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A Comprehensive Review of Flemingia strobilifera (LAM.)
... [6][7][8][9] Many distinctive research studies have been carried out by validating the usefulness of this species in conventional medicine during the past few years. [10][11][12] For example, characterisation of anatomical features [5,13,14] ethnomedicinal importance [15][16][17] economic benefits, [18] phytoconstituents [19,20] and various pharmacological activities such as anthelminthic, [21] analgesic, [9,10] anti-inflammatory [10,22] antioxidant activity, [23,24] anti-anxiety activity, [25] anticonvulsant, [26] anti-ulcerogenic activity, [27] antimicrobial activity, [14,19] antidiabetic activity, [28] wound healing activity [29] and estrogenic activity. [11] So far, there is no complete library search has been carried out on F. strobilifera using available data collected from different published articles. ...
... Floral bracts of this plant look similar to the true hop plant which eventually leads to the common name wild hops. [18] In Philippines, leaves and dried bracts are used for filling pillows and cushion. Burned wood residues of this plant are used for blackening the teeth. ...
... [6][7][8][9] Many distinctive research studies have been carried out by validating the usefulness of this species in conventional medicine during the past few years. [10][11][12] For example, characterisation of anatomical features [5,13,14] ethnomedicinal importance [15][16][17] economic benefits, [18] phytoconstituents [19,20] and various pharmacological activities such as anthelminthic, [21] analgesic, [9,10] anti-inflammatory [10,22] antioxidant activity, [23,24] anti-anxiety activity, [25] anticonvulsant, [26] anti-ulcerogenic activity, [27] antimicrobial activity, [14,19] antidiabetic activity, [28] wound healing activity [29] and estrogenic activity. [11] So far, there is no complete library search has been carried out on F. strobilifera using available data collected from different published articles. ...
... Floral bracts of this plant look similar to the true hop plant which eventually leads to the common name wild hops. [18] In Philippines, leaves and dried bracts are used for filling pillows and cushion. Burned wood residues of this plant are used for blackening the teeth. ...
Indriyani S, Aurina DM, Ramadhan MF, Rachmalia F, Fauziyyah MD, Faturrahman AD, Nazar IA, Septiasari A, Naim DMD, Setyawan AD. 2023. The potential utilization of non-timber vascular plants in the karst area of Ayah Village, Kebumen District, Central Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 51-61. Karst vegetation has unique characteristics in its shape and species composition. As a result, karst plant communities have a high ability to adapt to environmental stress. In addition to ecological functions, vegetation that grows in karst areas also has the potential as natural medicine, food ingredients, and materials for folk traditions. This study aims to determine the diversity and potential utilization of non-timber vascular plants in the karst area of ??Ayah Village, Kebumen, Central Java, Indonesia. This study used a survey method, namely direct observation, by exploring the Ayah Forest area to observe the studied object, namely vascular plants. The results showed 44 plant families of 111 species in the Ayah Forest area. Vascular plants in the Ayah Forest area are mostly from Fabaceae and Poaceae families. Therefore, five habitus types grow there, including trees, herbs, shrubs, epiphytes, and vines. The vascular plants found during the research have different potencies. In this study, eight prospects could be utilized from vascular plants in Ayah Forest: ornamental plants, medicinal plants, food ingredients, beverage ingredients, flavorings, natural coloring, animal feed, and woven crafts. The potential use of vascular plants in the Ayah Forest is most widely used as medicine.
Ethno-medicinal uses of Flemingia strobiifera in the Magar communities at Kawaswoti urban municipality, Province no. 4, Nepal was surveyed. Phytochemicals present in the hexane and aqueous methanolic extracts of the roots were evaluated by chemical tests and GC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out against 8 bacterial species by the agar well diffusion method. Zone of inhibition was compared with standard antibiotics ampicillin and gentamicin. The aqueous methanolic extract showed stronger antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The lowest MIC and MBC values were 1.56 and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols and terpenoids. The antimicrobial activity of the plant material might be due to the presence of these phytochemicals.
Ethnobotanical documentation was conducted in the Municipality of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur. This was done through informal interviews, walk-through interviews, and focus group discussions with seven selected healers of the Subanen tribe. There were 89 medicinal plant species documented belonging to 39 genera under 41 families. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part which were prepared through decoction and taken internally. Respiratory-related diseases are the most common ailments that the Subanen tribe encountered. It appears that there is a need to conserve the important medicinal plants especially those that are rarely encountered species. Moreover, further pharmacological tests need to be undertaken to prove the efficiency and potency of the plants as medicine.
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of the Chloroform extract of Flemingia Strobilifera R. Br. leaves (CEFS) in albino wistar rats. Antioxidant was studied using Nitric oxide scavenging assay (NO). CEFS did not exhibited potent NO scavenging activity. Protective action of CEFS extract was evaluated using animal model of hepatotoxicity induced by Paracetamol. Liver marker enzymes were assayed in serum and antioxidant status was assessed in liver tissue. Levels of marker enzymes such as alanine transminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin were increased and that of total protein was decreased significantly in Paracetamol treated rats. CEFS leaf at both the doses did not reduced the elevated levels of all these biochemical parameters and did not restored the normalcy of total protein significantly. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was increased significant in liver tissue in the Paracetamol treated rats while the activities of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased. CEFS leaf treatment did not decreased the elevated levels of lipid peroxide and did not increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Histopathological changes of liver sample were compared with respective control. From this study it can be concluded that the CEFS is did not showed effective hepatoprotective and antioxidant action against paracetamol induced hepatic injury in rats.
To investigate the anti-ulcerogenic properties of the chloroform extract of Flemingia strobilifera root in rats.
Anti-ulcer effect was evaluated by water immersion induced ulcer in rats. Other anti-ulcer related activities of the extract such as the effects on free radicals and antimicrobial activity were also evaluated.
Chloroform extract of Flemingia strobilifera root was found to be safe up to 300 mg/kg body weight when administrated orally in female wistar rats. Water immersion stress produced characteristic lesions in the glandular portion of the rat stomach. Pretreatment with Chloroform extract of Flemingia strobilifera root reduced the characteristic lesions in a dose dependent manner (P<0.001) when compared with the control. Pretreatment with Chloroform extract of Flemingia strobilifera root at a dose of 15 and 30 mg/kg body wt. increased the gastric mucosal glutathione level, total protein content significantly (P<0.001) as compared to control group. Whereas there is significant (P<0.05, P<0.001) reduction in gastric mucosal Malonaldehyde levels when compared to control. Free radical scavenging activity of Chloroform extract of Flemingia strobilifera root was observed in the concentration range tested, the IC50 value was calculated. Antimicrobial activity of the Chloroform extract of Flemingia strobilifera root exhibited activity against both gram positive and negative bacteria at concentration of 10 mg/ml.
The root extract of Flemingia strobilifera possess antiulcerogenic properties could justify folklore uses of the plant in peptic ulcer diseases.
Flemingia strobilifera (FS) R.Br. (Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant. In wealth of India it has been reported that roots of FS are used by santals in epilepsy, hysteria, insomnia, and to relieve pain. In Burma also the roots of F. strobilifera are used to treat epilepsy.
To investigate anticonvulsant potential of 95% ethanol extract and four subsequent fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of the roots of FS against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions.
All the fractions and crude ethanol extract were administered (i.e., 200, 400, 600 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days and at the end of the treatment convulsions were induced experimentally using pentylenetetrazole and Maximal electroshock Test. Diazepam and phenytoin (4 mg/kg, i.p. and 20 mg/kg, i.p., respectively) were used as reference anticonvulsant drugs against experimentally induced convulsions. The latency of tonic convulsions and the numbers of animals protected from tonic convulsions were noted.
High doses (200 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) of ethyl acetate fraction and 95% ethanol crude extract (400 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the duration of seizure induced by maximal electroshock (MES). The same dose also protected from pentylenetetrzole-induced tonic seizures and significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures. However, pet, ether, chloroform, and aqueous fraction at any of the doses used (i.e., 100, 200, 300 mg/kg, p.o.) did not show any significant effect on PTZ and MES induced convulsions. The treatment with crude ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction caused signs of central nervous system depressant action in the locomotor activity test, confirmed by the potentiation of sodium pentobarbital sleeping time. Both did not cause disturbance in motor coordination assessed by rotarod test.
The data suggest that crude ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of roots of Flemingia strobilifera have a central nervous system depressant action and behave as a potential anticonvulsant. It may produce its anticonvulsant effect via non-specific mechanism since it reduced the duration of seizures produced by maximal electroshock as well as delayed the latency of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole.
The methanolic extract of Flemingia macrophylla roots exhibited significant estrogenic activity in the transgenic plant assay system which was comparable to the activity of soybean extract. Utilizing estrogenic activity-guided fractionation, one new compound, fleminigin, together with 23 known compounds were isolated from F. macrophylla roots' methanolic extract. The structure of the new compound was identified based on intensive spectroscopic analysis and the full spectral data for one of the isolated compounds, flemichin E, was introduced for the first time in the current investigation. The estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated revealing that the isolated isoflavonoids may act as partial estrogen agonists, as well as antagonists. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory and the cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were studied. These results suggested the potential applications of F. macrophylla extract and its isolated compounds as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).
Aerva lanata (L.) A. L. Juss. ex Schultes. (Amaranthaceae) locally known as 'bui' is an erect or prostrate undershrub with a long tap-root and many wolly-tomentose branches, found in the wild, throughout India. In traditional medicine the plant is used in cough, strangury (slow to be and painful discharge of urine), headache and urolithiasis. The photochemical constituents present in the plant include alkaloids (ervine, methylervine, ervoside, aervine, methylaervine, aervoside, ervolanine, and aervolanine), flavanoids (kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, persinol, persinosides A and B), methyl grevillate, lupeol, lupeol acetate benzoic acid, β-sitosteryl acetate and tannic acid. Pharmacological studies reported diuretic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, anti-diabetic, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, hepoprotective, anti-urolithiasis, antiasthmatic, antifertility and hypolipidemic properties of Aerva lanata. This review article includes the detailed exploration of the morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects of Aerva lanata in an attempt to provide a direction for further research.
Purpose: To carry out a bioactivity guided fractionation and isolation of the antimicrobial constituent(s) of the roots of Flemingia strobilifera against some bacteria and fungi. Methods: The root of F. strobilifera was extracted with methanol, butanol and dichloromethane. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined against both bacteria and fungi while the isolation and characterization of compounds of the extracts was done by column chromatography,2D spectroscopic studies and spectral data (U.V, I.R, NMR and MS). Results: Flemingia flavanone (8, 3'-diprenyl-5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy flavanone), Genistin (5, 4 'dihydroxy isoflavone 7-O-glucoside) and β - sitosterol-D glucoside were isolated from the extracts. Flemingia flavanone showed significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, MRSA), Gram-negative bacteria (Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli) and fungi (C. albicans). Genistin showed moderate activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Conclusions: The isolation and antimicrobial activity of presence of Flemingia flavanone is being reported for the first time.
A comparative study of the roots of two species of Flemingia is reported. Both the species, Flemingia strobilifera and Flemingia macrophylla, have been reported to possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and most concerning antiepileptic properties. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, the individual morphological and histological characteristics of these two species have been described through certain parameters. In anatomical studies, transverse section and macerated tissue has been examined. In preliminary phytochemical evaluation Ash value, Extractive value, moisture content and phytochemical screening was performed for comparative study of Flemingia strobilifera and Flemingia macrophylla. These findings will provide referential information for identification of the species F. strobilifera and F.macrophylla.
The present investigation is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various extracts of root and leaf of F. strobilifera using different in vitro methods and its phytochemical analysis. The antioxidant activity was studied by DPPH radical scavenging method, nitric oxide radical inhibition assay and scavenging of hydroxyl radical by p-NDA method. Methanolic extract of root and leaf of F. strobilifera showed a very good DPPH radical scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 11.4 μg/ml and 38.0 μg/ml respectively. Butanolic extract of F. strobilifera root showed good nitric oxide radical inhibition activity with IC50 of 150.0 μg/ml in a dose-dependent manner. The methanolic extract of root showed hydroxyl radical scavenging by p-NDA method with IC50 value of 378.33 μg/ml. Subsequent quantification showed the presence of 13.75 and 8.84 % w/w phenolics (calculated as gallic acid), 2.14 and 3.26 % w/w of flavonol in methanol extract of root and leaf of F. strobilifera respectively. The high amount of flavonols and phenolics prompted us to evaluate its antioxidant activity. This study revealed that methanolic extract of F. strobilifera comprise effective potential source of natural antioxidant, which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stresses.
The aim of this study was to examine the possible antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extracts of four Flemingia species in Taiwan. A number of methods were employed for this investigation, including ABTS radical monocation scavenging, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) method, DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, total flavonol content, and inhibition of α-glucosidase and aldose reductase methods. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Flemingia macrophylla (WFM) had the strongest antioxidant activity in comparison with the other extracts. We also found that WFM had higher contents of polyphenol compounds, flavonoids and flavonols than the other extracts. The correlation coefficient (R2) values of TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and FRAP showed high correlations (R2=0.83). The R2 values of TEAC and total polyphenol content showed a higher correlation (R2=0.66). The R2 values of TEAC and total flavonoid content for the aqueous extracts was 0.94. The antidiabetic activities of the four Flemingia species were studied in vitro using α-glucosidase and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory methods. WFM had the highest inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase and aldose reductase, with IC50 (concentration with 50% inhibition) of 153.92 ± 0.20 μg/mL and 79.36 ± 3.20 μg/mL respectively. The positive control (genistein) had higher inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase and aldose reductase (IC50 16.65 ± 0.92 μg/mL and 45.62 ± 2.16 μg/ mL) respectively. In LC-MS-MS analyses, the chromatograms of WFM with the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were established. Genistein might be an important bioactive compound in WFM extract. This experiment suggests that WFM might serve as a good resource for future development of antioxidant and antidiabetic drugs.
The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of ethanol extract of three Flemingia species Flemingia chappar(EFC) Flemingia macrophylla (EFM) and Flemingia strobilifera(EFS) were measured using Folin- Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activities were also investigated by using in vitro antioxidant models including 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radical (OH), super oxide (SO) and reducing power (Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation) assay. The TPC were 14.725, 12.725 and 9.072 mg/gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract while TFC were 16.715, 13.853 and 10.657 quercetin equivalents (QRT)/g extract sample for EFS, EFM and EFC respectively. Analysis of the free radical scavenging activities of the extracts revealed a concentration dependant antiradical activity resulting from reduction of ABTS+, DPPH, NO and OH- radicals to non radical form. The scavenging activity of ascorbic acid, a known antioxidant used as positive control, was however higher and scavenging potential was in the order: ascorbic acid> EFS>EFM>EFC. The reducing power of ascorbic acid, EFS, EFM and EFC increased gradually with increasing concentration. The order of the reduction potential was ascorbic acid> EFS>EFM>EFC. These results obtained in the present study indicate that ethanol extract of Flemingia species can be a potential source of natural antioxidant with strong antiradical capacity.
Petroleum Ether, chloroform, alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Flemingia strobilifera was evaluated for anthelmintic activity. The results revealed that the alcoholic extract produced significant anthelmintic activity, both alcoholic and chloroform extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity as compared to other extracts. Piperazine citrate was used as standard drug.
Flemingia chappar Benth (Fabaceae) roots have been used traditionally in the treatment of epilepsy, hysteria, to induce sleep and relieve pain. Despite a long tradition of use in the treatment of various ailments, no work has ever been carried out for standardizing this potential plant. The authors suggest that the major stumbling block in systematic exploration of the plant is non-availability of authentic plant material. In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards for the plant have been generated so that authentic F. chappar could be explored for its traditional claims. The macroscopic studies revealed that the roots are yellowish brown, cylindrical and slightly tapering, fracture splintery, taste and odour indistinct. Microscopically root of F. chappar showed the presence of cork, cortex, scattered groups of pericyclic fibres and radial vascular bundles alternating with medullary rays. Powdered roots of the plant showed lignified bordered pitted tracheidal vessels, fibers, calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains. Moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash alcohol soluble extractive, and water soluble extractive were 6.30,4.05,1.65,1.24,8.37 and 4.43% respsctively Thin-layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract showed five spots using hexane: dichloromethane (1:1 vol/vol), while the chloroform extract showed two spots using toluene: ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (35:4:1 by volume) and methanolic extract showed three spots using toluene: ethyl acetate: pyridine (17:2:1) phytochemically, the plant was found to contain fats and oil steroids, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. All these diagnostic feature may be useful for proper identification of the crude drug.
From the roots ofFlemingia philippinensis two new prenylated isoflavones, flemiphilippinin A and B, had been isolated in addition to two known isoflavones, erythrinin B and genistein. The structures of flemiphilippinin A and B were determined to be 5,3′,4-´trihydroxy-8-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-[6″,6″-dimethyl-5″-(1,1-dimethylallyl)pyrano (2″,3″:7,6)]isoflavone and 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxy-6,8-di-(3,3-dimethylallyl)isoflavone, respectively on the basis of their1H NMR and mass spectroscopy.
The genus Flemingia Roxb. et Ait. (Leguminosae) has been used for disease prevention and therapy in China since ancient times. So the material basis of the pharmacological activity in the genus Flemingia should be clear for how to use this kind of traditional Chinese medicines more reasonably in pharmacology. Therefore, this review gives an account of the current knowledge on the chemical constituents, biological activities and pharmacological properties of the plants of the genus. Several different classes of compounds were previously isolated, which the main groups are flavones, particularly prenylated flavones, and triterpenes accompanied with sterols, anthraquinones, and others. The names and structures of the chemical constituents are given in this review. In addition, the pharmacological effects of the extracts and individual compounds (mainly for flavones) derived from the genus plants have been found, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, cytotoxicity, hormone-like effects, antimicrobial activities, and so on.
To assess the cytotoxic activities of crude extracts and solvent fractions of Spermacoce verticillata, Ficus pumila and Flemingia strobilifera against a MT-4 human leukaemia cancer cell line.
Crude extracts of dried leaves of S verticillata, F pumila and F strobilifera were made by exhaustive methanol extraction, fractions were obtained from sequential extraction of the crude extract using solvents of increasing polarity. Dose responses corresponding to cell survival following 72-hour exposure to the extracts were determined using a leukaemia cancer cell line (MT-4). Cell viability was assessed using the MTT[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay reading absorbances at 570 nm. Comparisons were made with controls and cell survival, in each sample well, was determined based on the ratio of the absorbance of the sample to the control.
Crude extracts of S verticillata, F pumila and F strobilifera displayed cytotoxicity and the IC50 values were 89 microg/ml, 131 microg/ml and 81 microg/ml, respectively. The petroleum ether and chloroform fractions of the crude extracts of S verticillata and F strobilifera showed potent cytotoxic activity but the highest cytotoxic activity was found in the chloroform and butanol fractions of F pumila with IC50 values of 23 microg/ml and 26 microg/ml, respectively.
The crude extracts of S verticillata, F pumila and F strobilifera were shown to be cytotoxic to the leukaemia cell line, MT-4 and IC50 values were determined. Fractionation of the crude extracts by solvent-solvent extraction enabled determination of the active fractions and their IC50 values. We propose that cytotoxic activity may be due to antioxidant compounds previously isolated from these plants.
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