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MITIGATION OF WORK RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (WMSDs)
Abstract
In industries the most common occupational problem among the workers are musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders are injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage and spinal disks. In working area some of the very important functions are done with the help of the lumbar area. Many occupational tasks in industrial area till associated with strenuous working postures and movement. The present project was aimed to evaluate the MSD of workers engaged in a heavy engineering industry. The Study was conducted on workers in finishing area using posture analysis tool REBA & RULA. The awareness and proper ergonomics training to the workers and essential workplace changes are recommended in this study.
... Non-specific muscle and tendon pain such as numbness and tingling in the neck, shoulder, arm, wrist and/or hand could be warning signs of current or impending Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MSD) [1][2][3]. These complaints might be attributed to an array of tendon disorders, tendon sheaths, and compression or entrapment of peripheral nerves in several areas [4][5][6][7]. ...
Objective
We aimed to investigate the correlations between Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MSD) and joint kinematics while playing the piano, as well as correlations between MSD and psychosocial, professional and personal habits, and bio-demographic risk factors of piano students.
Method
This cross-sectional study included 15 piano students. The research tools included 3D motion capture, anthropometric measurements, and questionnaires for obtaining data about MSD, psychological, and personal factors.
Results
The piano students recruited for this study experienced a variety of MSD during the past 12 months, with a particularly high prevalence of neck pain (80%). Extreme wrist extension and/or elbow flexion while playing the piano also correlated with MSD. Additionally, this study identified correlations between MSD and hand span (r = -.69, p≤.004) and number of playing hours per week (r = .58, p≤.024).
Conclusions
Anthropometric factors and playing patterns should be considered together with well-known MSD risk factors, like extreme and repetitive movements. However, considering each joint singularly might not be sufficient to prevent the development of MSD when instructing the piano player; accordingly, joint synchronization should also be considered.
Low carbon steels used in chemical industries are frequently affected by corrosion. Cladding is a surfacing process used for depositing a thick layer of filler metal in a highly corrosive materials to achieve corrosion resistance. Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) is preferred in cladding process due to its augmented efficiency and higher deposition rate. In this cladding process, the effect of corrosion can be minimized by controlling the output responses such as minimizing dilution, penetration and maximizing bead width, reinforcement and ferrite number. This paper deals with the multi-objective optimization of flux cored arc welding responses by controlling the process parameters such as wire feed rate, welding speed, Nozzle to plate distance, welding gun angle for super duplex stainless steel material using simulated annealing technique. Regression equation has been developed and validated using ANOVA technique. The multi-objective optimization of weld bead parameters was carried out using simulated annealing to obtain optimum bead geometry for reducing corrosion. The potentiodynamic polarization test reveals the balanced formation of fine particles of ferrite and autenite content with desensitized nature of the microstructure in the optimized clad bead.
Ergonomics enhances human performance including the health, safety and productivity of workers. This project is carried out at the one of the reputed plastic industry. The main aim of the project is to identify the work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) by using Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) and rapid entire body assessment (REBA) techniques and design the new working area, which reduces the WMSDs, two work stations are conceded based on manual assessment and Egronomical study is concerned about various work related disorders and their reduction using ergonomically designed work station.
Work posture is the position and condition of the body or body parts during the performance of work. Good work posture is as important for the performance of tasks as it promotes health and minimizes stress and discomfort during work. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) is a widely used tool designed for the investigations of the work posture. In this concern, this research work has been conducted in a leading ceramic industry of Bangladesh in order to study and assess the work postures of workers working in the production section through RULA. The objective of the research work was to analyze the various work postures of the workers of the selected ceramic industry. To analyze the work postures of workers, rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) technique has been used. RULA has been developed specifically to examine the level of risk associated with upper limb disorder of individual workers by scoring the different body region of the workers. The results of this paper would help identify the good or bad work posture as well as the risk level associated with the different body regions of the workers. It has been found that most workers have been exposed to the upper limb discomfort which has contributed to the bad work postures. Through the analysis of RULA, it has been revealed that no posture is risk free for the workers working in the production section of the ceramic industry. According to RULA, further investigation is needed for 15.38% of workers, prompt investigation and changes are required for 41.02% of the workers and finally 43.59% of the workers need immediate investigation and changes in order to maintain the desired performance level and increase the productivity as well.
Physical exposure to risks for potential work-related musculoskeletal injuries has been assessed using a variety of methods, including pen and paper based observation methods, videotaping and computer-aided analysis, direct or instrumental techniques, and various approaches to self-report assessment. These methods are critically reviewed in this paper. The applications of these techniques in ergonomic and epidemiologic studies are considered, and their advantages and shortcomings are highlighted. Finally, a strategy that considers both the ergonomics experts' view and the practitioners' needs for developing a practical exposure assessment tool is then discussed.
Cumulative Trauma Disorders, CTD, are the summary results of many microtrauma. Though known since the early 1800s, they have become a matter of urgent ergonomics concern in the 1980s. They are usually caused by repeated and/or forceful exertions, often in the hand-arm-shoulder region. They predominantly occur to soft tissues, such as tendons and ligaments, and to nerves and blood vessels. They are commonly associated with certain occupational and leisure activities. Many CTD can be avoided by a set of fairly simple and straightforward ergonomics procedures.
This project presents a study in construction industry to improve the safety performance. The main objective of this study is to identify the critical success factors which are responsible for the implementation of safety management in construction projects. This study was carried out by conducting questionnaire survey among the Administrative and Executives of various construction company, for testing their experience in safety management system. Questionnaire survey was analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the study revealed that there are many safety problems in the construction industry, such as lack of knowledge about the necessity of earth connection for power tools and lack of knowledge about cables protect from mechanical damages. Furthermore, the study also proposes some recommendations for safety in construction industry.
This project presents a study in Steel industry to improve the safety performance. The main objective of this study is to identify the critical problems in blast furnace. Which are responsible for the implementation of this safety management. Organization need to take necessary steps to manage the hazards and its consequences to perform work safely. Various reliability engineering and risk assessment techniques are applied to improve the blast furnace safety to ensure incident free none environment. This project aims to provide the necessity of risk assessment techniques for implementing safety in an integrated steel plant. Risk assessment is carried out by using failure mode effect analysis in an existing blast furnace operation & maintenance activities. Failure mode effect analysis is one of the systematic risk assessment technique is applied to each activity of the blast furnace operation to find out the potential failure modes and its effects with detection. Risk priority number, severity, detection, occurrence are the factors determined in this work are used to suggest the safety precautions. Risk priority number helps to find out the highest hazardous activities which need more attention anthem other activities. Safety precautions suggested in this project can provide safe and incident free work environment in blast furnace operation.
Abstract - Brick industry in India is the second largest brick
producer in the world after China. The industry is one of the
largest employment generating industries employing millions
of people. The present study focuses on the brick industries
located in North Karnataka, India, where about 1500 brick
kilns are operating employing thousands of workers. The main
aim of this study is to investigate the self reported Workrelated
Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) experienced by
the workers during the raw brick making activities and to
analyze the causes of discomfort related to various postures
adopted by the workers. Sixty workers from 6 raw brick making
units were randomly selected and a detailed work related
musculoskeletal pain/discomfort were analyzed in different
activities using the revised Nordic Questionnaire. All the
selected workers had given their responses, which were
analyzed. Majority of the respondents were feeling pain and
discomfort in different body parts. It was also observed that
the workers worked continuously in awkward postures during
certain raw brick making activities. Consequently they may
suffer from discomfort in different parts of the body. Postural
analysis using RULA and REBA methods indicate that different
parts of the body are vulnerable to injury and musculoskeletal
disorders and require immediate ergonomics intervention.
Keywords : ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders,
pain, discomfort, posture, brick making.
Occupational Ergonomics: Principles of Work Design focuses on the fundamentals in ergonomics design and evaluation. Divided into two parts, Part I covers the background for the discipline and profession of ergonomics and offers an international perspective on ergonomics. Part II describes the foundations of ergonomics knowledge, including fundamentals of ergonomics, fundamentals of work analysis, and cognitive issues. The authors discuss ergonomics of system design and outline the principles of certification in professional ergonomics. Methods for evaluation of physical workload due to posture (RULA and OWAS), as well as computer-aided human models and other software-based tools for ergonomic analysis and design are reviewed.
This studies aims at characteristic work things, during which workers be full of noise and
improvement got to create to manage the noise and to scale back the exposure to noise within the geographic point thus it'll shield from the deafness. thanks to noise exposure within the trade noise it will produce physical and psychological stress, communication and concentration draw back within the geographic point. Over exposure to noise result in Noise elicited deafness (NIHL) and is one among the activity health sickness (Daniel Autenrieth). A main impact is Acoustic Trauma, Tinnitus, Temporary deafness, Permanent deafness. type of factors has been thought of as potential contributors to increasing the chance of Threshold shift. Exposure to noise constitutes a health risk. measure the private background level watching at glass trade and to scale back the exposure level therein trade. to require mensuration with the noise measuring system is to judge the common exposure of noise throughout a traditional shift (8hrs work shift). activity worker’s exposures to noise is a vital a part of Noise Reduction Program.
This study focuses on the fabrication of aluminum alloy 8011 with 8 % fly ash (FA) composite (AA8011-8 % FA), using the stir casting method. The dry sliding wear characteristics of the composite were investigated at various sliding parameters. A threelevel central composite design experiment was developed using response surface methodology with various parameters such as load, time, and sliding velocity and varied in the range of 5 to 15 N, 5 to 15 min, and 1.5 to 4.5 m × s-1, respectively. Dry sliding wear tests were performed as per the experimental design using a pin-on disc at room temperature. The regression result obtained indicated that the developed model performed well in relating the wear process parameters and predicted the wear behavior of the composite. The surface plot showed that the wear rate increases with increase in load, time, and sliding velocity. Moreover, the surface morphology of the worn-out composite was examined using a scanning electron microscope.
This research focused on the fabrication of aluminum alloy 8011 with 12% fly ash (FA) composite (AA8011%-12% FA) using the stir casting method. A three-level central composite design experiment was developed using response surface methodology with various parameters such as load, time, and sliding velocity varied in the range of 5 to 15 N, 5 to 15 min, and 1.5 to 4.5 m.s⁻¹, respectively. Dry sliding wear tests were performed as per the experimental design using a pin on disc at room temperature. The obtained regression result indicated that the developed model performed well in relating the wear process parameters and predicted the wear behavior of the composite. The surface plot showed that the wear rate increases with increase in load, time, and sliding velocity. Hardness was evaluated by Vickers hardness testing machine. Moreover, the surface morphology of the worn-out composite was examined using a scanning electron microscope.
Airconditioning is one of the major consumers of electrical energy in many parts of the world today and already today airconditioning causes energy shortage in for example China. The demand can be expected to increase because of changing working times, increased comfort expectations and global warming. Airconditioning systems in use are most often built around a vapor compression system driven by grid-electricity. However, most ways of generating the electricity today, as well as the refrigerants being used in traditional vapor compression systems, have negative impact on the environment KEYWORDS 1. Solar energy 2. Photovoltaic cells 3. Centrifugal fan 4. Charge controller 5. Storage and conversion 1. INTRODUCTION Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human beings and nature. Energy is a crucial input in the process of economic, social and industrial development day by day the energy consumption is increasing very rapidly. The rate of energy consumption is increasing. Supply is depleting resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called the energy crisis. According to law of conservation of energy ''energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another form. Energy can be transported from one place to another place.'' Alternative or non-conventional or renewable energy resources are very essential to develop for future energy requirements The energy demand increases day by day because of population increasing industrialization increases and transportation increases etc.
This research is focused on the fabrication of aluminum alloy 8011 with 4 % fly ash (FA) composite (AA8011-4 % FA) using the stir casting method. The dry sliding wear characteristics of the composite were investigated using various sliding parameters. A three-level central composite design experiment was developed using response surface methodology with various parameters such as load, time and sliding velocity varied in the range of 5 to 15 N, 5 to 15 min, and 1.5 to 4.5 m × s⁻¹, respectively. Dry sliding wear tests were performed according to the experimental design using a pin-on-disc apparatus at room temperature. The obtained regression result indicated that the developed model performed well in relating the wear process parameters, and predicted the wear behavior of the composite. The surface plot showed that the wear rate increases with increase in load, time and sliding velocity. Moreover, the surface morphology of the worn-out composite was examined using a scanning electron microscope.
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment or HIRA system can act as a risk assessment tool which will assist users in identifying hazard and estimating risk involved in each identified hazard. This risk assessment tool will identify possible hazard involved in each task in departments. Once the hazard has been identified, risks involved will be estimated and categorized. If the estimated risk falls in a category, which is higher than the low risk category, then possible control measures will be recommended. At the same time, the user can add new work plan, task, and control measures into the system to update existing information system.
The study of Occupational Health and Safety in automobile industry examines to promote Health and safety to the workers. Since occupational illness takes time to develop and doesn't produce sudden impact it is being given less consideration. So the purpose of this study is to carry out Hazard identification and risk assessment study in manual mig welding, robotic mig welding, manual press machine, robotic press machine and apply control measures to prevent accident/ill health noise, welding fumes and prolonged standing in the workplace creates occupational diseases like noise induced hearing loss, cancer and leg pain respectively.
Surface roughness is used to determine and evaluate the quality of a final product in turned parts. In order to get better surface finish, the proper setting of cutting parameters is crucial before the process takes place. Titanium Grade 5 material is one whose surface hardness is high and it is used for making Aerospace engine components, titanium rod and ideal materials for medical implements etc., Titanium grade 5 is taken as work material for experimental works. This paper describes the Taguchi method based robust design philosophy for minimization of surface roughness in turning. Three parameters namely cutting speed, feed and depth of cut were identified and investigated at three levels to study the effect of parameters on surface roughness. Experimental works were conducted on Titanium grade 5 material using CNC Lathe based on L9 orthogonal array.
Rapid changes in materials technology simultaneously with numerous changes in the performance and economic demands on new material are currently experienced. Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) are individuals materials, which are based on a metal matrix, usually aluminium, the reinforcement of which is realized by particles, ceramic fibers or whiskers of titanium boride, aluminium oxide or silicon carbide. Such materials can only be machined with either electroplated diamond grinding wheel or with a carbide or poly crystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools. In view of high cost of tooling and rapid tool wear during conventional machining, non-contact material removal process offers a good-looking substitute. Along with the lot of unconventional processing techniques, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) has been proved to be effective in machining composite materials. EDM is a non-traditional manufacturing process capable of machining any electrically conducting material. It has low machining efficiency and poor surface finish which restricts its further applications. To address these problems, one relative new technique is the use of powder suspension in dielectric fluid. This hybrid material removal process is referred to as "mixed powder in EDM". The electrically conductive powder minimizes the insulating strength of the dielectric fluid and increases the spark gap between the tool and work piece. This will facilitate deionization with lesser path resistance and also helps to concentrate the discharge energy into a narrow channel, causing an increased in discharge frequency and leading to increased discharging energy. The experiments are conducted on ELEKTRAPULS spark erosion machine. The objective is to find the effect of parameters viz, current, pulse ON-time, flushing pressure and vibration As a result, the process becomes more stable thereby improving Material Removal Rate (MRR) and reducing Tool Wear Rate (TWR).
Introduction Engineering Anthropometry Design for Human Strength Static Efforts and Fatigue Workplace Analysis and Design Occupational Biomechanics Design of Manual Materials Handling Tasks Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremity Ergonomic Design to Reduce Wueds Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders Job Analysis and Design Surveillance for Job Analysis and Design Ergonomic Programs in Industry Proposed OSHA Ergonomics Regulations References Additional Reading
Abstract
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) which are related with repetitive and demanding working conditions continue to represent one of the biggest problems throughout the world. Assessment of exposure levels to MSD risk factors can be an appropriate base for planning and implementing interventional ergonomics programs in the workplace. The presents study is focused on posture analysis of the workers working in a automotive coach manufacturing company (bus body building) company. The study was conducted on 38 workers engaged in various process of manufacturing. The different activities of the workers were recorded by Video and still photography, and these images were used for analysis. Posture analysis tools RULA, REBA and QEC were used. The results of RULA showed that about 31.57% of the workers were under high risk level and needed a necessary action immediately. About 28.95% of the workers were under medium risk levels and about 28.95% of the workers were at lower risk levels. The results of REBA showed that about 26.32% of the workers were under very high risk levels and required immediate change. About 23.68% of the workers were at high risk levels and a change is necessary soon, and 42.10% of the workers were at medium risk levels. According to the QEC method of assessment, it was found that 10.53% of the workers needed no corrective measures. About 31.58% of the workers needed further investigation and 34.21% of the workers were at high risk and required immediate change. It can be concluded that there are ergonomic deficiencies in the planning and work methods. A significant proportion of the workers are working in high risk postures. Thus the workers are under moderate to high risk of Work-related Musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The study recommended a proper implementation of ergonomics interventions program with awareness and training among workers to reduce the risks of WMSD.
Key Words: Posture analysis, WMSD, bus body building
Based on the scientific evidence in published literature about precipitation of musculoskeletal injuries in the workplace, four theories have been proposed to explain these afflictions. Central to all theories is the presupposition that all occupational musculoskeletal injuries are biomechanical in nature. Disruption of mechanical order of a biological system is dependent on the individual components and their mechanical properties. These common denominators will be causally affected by the individual's genetic endowment, morphological characteristics and psychosocial makeup, and by the occupational biomechanical hazards. This phenomenon is explained by the Multivariate Interaction Theory. Differential Fatigue Theory accounts for unbalanced and asymmetric occupational activities creating differential fatigue and thereby a kinetic and kinematic imbalance resulting in injury precipitation. Cumulative Load Theory suggests a threshold range of load and repetition product beyond which injury precipitates, as all material substances have a finite life. Finally, Overexertion Theory claims that exertion exceeding the tolerance limit precipitates occupational musculoskeletal injury. It is also suggested that while these theories may explain the immediate mechanism of precipitation of injuries, they all operate simultaneously and interact to modulate injuries to varying degrees in different cases.
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