs, i.e. the presence or absence of inorganic
matter such as metallic salts and/or silica. Total ash value
helps in determining both physiological ash (plant tissue)
and non-physiological ash (extraneous matter like sand
and soil). Extractive values help in determining the
amount of active constituents and is done on plant
materials in particular solvent for which as yet no suitable
chemical or biological assay exists25. Presence of more
moisture content in a sample can create preservation
problem. Hence loss on drying was also selected as one of
parameters. pH of Avaleha was 5.80 suggesting little
acidic nature of the drugs. Since, the sample was in the
form of Avaleha containing significant quantity of sugar,
hence sugar estimation was considered as another
parameter. Total sugar was found to be 97.49 %
suggesting presence of considerable amount of sugar in
the sample. The water-soluble extractive and methanol
soluble extractive values were found to be 61 % and 69 %
respectively, indicating considerable amount of polar
compounds in the sample26.
CONCLUSION
The ingredients were identified and authenticated
phamacognostically and were used for the preparation of
Chitraka haritaki avaleha. The formulation was subjected
to pharmacognostical and physico-chemical studies. It is
inferred that the formulation meets all the standards as
reported in the API and useful for further documentation.
ACKNOWLEDGEME NTS
The authors are thankful to the authorities of IPGT and RA, and Gujarat
Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India for providing facilities to
carry out the research work.
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Cite this article as:
Atara Achyuta, Manjusha R., CR Harisha, Pandya Preeti, Shukla VJ.
Pharmacognostical and physicochemical evaluation of Chitraka haritaki
avaleha: A compound Ayurvedic formulation. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda
Pharm. 2014;5(3):274-279 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.05356