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STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATES FOR CHARCOAL AND CHARCOAL
BRIQUETTES IN THE FUNCTION OF HARMONIZATION OF THEIR QUALITY
AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT
Slavica Petrovic, Branko Glavonjic
ABSTRACT
Results presented in this paper
1
are obtained from the analysis of European standards for
charcoal and charcoal briquettes quality. In accordance with this, standard EN 1860-2 of the
European Committee for Standardization, Russian standard GOST 7657-84 and Serbian standard
SRPS.D.B9.020 were individually analyzed, and their comparative analysis was carried out
which determined similarities and differences among them. Quality certificates prove
harmonization of produced charcoal and charcoal briquettes quality with adequate standard.
Therefore, the paper analyses two most significant certificates for charcoal and charcoal
briquettes quality, which are used on the markets of the EU countries, namely “DIN-Geprüft”
and “DINplus” certificates. In addition, due to specificities, market of the Russian Federation
was analyzed separately where only GOST R certificates apply.
Key words: charcoal, charcoal briquettes, quality standards, quality certificates
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Quality of charcoal produced in Serbia significantly differs depending on the technology of
its production. Apart in brick-built charcoal kilns, charcoal is also produced in retort systems in
industrial conditions. However, applied technology is not the sole cause of different charcoal
quality. If it is produced in brick-built charcoal kilns, its quality largely depends on the
experience of the worker in charge of controlling the combustion process. This means that the
worker determines time period of wood combustion, amount of air used for this process, as well
as the moment when combustion process will stop by using water, based on his own experience.
By applying the described manner of production, it is very difficult to achieve that charcoal
of equal quality is always produced in the same charcoal kiln. If the fact that significant amounts
of charcoal are produced in such a manner in Serbia is added to the abovementioned, conclusion
can be drawn that the product of highly different quality is present on the market.
One of possible ways to overcome the existing problem is to apply standards which define
product quality as well as to obtain adequate certificates which prove harmonization of the
product with the standard. Since significant amounts of produced charcoal are exported to the
markets of European countries, the paper analyses existing standards and certificates for charcoal
quality in the European Union and Russian Federation, as well as valid Serbian standard in order
to determine present differences in the defined criteria of charcoal quality.
2.0 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PAPER
Scope of research in the paper includes European standards for charcoal and charcoal
briquettes as well as quality certificates which prove that product characteristics are in
1
The paper is financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of
Serbia within the project ref. 43007: "Research of climate changes and their environmental impact – monitoring of
impacts, adaptation and mitigation ".
accordance with the standard requirements. Analysis partly included standards which are
officially revoked because market research of certain European countries found that they are still
used. Objective of the research is to observe the requirements of foreign markets through the
analysis of charcoal quality standards and certificates since significant amounts of this product
are exported from Serbia. Conducted comparative analysis determined similarities and
differences of Serbian charcoal standard compared to the European standards.
3.0 METHOD OF WORK
For the purpose of research conducted in this paper, special scientific method of analysis was
used which was applied to the existing European standards for charcoal and charcoal briquettes.
Also, the same method was used in the research of certificates issued for the quality of the stated
products. Thus, the research involved many Websites of European charcoal and charcoal
briquette producers, state institutes for standardization as well as institutions for quality testing
of analyzed products.
Apart from analysis method, methods of synthesis and generalization as specific scientific
methods were used as well. Among general scientific methods, the method of inductive-
deductive conclusion was used.
4.0 CHARCOAL QUALITY STANDARDS
Although charcoal is a product with long tradition in production and usage, few European
countries have developed their national standards for this product type. Until 2005, six charcoal
standards were used in Europe, namely:
o German DIN 51749;
o French AFNOR NF B 55101;
o Belgian NBN M 11-001:
o Swedish SIS 1029;
o Russian GOST 7657-84 and
o Serbian JUS.D.B9.020.
In the period 2003-2006, the European Committee for Standardization adopted the standard
EN 1860 which consists of four parts defining characteristics of barbeque appliances, fuels and
firelighters for barbecuing. During 2005, the second part of the stated standard was adopted,
titled: Appliances, solid fuels and firelighters for barbecuing — Part 2: Barbecue charcoal and
barbecue charcoal briquettes. Requirements and test methods.
After the adoption of the EN 1860-2 standard, all member countries of the Committee for
Standardization, which had their own national charcoal standards were obliged to revoke and
replace them with the new standard.
2
Since the Russian Federation is not a member state of the
European Committee for Standardization, GOST standard, still applies.
Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia was one of rare European countries, which had
national charcoal standard. Charcoal standard was adopted in 1958, first revised in 1977. In the
Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Serbia from 2007, mark of charcoal standard
JUS.D.B9.020 was replaced with the new SRPS D.B9.020, while standard contents remained the
same.
2
The stated standard EN 1860-2 applies in all member states of the Committee, namely: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
All abovementioned standards set values of the most important characteristics of charcoal
including fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content and volatile matter. The balance of values
of the stated properties characterizes high quality of the produced charcoal, because otherwise if
the balance is disturbed, charcoal, which burns either slowly or too fast, is obtained. In addition,
if charcoal has low fixed carbon, more ash and volatile matter occur during its combustion.
Besides, high ash content can also indicate increased presence of sand, minerals, lignite and
similar substances, which, apart from creating unpleasant smoke, also hinder charcoal
firelighting and change the taste of food.
4.1. Main characteristics of charcoal and charcoal briquettes pursuant to EN 1860-2
standard
EN 1860-2 standard defines the values of charcoal and charcoal briquettes characteristics,
which are used only for barbecue, as well as procedures, apparatus and manner of expressing
results when the characteristics are determined.
3
European standard EN 1860-2 represents the synthesis of national charcoal standards and is
quite similar to the German standard DIN 51749. Since it is still used in certain European
countries, although officially revoked, the paper also states the requirements from the German
standard DIN 51749 along with the requirements of EN 1860-2 standard (Table 1). Comparative
analysis of the two stated standards shows that the German standard has stricter requirements for
fixed carbon, ash content and granulation of charcoal particles, while the set value of moisture
content is the same in both standards.
Table 1: Values of certain charcoal characteristics pursuant to the European EN 1860-2 and
German DIN 51749 standard
Characteristics
EN 1860-2
DIN 51749
Fixed carbon4
shall be minimum of 75% by mass
≥ 80 %
Ash content
shall not exceed 8% on dry basis
≤ 4 %
Moisture content5
shall not exceed 8%
≤ 8 %
Pursuant to the European standard EN 1860-2, all charcoal particles shall have the size between
0 and 150 mm, with the following presence of particles with certain dimensions:
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o no more than 10% may exceed 80 mm in size;
o at least 80% shall be greater than 20 mm;
o 0 mm – 10 mm shall not exceed 7%.
Unlike the European standard, German standard DIN 51749 sets that all charcoal particles
shall not be bigger than 80 mm, with the following presence of particles with certain dimensions:
o ≤ 6% may be smaller than 10 mm;
o ≤ 30% may be smaller than 20 mm;
o ≥ 70% shall be between 20 and 80 mm.
European standard EN 1860-2 sets charcoal bulk density which must be at least 130 kg/m3,
while for the content of volatile matter
7
neither minimal nor maximum values are defined.
3
Charcoal briquettes are produced by compressing charcoal particles together with a suitable binder (EN 1860-2).
4
Carbon remaining after the removal of volatile carbon matter and ash from dry charcoal.
5
Water contained in the barbecue charcoal and the barbecue charcoal briquettes which are driven off at 105°C.
6
Pursuant to the French standard, 85% of charcoal particles had to have dimensions ranging from 20 to 120 mm,
while the Belgian standard allowed maximum of 10% of particles to be smaller than 20 mm, and particles with
dimensions over 160 mm were not allowed by the standard.
Values of main characteristics of charcoal briquettes pursuant to the European EN 1860-2
and German DIN 51749 standards are given in Table 2. Similar as for charcoal, requirements of
the German standard for fixed carbon, ash content and moisture content of charcoal briquettes
are stricter than the requirements of the European standard.
Table 2: Values of certain characteristics of charcoal briquettes pursuant to the European EN
1860-2 and German DIN 51749 standard
Characteristics
EN 1860-2
DIN 51749
Fixed carbon
shall be minimum 60% by mass
≥ 65 %
Ash content
shall be maximum 18% by mass on dry basis
≤ 15 %
Moisture content
shall not be above 8%
≤ 6 %
According to European standard EN 1860-2, the form and size of barbecue charcoal
briquettes shall be suitable for use with barbecue equipment. The granules less than 20 mm shall
not exceed 10%. In addition, binder used for briquettes shall not have harmful effect on human
health because contact with food is established during combustion.
EN 1860-2 standard also sets that microscopic analysis shall not find in more than 10 out of
1000 particles any substances which are not present in wood for charcoal production or binder
which is used for briquettes production. Pursuant to the stated standard, inadmissible substances
can be organic and inorganic. Organic inadmissible substances are fossil coals and derivatives
thereof, such as petroleum, coke, pitch, etc. Inorganic inadmissible substances are glass, slag,
rust, splinters of metal, stone powder, etc. If, however, presence of inadmissible substances (both
organic and inorganic) is found, their content shall not exceed 1% of charcoal or charcoal
briquettes volume.
Pursuant to EN 1860-2 standard, in test report on the quality of charcoal and charcoal
briquettes for barbeque the following shall be stated:
o an identification of the product tested;
o the results and the basis of analysis;
o an unusual features noted during the determination and
o deviation from this Standard.
Also, the standard sets that the following data shall be stated on each packaging of charcoal
or charcoal briquettes:
o the content indication can be made either in weight or in volume;
o "Barbecue Charcoal" or "Barbecue Charcoal Briquettes" will be the minimum
marking/description of the contents;
o instructions should specify considerations of safety, health and usage for the correct and
safe use of the product;
o the number of this standard (the compliance with this Standard must be proved by a
certified laboratory).
4.2. Main charcoal characteristics pursuant to the Russian standard GOST 7657-84
Standard GOST 7657-84 defines the characteristics of charcoal obtained in pyrolysis and
charcoal obtained in wood combustion in industrial appliances. Unlike the European standard
which refers only to charcoal for barbeque, the Russian standard applies to charcoal used for
various purposes in industry, apart from food preparation, such as the production of cristall
silicon, non-ferrous metals, active coal, carbon bisulfide and ferroalloy.
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Determined as the loss in mass less that due to moisture, when charcoal or charcoal briquettes is heated out of
contact with air under standardized conditions.
Pursuant to the Russian standard GOST 7657-84, depending on physical-chemical
characteristics, charcoal is classified into three quality classes, or five sub-classes (Table 3).
Table 3: Characteristics of charcoal quality classes pursuant to GOST 7657-84 standard
Characteristic
Quality classes
A
B
C
Best quality
First quality
First quality
Second
quality
Apparent density,
g/cm3, not less than
0.37
0.37
Not standardized
Mass portion of ash, %,
not more than
2.5
3.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
Mass portion of fixed
carbon, % not less than
90
78
88
77
67
Mass portion of water,
% not more than
6
6
6
6
6
Mass portion of
charcoal with grains at
loading points, %, not
more than:
- size less than 25 mm
5
5
Not standardized
- size less than 12 mm
5
5
7
7
7
Mass portion of non-
charred logs, %, not
more than
absence
2
absence
2
2
Mass of 1 dm3 of
charcoal, grams, not
less than
210
210
Not standardized
Notes:
1. In agreement with consumers an allowed mass portion of water in charcoal, except of charcoal of sort A of the
best quality can reach 20% with converting factual mass to 6% humidity.
2. By transportation it is allowed to increase the mass portion of charcoal of the normalized fractions (of a size
less than 12 or 25 mm) not more than by 0,8% per 100 km of the way.
Charcoal quality class is also set by wood species, which it is produced from, apart from
physical-chemical properties. Separate standard GOST 24260-80 defines three groups of wood
species, which can be used for charcoal production (Table 4).
Table 4: Wood species for charcoal production pursuant to GOST 24260-80
Groups
Wood species
I
birch, beech, ash, hornbeam, elm, walnut, maple
II
pine, fir, cedar, spruce, larch
III
aspen, alder, linden, poplar, willow
Notes:
1. Oak can be used for pyrolysis and charcoal production only if proven unsuitable for the production of tannin
extracts.
2. Wood species from groups II and III can be used for pyrolysis and charcoal production only with previous
agreement with consumer.
Charcoal of A quality class is produced in pyrolysis of wood from group I, charcoal of B
class is produced in pyrolysis of wood species mix from groups 1 and 2, while charcoal of C
class is produced in combustion of wood species mix from groups 1, 2 and 3.
Pursuant to the same standard, for charcoal production in pyrolysis, wood raw material 1.0
meter long and more with allowed deviation of ±3.0 cm and 3-18 cm thick is used. If charcoal is
produced in wood combustion raw material of length 0.75m, 1.0m, 1.25 m and more is used.
Participation of volume of roundwood 3-6 cm thick should not exceed 10% in a lot. In
accordance with the agreement with consumer, raw material used for pyrolysis charcoal
production can also be smaller than 1.0 meter, and for charring, it can be smaller than 0.75m.
GOST 7657-84 standard sets that charcoal can be delivered packed in paper bags or
mounded. If charcoal is packed in bags, they must be of HM brand, which means that they are
made of impregnated layers of paper and that they are solely used for hygroscopic products.
8
Charcoal weight in one bag which has to be sewn and tied, shall not exceed 15 kg pursuant to
GOST 7657-84 standard. Guaranteed warehousing period in the standard is 12 months from
production date.
Pursuant to GOST 7657-84 standard, on each charcoal bag the following data shall be stated:
o designation of the producer and its brand mark;
o designation of the product, its mark, sort;
o the number of the consignment;
o net weight;
o production date;
o designation of a genuine standard;
o a precautionary sign of a shipment danger in accordance with GOST 19433-88.
4.3. Main charcoal characteristics pursuant to the standard SRPS D.B9.020
Standard SRPS D.B9.020 defines the values of the most significant characteristics of
charcoal produced in retort systems in industrial conditions and forest charcoal produced in
brick-built charcoal kilns, as well as methods for determining quality of the stated products.
Pursuant to this standard, wood of hard and soft broad-leaved and coniferous species, without rot
is used for charcoal production.
Depending on wood species used for charcoal production, the following charcoal exists:
o beech charcoal, produced from beech only or with addition of hornbeam;
o oak charcoal, produced from oak only or with addition of Turkey oak;
o hard broad-leaved species charcoal;
o coniferous species charcoal (fir, spruce, pine) and
o soft broad-leaved species charcoal (poplar, willow, alder).
Pursuant to dimensions, charcoal is classified into two quality classes. Quality class I
contains charcoal which have particles diameter over 3 cm on producer’s loading date and no
more than 5% of particles with diameter smaller than 3 cm. Quality class II contains dust and
charcoal residues, however this class is allowed to contain 5% of soil or other ingredients.
Values of the most significant charcoal characteristics are given in Table 5.
Table 5: Values of the most important charcoal characteristics pursuant to the Serbian standard
Characteristics
I class
II class
Retort
charcoal
Forest
charcoal
Dust and charcoal
residues
Moisture content, %, at most
7
10
15
Ash content, on dry basis, %, at most
3
5
18
Volatile matter, without moisture, %, at most
18
20
20
Fixed carbon on dry basis, %, at least
80
80
72
Non-charred particles, %, at most
1
1
2
Other ingredients (soil, sand, etc.), %, at most
absence
1
5
8
Characteristics of paper bags used for charcoal packing are defined in separate standard GOST 2226-88.
Charcoal is delivered in bulk or packed in paper or PVC bags. There are small packages 1 kg
to 5 kg of weight and large packages of 10 kg and more.
Pursuant to the SRPS. D.B9.020 standard, on each charcoal package the following data shall
be stated:
o type and quality (class) of charcoal;
o net weight;
o designation of the producer and
o the number of this standard.
The standard allows deviation of net weight for small packages up to 5%, while for large
packages up to 3% is allowed.
4.4. Comparative analysis of European standards for charcoal and charcoal briquettes and
SRPS standard
Based on the conducted analysis of the European EN 1860-2, Russian GOST 7657-84 and
Serbian SRPS.D.B9.020 charcoal standard, it can be concluded that they greatly differ. European
standard, which is adopted last compared to the other analyzed standards, sets the smallest
number of requirements for charcoal and charcoal briquettes quality. At the same time, this is the
only standard which defines the requirements of charcoal briquettes quality as separate product.
European standard does not analyze the manner of charcoal production, and the stated quality
requirements refer only to the products used solely for food preparation on barbeques. Unlike
this, requirements of the Russian and Serbian standard refer to charcoal produced in charcoal
kilns as well as to industrially produced charcoal. Unlike the European one, requirements of the
Russian and Serbian standard refer to charcoal used in industry for various purposes, apart from
charcoal for food preparation.
Pursuant to the European standard, charcoal quality depends solely on the values of adequate
characteristics, such as fixed carbon, ash and moisture content, size of charcoal particles and
proportional presence of particles with certain dimensions and bulk density. At the same time,
charcoal quality does not depend on wood species, as is set in the Russian standard. Moreover,
the European standard does not set wood species which can be used for charcoal and charcoal
briquettes production, or quality classes of those products. Pursuant to the Russian standard,
charcoal is classified into three quality classes, namely A, B and C, where A and B classes have
two sub-classes each. Apart from previously stated characteristics, pursuant to which quality is
set in accordance with the European standard, the Russian standard defines additional
requirements such as mass portion of coals with grains at loading location, mass of 1dm3 of
charcoal in grams and mass portion of non-charred wood. Also, Russian standard does not define
minimal or maximum dimensions of charcoal particles, only the percentage of small fractions
presence.
Comparative analysis of values of certain charcoal characteristics indicates that the
requirements of the Russian standard are stricter than the requirements of the European one,
especially regarding ash and moisture content. Pursuant to the Russian standard, allowed ash
content, depending on charcoal quality class, ranges between 2.5% and 4%, while pursuant to the
European standard up to 8% is allowed. Also, allowed moisture content pursuant to the Russian
standard is 6%, while the European one allows up to 8%. Fixed carbon set in the Russian
standard ranges from 67%, for the lowest quality class, to 90% for the best A class quality, while
the European standard defines the lowest value of 75%.
In its structure, Serbian standard is different compared to both previously analyzed standards.
Two charcoal quality classes defined in the standard differ a lot among each other. Quality class
I contains particles with dimensions over 3cm, while the second group contains residues and
Figure 1: Mark of
DIN testing
Figure 2: Mark of
DINplus quality
dust. Values of characteristics of quality class I differ depending on the manner of charcoal
production. This means that charcoal produced in charcoal kilns is characterized by different
quality, namely its values of characteristics differ from industrially produced charcoal. In
general, forest charcoal has higher allowed ash and moisture content than the industrial one,
while the set fixed carbon in the amount of 80% is the same for both product types. The standard
also sets allowed values of volatile matters as well as the content of non-charred wood. Wood
species which can be used for charcoal production are defined as well, however their application
does not impact the quality class. Generally, charcoal is produced in Serbia mostly from beech as
this wood species has the largest presence in forest fund.
Compared to the European standard, quality requirements set in the Serbian standard for
class I of retort charcoal are stricter regarding ash content, moisture content and fixed carbon.
This means that the values set in the Serbian standard regarding ash and moisture content are
lower than the values in the European standard, while the set fixed carbon is higher. Pursuant to
the standard, forest charcoal is characterized by higher fixed carbon and moisture content and
lower ash content compared to the European standard. Generally, Serbian standard allows the
highest moisture content if compared to the European and Russian standard. Comparison of
charcoal quality defined in the Serbian standard with the quality defined in the Russian standard
is not possible to be done because of large number of classes and different quality defined in the
Russian standard.
It should be highlighted that calorific value of charcoal is not set in the analyzed standards.
Based on the analysis conducted in the paper, it can be concluded that the Serbian standard
has certain shortages, and the following measures are proposed in order to overcome them:
o abolish second quality class of charcoal and instead define term and characteristics of
charcoal briquettes, since this product has an increasing application on the markets in the
EU countries;
o abolish differences in quality for industrial charcoal and charcoal produced in charcoal
kilns and define single quality class regardless of the manner of its production;
o or if different quality of industrial charcoal and charcoal from charcoal kilns remains,
reduce the set moisture content of forest charcoal because its high value can be a
limitation for exporting the product onto foreign markets.
5.0 CHARCOAL AND CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES QUALITY CERTIFICATES
5.1. Quality Certificates of EU countries
Harmonization of charcoal and charcoal briquettes quality with valid standards is confirmed
by testing in accredited institutions and by issuing certificates. One of the most famous
institutions of this kind in Europe is DIN CERTCO founded as a part of the German Institute for
Standardization.
Tests of charcoal and charcoal briquettes characteristics in this institution are conducted in
accordance with the standard EN 1860-2. If it is found that a product’s characteristics fulfill the
requirements of the standard, producer obtains the right to use mark “DIN-Geprüft” (DIN tested)
on the packing of his product (Figure 1).
Apart from “DIN-Geprüft” certificate, this
institution issues “DINplus” (“quality plus”) certificate
as well, when tests show that the quality of tested
product is significantly above the quality defined in the
standard, namely when the product fulfills additional
requirements defined in DINplus certification scheme
(Figure 2). In case of charcoal and charcoal briquettes,
additional requirements for obtaining DINplus certificate refer to ash content and fixed carbon.
According to DINplus scheme, ash content for charcoal can be 4% maximum, and fixed
carbon is 80% minimum. Set ash content for charcoal briquettes is 15% maximum, while fixed
carbon is 65% minimum. Certificates (for DIN-Geprüft and DINplus) issued by the
abovementioned institution are valid for one year, and if it is found
that a product does not fulfill requirements of the standard, producer
must eliminate all found shortages within 3 months at latest.
When submitting samples for testing, pursuant to the standard DIN
EN 1860-2, at least 40 kg of charcoal or charcoal briquettes has to be
submitted for testing purposes.
Apart from the references which have to be on each packaging of
the stated products pursuant to the EN 1860-2 standard, the following
shall be stated as well pursuant to DIN CERTCO rules:
o warning note: Attention! Not using highly combustible liquids
e.g. spirits and petrol for lighting or relighting!
o detail of the respective production year and
o certification mark “DIN-Geprüft” or “DINplus” and
registration number (Figure 3).
5.2. Quality certificates of charcoal on the market of Russian Federation
Pursuant to current law, more than 70% of products sold and used on the Russian Federation
market have to possess obligatory GOST-R Certificate of Conformity, which proves that product
characteristics are in conformity with the requirements of GOST standard.
9
Certificates which
certify the harmonization with ISO standards, since the Russian Federation is a member of this
organization, are not considered sufficient evidence of product quality on this market. Possession
of obligatory GOST R certificates applies to products which are imported as well as to products
produced in Russia. If they are issued for imported products, they can be issued for singe
delivery, for one year and for three years of validity. Apart from the Russian Federation, the
same certificates apply in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Georgia. Charcoal is among products which
must possess obligatory GOST-R certificate and it
belongs to the group of products titled raw material and
products of wood processing industry.
10
Certified product
for which harmonization with the standard is found is
marked with adequate mark consisting of the GOST R
certification system logo and Certification Body
registration number e.g. CH01 or AИ01 (Figure 4).
6. CONCLUSION
Quality of charcoal produced in Serbia significantly differs depending on the applied manner
of production, namely if it is produced in charcoal kilns or in industrial conditions. Also,
different charcoal quality also occurs due to specific conditions of production in charcoal kilns
because wood combustion process is controlled by a worker, based on his own experience.
9
Depending on product type, obligatory or voluntary certificates are issued.
10
List of products which must possess obligatory certificate http://gost-r-iso.com/se5.html
Figure 3. “DINplus”
mark on packaging of
charcoal
Figure 4: Mark of Conformity
according to GOST-R certification
scheme
Therefore, it is of extreme importance for producers to be acquainted with the requirements
of the national standard which define product quality and by applying it in practice to have
production which results in equal quality of the product. Since significant amounts of charcoal
are exported from Serbia, it is necessary to be acquainted with standards applied on foreign
markets.
In accordance with the abovementioned, analysis done in the paper included standard of the
European Committee for Standardization EN 1860-2 as well as the valid Russian standard
GOST 7657-84, apart from the Serbian standard SRPS D.B9.020. Beside standards, the most
significant certificates for charcoal quality applied in the EU countries were also analyzed as
well as special certificates used on the Russian Federation market.
REFERENCES
1. DIN CERTCO: Certification scheme, Grill charcoal and grill charcoal briquettes, 2005,
Berlin
2. EN 1860-2: Appliances, solid fuels and firelighters for barbecueing - Part 2: Barbecue
charcoal and barbecue charcoal briquettes. Requirements and test methods, European
Committee for Standardization, 2005
3. ГОСТ 24260-80:Сырье древесное для пиролиза и углежжения. Технические
условия, 1983
4. ГОСТ 7657-84: Уголь древесный. Технические условия, 1986
5. Reumerman, P.J., Frederiks, B.: Charcoal production with reduced emissions, 12th
European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection,
Amsterdam, 2002
6. SRPS. D.B9.020: Drveni ugalj, Institut za standardizaciju, Beograd, 1977
7. Syred,C., Griffiths, A.J., Syred, N., Beedie, D., James, D.: A clean, efficient system for
producing Charcoal, Heat and Power (CHaP), Elsevier, 2005
8. TCP/CRO/3101 (A): Development of a sustainable charcoal industry, Assessment of
international charcoal markets, June 2008, Zagreb, Croatia
