Anatomical study of Solanum nigrum L. from Solanaceae family growing in Iraq

Abstract

The most important features that we have reached through this study, are shown the cross-section of root were in the secondary growth stage and the epidermis of leaf were studded by stomata complex, the type of it was anomocytic that’s mean no have subsidiary cells around the guard cells, the mesophyll bifacial also the midrib region of leaf like the pear and the vascular bundle located in the center crescent in shape. The cross-sections of petiole ovate shape with two ears in the lateral side and the vascular bundles crescent in shape. The cross-section of fruits circular component of three-layer the outer layer pericarp, mesocarp, and the endocarp, surrounding the ovary or the seeds.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series
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Anatomical study of
Solanum nigrum
L. from Solanaceae family growing
in Iraq
To cite this article: Muazaz Azeez Al-Hadeethi et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1879 022003
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Ibn Al-Haitham International Conference for Pure and Applied Sciences (IHICPS)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1879 (2021) 022003
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022003
1
Anatomical study of Solanum nigrum L. from Solanaceae
family growing in Iraq
Muazaz Azeez Al-Hadeethi1*, Ali T Al-Taie2 and Areej A. Farman Al-Rawi1
1Department of Biology, College of Education of pure Sciences (Ibn Al-Haitham),
University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
2Continuous Learning Center, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq
*E-mail: muazaz.a.h@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Abstract. The most important features that we have reached through this study, are shown the
cross-section of root were in the secondary growth stage and the epidermis of leaf were
studded by stomata complex, the type of it was anomocytic that’s mean no have subsidiary
cells around the guard cells, the mesophyll bifacial also the midrib region of leaf like the pear
and the vascular bundle located in the center crescent in shape. The cross-sections of petiole
ovate shape with two ears in the lateral side and the vascular bundles crescent in shape. The
cross-section of fruits circular component of three-layer the outer layer pericarp, mesocarp, and
the endocarp, surrounding the ovary or the seeds.
Keywords. Solanum nigrum, Solanaceae, Anatomy, Iraq.
1. Introduction
Solanum nigrum, the common name wolf grape, black nightshade or blackberry nightshade, also refer
that it is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Solanaceae family, it is a widespread species that
contain alkaloids and is considered toxic [1]. The species may reach a meter height, leaves are Flat
with white-colored flowers appear in numbers from four to ten, the fruits of the plant are green in the
first place, and then they become black or blue, juicy, sweet when ripe, and contain many small
kidney-shaped seeds, and are collected in the autumn, the plant distribute in fields, orchards, gardens,
canal banks, deserted places, and spreads all over the world [2]. The whole plant contains Solanine,
Asparagine, Lutein, Tannin, linoleic acid, and Palmitic acid, the plant is used medicinally as a sedative
and skin softening agent. This plant began to be used since its anesthetic and paralytic effect on nerve
endings was known. Fruit juice has a pain-relieving effect by letting a drop of the juice evaporate over
the sore tooth [3]. [4] refers that the fruits of the plant cause poisoning in children when they are eaten,
especially if the fruits are not fully ripe and their color is between red and purple, and too much eating
the loss of the latter cause of memory and consciousness and often leads to poisoning and then death
because they contain steroidal alkaloids. The foliage also harms livestock when grazing on them. This
is not recommended to use the plant internally due to its toxic effects, but it can be used externally to
relieve some pain such as joint pain [5]. There are a few studies and data concerning the anatomy of S.
nigrum in describing some species of the family Solanaceae only original anatomical characteristics

Ibn Al-Haitham International Conference for Pure and Applied Sciences (IHICPS)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1879 (2021) 022003
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022003
2
have been given by [6]. [7] also studied the morphological and anatomical characteristics of vegetative
parts of some species belonging to Solanaceae family like S. nigrum, S. americanum, S. sarrachoides,
and S. ptycanthum. They noticed that they varied in relation to environmental conditions. As well as
[8] refers to the Anatomical and Comparative study of selected wild species from the family
Solanaceae in Iraq included S. nigrum.
The aim of this study is to investigate the important anatomical features for the parts of the species S.
nigrum, to recognize the tissues and cells, and to be able to distinguish between the other species in the
same genus.
2. Materials and Methods
The species collected from the herbal garden at AL- Rashidiya city north of Baghdad (Latitude of
Rashidiya: 33, 5528 (3333'10.080"N), Longitude of Rashidiya: 44, 3725 (4422'21.000"E)) at April
2019. The plant material was identified and authenticated by Flora of Turkey [9] and flora of Nouvelle
Flore du Liban et de la Syrie [10]. Firstly the parts of plant like as root, stem, leaves and fruits were
kept in formalin acetic acid alcohol (FAA) for 48 hours, which was prepared according to [11] as
follow: 50 ml of Ethyl alcohol, 5 ml of Glacial acetic acid, 10 ml of Formaldehyde 37 to 40%
concentration and 35 ml Distilled water, then the samples were washed by distilled water and were
kept in 70% Ethyle alcohol. The epidermis of leaves was prepared according to[12] were peeling by a
razor blade and washing with distilled water then put in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 mins to remove
the chlorophyll pigment. The sectioning parts of root, stem, leaf, petiole, and fruit were done by hand
section, the procedure was performed according to [13], the fresh material sectioned by a razor blade
into thin and small pieces then put in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 mins to clear the tissue and
remove the chlorophyll pigment. Finally all the samples are put on the slide and mounted by cover
slides and fixed by Olympus KRÜSS light microscope then photographed using AmScope camera.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cross section of root
The shape of the outline root is circular, and in the secondary growth stage, that’s mean that this stage
consists of the first annual ring in the plant. The root covered by the periderm, the thickness of it
reached to 16.2 µm followed by several rows of parenchyma tissues longitudinal and ovate cells
known the cortex and they are interspersed the cells of the cortex the ordinary schizogenous
intercellular spaces and the thickness of it 25.4 µm. The vascular cylinder is consist of xylem and
phloem, the thickness of it 266.7 µm, the pith located in the center of the stem filled with parenchyma
cells and the thickness of it reached to 75.8 µm (Figures 1).

Ibn Al-Haitham International Conference for Pure and Applied Sciences (IHICPS)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1879 (2021) 022003
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022003
3
Figure 1. Root cross section of Solanum nigrum.
3.2. Cross section of stem
The shape of the outline stem is tetragonal, the cross section of the stem consists of a uniseriate
epidermis covered by cuticle, the cuticle thickness 3.4 µm and the epidermis thickness 18.9 µm, and
the cortex consists of 2 layers, the first one is located under the epidermis and consist of the
collenchyma tissue and after it comes the second layer of parenchyma tissues, the thickness of cortex
34.7 µm. The vascular bundles are collateral and open and take the shape of a stem, consist of xylem
and phloem, the vascular thickness is 107.9 µm, the pith located in the center of the stem filled with
parenchyma cells and the cells circular and the ordinary schizogenous intercellular space among it
(Figures 2), the result agrees with [6].
Figure 2. Stem cross section of Solanum nigrum.
3.3. Study of leaves
The epidermis of the leaf shows the stomata complex, the type of stomata was anomocytic that’s mean
it has no subsidiary cells around the guard cells, the guard cells are kidney shaped and the anticlinal
walls of epidermal cells are wavy, (Figures 3), this agrees with [7] who refer that the stomata of these
species are anomocytic to anisocytic, somewhat larger in S. nigrum, which can be explained by its
polyploidy. The transfer section of the leaf consists of the upper and lower uniseriate epidermis, the
upper epidermis is covered by cuticle with the thickness ranging from 2.1µm, also the cells of upper
epidermis ovule shape and the thickness of it is 35.5 µm, while the thickness of the lower epidermis is
20.4 µm. The leaf described as the bifacial mesophyll consists of palisade layers and spongy layers,
the thickness of palisade layers was 95.5 µm and the thickness of spongy layers was 153.7 µm
(Figures 4). The midrib region of the leaf have a pear-like shape, the epidermis is covered with the
eglandular uniseriate and multicellular trichomes followed by the cortex and the vascular bundle
located in the center have crescent in shape ranged to 195.5 µm include xylem and phloem (Figures 5),
the results agree with [14].

Ibn Al-Haitham International Conference for Pure and Applied Sciences (IHICPS)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1879 (2021) 022003
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022003
4
Figure 3. Surface view of epidermis in the species Solanum nigrum.
Figure 4. Leaf blade cross section of Solanum nigrum.
Figure 5. Cross section of leaf midrib of Solanum nigrum.

Ibn Al-Haitham International Conference for Pure and Applied Sciences (IHICPS)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1879 (2021) 022003
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022003
5
3.3.1. Petiole cross section:
The cross sections of petiole ovate shape with two ears in the lateral side, the epidermis was uniseriate
covered with a cuticle, the average thickness of it 1.5 µm and many unicellular and uniseriate
trichomes diffuse on it, the average thickness of the petiole epidermis reached to 16.5 µm. And below
the epidermis, the cortex is located, the average thickness of the cortex ranged from 38.2 µm. Whilst
the vascular bundles are crescent in shape and are found in the center of the pith which consists of
xylem and phloem (Figures 6), the results agrees with [8].
Figure 6. Petiole cross section of Solanum nigrum.
3.4. Cross section of fruits and seeds:
The cross section of the fruits have circular component of three layers; the outer layer is
known as the pericarp, followed by the mesocarp, and the endocarp, which (the endocarp) is
the inner layer surrounding the ovary or the seeds (Figures 7).
Figure 7. Fruit cross section of Solanum nigrum.

Ibn Al-Haitham International Conference for Pure and Applied Sciences (IHICPS)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1879 (2021) 022003
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022003
6
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