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La dynamique collective de l'écosystème entrepreneurial touristique : Le cas de l'offre touristique havraise et côtière;
Abstract
Cette thèse sur travaux financée par la CODAH (Communauté d’Agglomération du Havre, aujourd’hui devenue le Havre Seine Métropole-LHSM), s’intéresse à la dynamique collective des écosystèmes d’entreprises faiblement coordonnés. Ce travail caractérise les écosystèmes entrepreneuriaux non coordonnés appliqué à la destination touristique. Cette étude adopte une approche évolutionniste des écosystèmes entrepreneuriaux s’inspiré de la théorie biologique. Elle contribue à la compréhension de la dynamique collective des écosystèmes entrepreneuriaux non coordonnés. Les différentes zones touristiques sont étudiées comme les écosystèmes touristiques par les méthodes mixtes. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’adaptation spontanée de l’écosystème et la cohérence de l’offre émergeante, sans l’intervention d’un acteur focal qui coordonne tout. Les écosystèmes entrepreneuriaux non coordonnés se caractérisent par la conscience d’appartenance à un écosystème et de l’existence d’une proposition de valeur globale.
Although Zakah (Islamic tax) is considered to be a cornerstone of Islamic social system and mechanism for eradicating poverty among Muslim communities, the realization of noble socio-economic objectives of Zakah in most Muslim countries have so far remained a mirage. They are unable to bring out the destitute poor from the poverty trap and help the oppressed to be a self-reliant as possible. Low Zakah collection is one of the most crucial reasons behind this phenomenon. Yemen, for instance, is one of the poorest low-income countries in the world. In such a hard situation, Zakah has failed to appropriately fit as a fiscal instrument in fighting the plight of poverty. Therefore, this study aims to examine the determinants of Zakah payers’ decision to comply with Zakah laws. A Survey questionnaire was administered to 500 business owners (Zakah payers) out of which 274 usable questionnaires for further analysis. Based on PLS-SEM outcomes, the study revealed that Islamic religiosity and peer influence are significantly related to business Zakah compliance, while law enforcement had no influence on compliance. The findings are relevant to Zakah authorities in Yemen and Muslim countries to focus their attention on formulation of policies to further boost Zakah collection.
The purpose of this article is to review the emerging research on entrepreneurial ecosystem and to guide future research into this promising area. The study presents a critical review on the entrepreneurial ecosystem, starting from its very definition and antecedents. Combining prior research with building on the main concepts that constitute an entrepreneurial ecosystem, we have developed an original set of guidelines that can help scholars and practitioners seeking an answer to the following pressing question: “How can we gain a comprehensive understanding of an entrepreneurial ecosystem?”. We will then discuss the opportunities for expanding our current knowledge on entrepreneurial ecosystems and describe the current debates and directions for future research. Lastly, we will provide guidelines that policymakers may take into consideration when designing and issuing support measures to promote entrepreneurship in their local ecosystems.
Research Summary
The recent surge of interest in “ecosystems” in strategy research and practice has mainly focused on what ecosystems are and how they operate. We complement this literature by considering when and why ecosystems emerge, and what makes them distinct from other governance forms. We argue that modularity enables ecosystem emergence, as it allows a set of distinct yet interdependent organizations to coordinate without full hierarchical fiat. We show how ecosystems address multilateral dependences based on various types of complementarities ‐ supermodular or unique, unidirectional or bidirectional, which determine the ecosystem's value‐add. We argue that at the core of ecosystems lie non‐generic complementarities, and the creation of sets of roles that face similar rules. We conclude with implications for mainstream strategy and suggestions for future research.
Managerial summary
We consider what makes ecosystems different from other business constellations, including markets, alliances or hierarchically managed supply chains. Ecosystems, we posit, are interacting organizations, enabled by modularity, not hierarchically managed, bound together by the non‐redeployability of their collective investment elsewhere. Ecosystems add value as they allow managers to coordinate their multilateral dependence through sets of roles that face similar rules, thus obviating the need to enter into customized contractual agreements with each partner. We explain how different types of complementarities (unique or supermodular, generic or specific, uni‐ or bi‐directional) shape ecosystems, and offer a “theory of ecosystems” that can explain what they are, when they emerge and why alignment occurs. Finally, we outline the critical factors affecting ecosystem emergence, evolution, and success ‐‐ or failure.
Entrepreneurial support ecosystem consists of multiple diversified players. Incubators, as central part of the entrepreneurial support ecosystem are crucial as they build the bridge between incubatees and their external environment. Our study aims to explore the strategic
relationships of incubators with the other ecosystem players by engaging ecosystem and strategic alignment theories. The study investigates the articulation of specialization and diversification strategies (internal alignment) with those of coopetition (external alignment). We use a qualitative exploratory study based on 48 semi-structured interviews of five case studies related to the main types of incubators identified. This ecosystem methodology promotes a holistic approach to explore strategic relationships within the entrepreneurial support ecosystem by crossing the strategic visions of different players. Our main results show that incubators differentiate themselves by using various combinations of individual and collective strategies with regard to their organizational characteristics and external environment. These results provide a better understanding of the entrepreneurial support ecosystem for all ecosystem players. Incubator managers may use the ecosystem concept to represent their environment and build their strategy. Policy makers may encourage incubators to engage in coopetitive strategies for optimizing resources, reducing duplication between them and reinforcing consistency within the entrepreneurial support ecosystem.
In its most abstract sense, an ecosystem is a biotic community, encompassing its physical environment, and all the interactions possible in the complex of living and nonliving components. Economics has always been about systems that explain differential output and outcomes. However, economics has generally ignored the role of entrepreneurship in economic systems, just as entrepreneurship studies have largely overlooked the role of systems in explaining the prevalence and performance of entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial ecosystem approach has the promise to correct these shortcomings. Its two dominant lineages are the regional development literature and the strategy literature. Both lineages share common roots in ecological systems thinking, providing fresh insights into the interdependence of actors in a particular community to create new value. But studies of both regional development and strategic management have largely ignored the role of entrepreneurs in new value creation. In this paper, we will outline contributions to the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach and conclude with a promising new line of research to our understanding of the emergence, growth, and context of start-ups that have achieved great impact by developing new platforms.
We propose an analytical frame of the relation entrepreneurship-territorial development, emphasizing the contribution of a collective entrepreneurship to the development of territories. Our demonstration is grounded on two referential groups: on the one hand, the approach by the collective entrepreneurship, at the inter-organizational level; on the other hand, the concept of territory requires clarification. The pragmatic dimension is based on a case in a region of Madagascar. The methodological choice lies in a not participative observation, with semi directive interviews interpreted through phenomenological storytelling. The results underline a collective and territorialized entrepreneurial fact, sustaining the territorialisation process, viewed as the construction, from a neutral space, to a territory supporting an actors' dynamic, seen as meta-organizational. The part of the entrepreneurship, extending beyond the creation of new firms, widens in the capacity to co-build a common resource inferring the process of the territorial development.
Provides a nontechnical introduction to the partial least squares (PLS) approach. As a logical base for comparison, the PLS approach for structural path estimation is contrasted to the covariance-based approach. In so doing, a set of considerations are then provided with the goal of helping the reader understand the conditions under which it might be reasonable or even more appropriate to employ this technique. This chapter builds up from various simple 2 latent variable models to a more complex one. The formal PLS model is provided along with a discussion of the properties of its estimates. An empirical example is provided as a basis for highlighting the various analytic considerations when using PLS and the set of tests that one can employ is assessing the validity of a PLS-based model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Dans les approches scientifiques, le concept de cluster (grappe) met en évidence, d’une part, le rôle des proximités organisationnelles, construites à partir des proximités spatiales dans la dynamique de compétitivité des destinations touristiques. D’autre part, des clusters tourisme se développent partout dans le monde. Or, le concept de cluster , tel que proposé par Porter (1998), émane de l’économie industrielle.
L’enjeu de cet article consiste donc à montrer que le simple transfert d’un outil scientifique élaboré dans le contexte industriel au management des destinations touristiques pose problème. Il doit être enrichi pour comprendre les dynamiques de développement touristique local et acquérir plus d’efficacité opérationnelle. Trois axes de réflexion théorique, mais inspirés par des études de cas rencontrées dans différents travaux de recherche, sont proposés pour interroger les analyses des clusters tourisme. Il convient en effet de prendre en compte trois dimensions spécifiques qui seront abordées à partir du processus de coproduction inhérent à l’activité touristique, des dynamiques de proximités singulières dans ce champ du tourisme et des caractéristiques de l’encastrement des activités touristiques dans le territoire. Enfin, les auteurs proposent un modèle de cluster plus adapté aux destinations touristiques.
One criticism of the tourism area lifecycle model is that it treats destinations as homogeneous entities.
Instead destinations can be conceptualised as a mosaic of elements, each of which can follow a lifecycle
that is different from that of the destination overall. This paper examines this issue with reference to
amusement arcades in British seaside resorts and triangulates secondary sources and in-depth interviews
to examine the historical evolution of this sector. It argues that the arcade sector has followed a
lifecycle trajectory that is independent of the resorts in which they are located. A range of internal/
external factors and global, national and local influences have affected the lifecycle of the arcade sector,
including global developments in the entertainment industries; the influence of state policies and
legislation; and the responses of local entrepreneurs to resort restructuring. The paper ends by arguing
that destinations can be conceptualised as 'assemblages' of interacting elements.
Groups and SME’s : absolute contradiction in terms or new necessity ?
In a globalisation context, to built a consortium between SMEs seams an efficient strategy. To cooperate is a way to access to a variety of resources, which are lacking generally to SMEs. Such a cooperation allows new organisations which are often more productive. However to create a consortium is not easy. SMEs are not confident in network organisations. To enlighten the complexity of the management of a consortium, and to give some keys to SMEs, we have chosen to illustrate our analysis with a real case : a consortium of wine co-operatives.
The traditional automotive industry is under a triple pressure due to the geographical evolution of different world markets and the consumers sociocultural changes as well as the public policies which are supporting sustainable development. The demands are not solely directed towards the purchase of a particular automobile product any more but towards the use of a cheaper, 2.0, low-carbon, intermodal and collaborative mobility. Within this disruptive context, we question the organizational and strategic adaptation ability of companies in the actual automotive industry. In reference to other sectors that experienced comparable radical changes in their business models, we propose an organizational approach based on business ecosystems and an implementation of shaping strategies.
L’existence d’un contexte de type « milieu innovateur », la taille réduite des entreprises et un déclin industriel local incitent souvent les institutionnels à initier des stratégies collectives entre entreprises d’un même secteur. Cette option est-elle systématiquement envisageable ? L’exemple des couteliers de Thiers montre que, si nous sommes en présence simultanée d’intérêts économiques proches et d’une proximité géographique, les dimensions cognitive, organisationnelle et d’apprentissage du milieu se heurtent au caractère entrepreneurial de celui-ci, créant une forte résistance à la mise en place d’une stratégie collective.
Building on a historical case study, this article investigates the conditions for the information and communication technology (ICT) business ecosystem to emerge (Moore, 2006). The case focuses on the development of the first computerised communication network by the U.S. Advanced Research Project Agency: ARPANET. It is contended that the ICT ecosystem emerged from a disruptive innovation project led by a community of research-oriented organisations, commercial firms being relegated at the periphery.
Les techniques de modelisation causale, en particulier les equations structurelles (et notamment celles basees sur la covariance), ont connu un succes croissant aupres des chercheurs en management depuis une vingtaine d'annees. Parmi elles, l'approche PLS (Partial Least Squares) commence a etre diffusee depuis quelques annees au sein de la communaute de la recherche en management. Or, les connaissances sur cette methode sont peu approfondies et peu diffusees. Cet article tente de demontrer en quoi l'approche PLS est une methode riche et subtile offrant des opportunites pour la recherche en management qui meritent d'etre saisies. Pour cela, la methode et ses principes sont exposes puis illustres par une recherche menee dans le domaine des relations clients-fournisseurs. Puis, les specificites de l'approche PLS sont abordees et l'utilisation de l'outil est etudiee a travers l'analyse empirique de 51 articles en management et strategie. On en conclut que, meme si des efforts restent encore a fournir au niveau de la fiabilite statistique de certaines etudes, l'approche PLS permet indeniablement d'offrir de reelles opportunites aux chercheurs en management, les affranchissant de certaines difficultes techniques et leur permettant de se concentrer alors sur l'essentiel, leur objet de recherche. La diffusion de l'approche PLS au sein de la communaute des chercheurs en management pourrait donc contribuer de facon tres significative a l'enrichissement scientifique de la discipline.
Promoting new technology-based firms is the cornerstone of technology entrepreneurship policies in advanced industrial economies. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative empirical evidence from the UK, this paper provides a critique of these policy frameworks. The aggregate analysis shows that vast majority of these firms are micro firms, a small minority of whom grow rapidly. The paper then highlights the incongruence between the nature of these firms and the public sector technology policies designed to support them. The qualitative data reveals that typically these firms are corporate rather than university spin-offs; most do not undertake large amounts of in-house R&D; most do not have protected IP; and only a small minority are VC-backed. Most derive their main competitive advantages from open innovation sources such as relationships with end-users and customers. The paper offers suggestions for how policy could be recalibrated to better reflect the requirements of local entrepreneurial actors and the types of support required by most high-tech SMEs.
In concluding the discussions of the Montpellier symposium, the author emphasizes some of the operational difficulties of defining the ecological niche of a species in field conditions. The difficulty of singling out the relevant parameters (from the species viewpoint) is particularly great. A parallel is made with the genotype concept in genetics.
L`ingénierie écologique est une notion qui date de plusieurs décennies, à la fois dans la sphère scientifique et, en France, dans la gestion. Elle semble néanmoins monter en puissance depuis quelques années, sous forme de discipline académique, et dans les discours des scientifiques. Après avoir résumé les propos de Barbault et Pavé (2003) expliquant cet état de fait, l`auteur propose une définition de l`ingénierie écologique qui soit compatible avec les deux déterminants principaux qui justifient sa réémergence : la notion de développement durable, et les disciplines appliquées de l`écologie. L`auteur précise ensuite certains des problèmes et caractéristiques associés à cette définition de l`ingénierie écologique.
Pour la petite entreprise, la gestion de l'interactivite avec son environnement joue un role essentiel dans son developpement. Cet article montre l’importance determinante du proprietaire-dirigeant et la fonction originale des reseaux mediateurs d’interactivite au sein de la petite entreprise. L’approche typologique qui repose a la fois sur une grille d’analyse precise et une connaissance empirique du terrain, permet de rendre compte de la diversite des pratiques entrepreneuriales.
The dynamic capabilities framework analyzes the sources and methods of wealth creation and capture by private enterprise firms operating in environments of rapid technological change. The competitive advantage of firms is seen as resting on distinctive processes (ways of coordinating and combining), shaped by the firm's (specific) asset positions (such as the firm's portfolio oj difficult-to-trade knowledge assets and complementary assets), and the evolution path(s) it has afIopted or inherited. The importance of path dependencies is amplified where conditions oj increasing returns exist. Whether and how a firm's competitive advantage is eroded depends on the stability oj market demand, and the ease of replicability (expanding internally) and imitatability (replication by competitors). IJ correct, the framework suggests that private wealth creation in regimes of rapid technological change depends in large measure on honing internal technological, organizational, and managerial processes inside the firm. In short, identifying new opportunities and organizing effectively and efficiently to embrace them are generally more fundamental to private wealth creation than is strategizing, if by strategizing one means engaging in business conduct that keeps competitors off balance, raises rival's costs, and excludes new entrants.
Introduction: The Problem of EmbeddednessOver-and Undersocialized Conceptions of Human Action in Sociology and EconomicsEmbeddedness, Trust, and Malfeasance in Economic LifeThe Problem of Markets and Hierarchies
L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique des écosystèmes d’affaires (ESA), et notamment de mieux cerner les mécanismes qui conduisent à leur déclin.
Nous avons réalisé une étude historique sur l’ESA des Flippers qui, après avoir connu un fort développement pendant près de soixante ans sous l’impulsion de trois firmes de Chicago, a quasiment disparu.
L’analyse permet de mettre en évidence deux facteurs explicatifs du déclin : l’incapacité des keystones à changer de modèle économique et leur forte dépendance vis à vis des dominators.
'Rodolphe Durand has a compelling message for the growing community of evolutionary researchers in organization studies. Evolutionary researchers need to attend more carefully to historical and contemporary debates in the biological sciences if they are to avoid false tracks and simplisitic analogies. Durand offers here the foundations of a distinctive and authentic evolutionary theory that takes organizations seriously for what they are' - Richard Whittington, Oxford University 'This book fills an important gap in the study of organizations and strategy from an evolutionary perspective. It offers a synthetic approach to evolutionary analysis with grounded empirical examples that graduate students and seasoned scholars alike will find immensely useful. Durand's OES model, rooted in a critical examination of philosophical and scientific writings on evolution, is particularly promising and provides a valuable guidepost for future research on organizations and strategic management' - Michael Lounsbury, University of Alberta How is economic evolutionary theory, in which organisations evolve according to environmental selection, reconciled with evidence of strategic management? This book is the first of its kind to propose a solution to this theoretical puzzle and engage readers in a balanced understanding of organizational evolution. Rodolphe Durand embarks upon a fresh assessment of the literature. His discoveries provide the foundation for a new theory of organizational selection and an organizational evolution and strategy model that reconciles economic evolution with strategic intentionality. Chapters include an examination of the work by Lamarck, Darwin and Spencer; a constructive appraisal of evolutionary theory applied to organisations and a summary of how the organizational evolution and strategy model will affect future theory and research. - An associated web site with further information can be found at: http://studies.hec.fr/web/durand.
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Destination contract stakes is ambitious : gathering all the organizations to be part of the governance for the destination to be more attractive. This study aims at analyzing the structuration process of the governance for the Normandy “destination contract” of remembrance tourism. Although the stakeholders are not altogether implied in the governance, this new tool is likely to solve the issues related to the French tourism organization.
Effective governance has been identified as one of the most important factors in sustainable tourism implementation. As governance structures are increasingly becoming network-based, attention needs to be diverted to the effectiveness of partnerships in achieving sustainability in tourism. Evaluating the effectiveness of regional tourism governance in Cyprus by considering regional tourism organisations’ (RTOs) public–private network involved exploratory research whereby semi-structured interviews with key tourism stakeholders were performed. Findings reveal that network governance-related challenges interact with region-specific characteristics, inhibiting the effectiveness of regional tourism governance in implementing sustainable tourism. Specifically, RTOs represent a weak form of governance and their effectiveness in implementing sustainable tourism is limited by the continuing dependence on foreign tour operators, a system of mutual favours which complexifies the nature of tourism planning and a growing emphasis on economic interests further fuelled by recent austerity measures imposed in Cyprus. The paper concludes that network governance cannot be considered separately from the socio-cultural, economic and environmental factors of the context in which it is studied and proposes that further research reflects the horizontal relations across regional, national and global networks.
Forge par Tansley en 1935 pour designer l’unite ecologique de base constituee du milieu et des organismes qui y vivent, le terme d’ecosysteme a ete repris par Moore (1993) pour designer des systemes d’acteurs entretenant des relations de coopetition : les ecosystemes d’affaires (ESA). Le concept est aujourd’hui frequemment mobilise dans la litterature academique, sans toutefois que la definition qu’en donne Moore ait fait l’objet d’une discussion approfondie. D’orientation critique, la premiere partie de cette note s’attache tout d’abord a montrer la faiblesse d’une metaphore ecologique qui a sans doute contribue au succes du concept, mais dont il convient aujourd’hui de s’affranchir. Elle montre ensuite que les efforts de Moore pour definir l’ESA conduisent a des contradictions et aboutit a l’idee qu’il convient, pour surmonter celles-ci, de distinguer differents types d’ESA. Outre qu’elle permet d’eviter que ne soient attribuees a l’ensemble des ESA des proprietes qui n’appartiennent qu’a certains d’entre eux, la typologie presentee dans la deuxieme partie attire l’attention sur les ESA dont la composition est la plus heterogene. La derniere partie suggere que l’etude de ces derniers gagnerait a mobiliser des theories a meme d’eclairer la facon qu’ont les acteurs de s’accorder, lorsqu’ils appartiennent a des mondes differents.
This paper examines coordination modes within multinational corporations (MNCs) in order to understand the nature of the relationships established between headquarters and subsidiaries. I realized interviews of both headquarters' and international subsidiaries' top managers in ten French MNCs. The findings of the study enable us to specify the informal mechanisms used in headquarters-subsidiaries relationships. I also propose a typology based on the combination of coordination modes and taking into consideration factors linked to the specific context of the subsidiaries and the group.
How do social organizations evolve? How do they adapt to environmental pressures? What resources and capabilities determine their survival within dynamic competition? Charles Darwin’s seminal work The Origin of Species (1859) has provided a significant impact on the development of the management and organization theory literatures on organizational evolution. This article introduces the JMG Special Issue focused on Darwinism, organizational evolution and survival. We discuss key themes in the organizational evolution research that have emerged in recent years. These include the increasing adoption of the co-evolutionary approach, with a particular focus on the definition of appropriate units of analysis, such as routines, and related challenges associated with exploring the relationship between co-evolution, re-use of knowledge, adaptation, and exaptation processes. We then introduce the three articles that we have finally accepted in this Special Issue after an extensive, multi-round, triple blind-review process. We briefly outline how each of these articles contributes to understanding among scholars, practitioners and policy makers of the continuous evolutionary processes within and among social organizations and systems.
Why does the number of organizations of any given kind vary over time? Utilizing a diverse group of organizations including national labor unions, newspapers and newspaper publishers, brewing firms, life insurance companies, and banks, this book seeks to deepen and broaden the understanding of change in organizational populations by examining the dynamics of numbers of organizations in populations. Such an approach involves explaining the sources of growth and decline in the sum of organizations (what the authors call "density") over the histories of populations of organizations. The authors conclude their study by formulating a theory of density-dependent legitimation and competition.
L’objectif de cet article est de clarifier theoriquement le concept d’ecosysteme d’affaires. Il est fonde sur une reflexion sur les formes d’organisation en reseau localisees et plus generalement sur les reseaux inter-organisationnels. Nous analyserons l’evolution de ces differentes formes jusqu’a l’emergence des ecosystemes d’affaires dans les annees 2000. Plusieurs modeles (district, cluster, reseau de valeur et ecosysteme d’affaire) sont presentes et compares. Existe-t-il une convergence (ou des analogies) entre ces systemes d’organisation ? Peut-on considerer l’ecosysteme d’affaires comme un reseau « original » avec des caracteristiques specifiques ? Est-il reellement une « nouvelle » forme d’organisation ?
