Miraculous Properties of Fig and Perspective of Modern Sciences

Abstract

Fig tree which is also known as (Ficus Carica L) was mentioned once in Quran in surah AL-TEEN. In that same surah, God swore to figs because of its great benefits. Ficus carica L. is one of the oldest trees belonging to the family of Moraceae. Figs are not only delicious but are rich in minerals including potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and copper. It is a sweet fruit with multiple seeds and soft skin, which can be eaten when ripened or dried, and it is usually found in Asia, India. This paper aims to describe the properties of fig composition and nutrients, as well as its advantage and usage in trad medical practices in treating several health issues. The fig tree has been used as a therapy for various disease such as inflammation, gastric problems cancer, hepatoprotective, diabetes, constipation, and can also reduce Alzheimer's. Despite been rich in minerals, figs are good source of anti-ointment-inflammatory and anti-microbial which contain high amounts of phenolics, organic compound and volatile acid. Figs are also good source of fiber and vitamin A and K that contributes to healthy living. This review is to collect information about fig components and to determine the health and medical benefits of fig.

Full text

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Miraculous Properties of Fig and Perspective of Modern Sciences
Hanee M. Al-Dmoor
Department of nutrition and food processing, AL-Balqa Applied University, Jordan,
dmour@bau.edu.jo
Abstract
Fig tree which is also known as (Ficus Carica L) was mentioned once in Quran in surah
AL-TEEN. In that same surah, God swore to figs because of its great benefits. Ficus
carica L. is one of the oldest trees belonging to the family of Moraceae. Figs are not only
delicious but are rich in minerals including potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and
copper. It is a sweet fruit with multiple seeds and soft skin, which can be eaten when
ripened or dried, and it is usually found in Asia, India. This paper aims to describe the
properties of fig composition and nutrients, as well as its advantage and usage in trad
medical practices in treating several health issues. The fig tree has been used as a therapy
for various disease such as inflammation, gastric problems cancer, hepatoprotective,
diabetes, constipation, and can also reduce Alzheimer’s. Despite been rich in minerals, figs
are good source of anti-ointment-inflammatory and anti-microbial which contain high
amounts of phenolics, organic compound and volatile acid. Figs are also good source of
fiber and vitamin A and K that contributes to healthy living. This review is to collect
information about fig components and to determine the health and medical benefits of fig.
Keywords: Ficus CaricaL, pharmaceuticals, miraculous properties, fig composition
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From a scientific paper (Medicinal Fruits in Holy Quran) reported by Farhangi et.al,
in 2014, we noticed that there were many fruits mentioned in Quran and one of these fruits
mentioned is the fig [1]. The fig fruit was mentioned in special surah that has same name
AL-TEEN
“By the fig and the olive (1), [by] Mount Sinai (2) and [by] the secure city
[Makkah] (3) we have certainly created man in the best of stature (4) then we
return him to the lowest of the low (5) except for those who believe and do
righteous deeds; for they will have a reward uninterrupted (6) therefore, what
yet causes you to deny the recompense? (7) is not Allah the most just of judges?
(8)”. Table 1: classification of fig
Kingdom
Plantae
Division
Magnoliophyta
Class
Magnolipsida
Order
Rosales
Family
Moraceae
Genus
Ficus
Species
F. carica

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Plant classification of fig shows in table 2 [2]. The fig tree characteristics
was determined by Wuhuaguo, with its length ranging from 3-10cm, shrubs,
and branch, having an ovate leaf. Fig trees are mostly found in the
Mediterranean region to Afghanistan [3]. According to the study of Oukabli
and Mekaoui in 2012, which got to do with favorable condition for fig
adaptation, resulted that Mediterranean is the best condition that is suitable for
fig adaptation [4]. With regards to an article written by Zohary and Spiegel-
Roy in 1975; showed that the fig tree is the first Mediterranean grain
agriculture and it is a staple horticultural crop [5]. Rønsted in 2007 discovered
that Africa has several types of figs such as (Cyathistipulae, Crassicostae,
Galoglychia and Caulocarpae) [6].
Experiments by scientists using reversed-phase liquid chromatography have shown
the change in the color of fig fruits (red, yellow, black, and green) to the total polyphenols,
total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, as well as the amount and profile of anthocyanins.
According to the report of the scientific study carried out by Çalişkan and Polat in 2011, a
change in the color of fig skin was studied, and it was found that the black fig contains high
amount of total phenolics, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity [7]. Moreover,
according to Italian Journal of Food Science, 2008 by Veberic et.al, there are three kinds
of figs; two of them are dark and one is white. In comparison, there was no significant
difference seen in them, however, there were quite some significant differences in organic
acid and sugar content [8]. In 2004, Chatti et.al, proved a result that the most common tree
in Djebba is the fig tree, and that fig trees are the second most common trees in Kesra [9].
A study done by Weibin et.al, for the manufacture of fig in china shows that there are
several processing products, such as preserved fruits, dried fig, juice, wine, jam, and
powder but the most widespread are preserved fruits and jam [10]. The effect of climate
and harvest on the amount of phenolic was studied by Vallejo et.al, 2012, found that there
was a change in the total phenolic because the first crop shows the higher amount of
phenolic [11]. In addition, a scientific study in 2014 by Badgujar discovered that figs are
used in traditional medicine in treating diseases such as liver diseases, cancer, anemia, skin
diseases, diabetes, paralysis, leprosy [12]. Moreover, a scientific study carried out by
Takahashi et.al, in 2007, concluded that fig leaves are used for traditional treatment, and
shows also that fig leaves contain phenylpropanoids (polyphenols and furanocoumarins).
Fig leaves are good source of polyphenols such as caffeoylmalicacid , psoralen ,
isoschaftoside and rutin [13]. Other scientists concluded in 2017 that fig leaves are used
in treating dermatologic diseases [14]. With regards to the study by Belguith-Hadriche
et.al, in 2017, reveal that the leaves extracts of fig are also used in treating hyperlipidaemia,
hyperglycaemia and reduces diabetes [15]. Tantowi et.al, in 2017 study on mice, found that
the extraction of fig deltoidea leaf can be used as a treatment in preventing osteoporosis
[16]. However, several studies to examine allergy of fig shows that Ficus latex and papain
cab causes asthma and allergen structures [ Díez-Gómez et.al, in 1988] [17].
This article aims to concentrate the fig structure, qualities, properties, benefits of fig and
the importance of reducing disease and health improvement. It also focuses on the benefit
of fig leaves and their medical side for treated disease. Consequently, it was found that the
nutrients of fig can treat several diseases such as (gastric problems, cancer,

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hepatoprotective, diabetes, skin, constipation, and can also reduce Alzheimer’s), because
of their high level of minerals, fiber, antioxidant, phenolic substance and other useful
compounds. As Fig has been described as a dish of paradise. God reminded prophet
Muhammad on surah AL-TEEN. This is the evidence of the greatness of figs because they
contain important components of human health. Thus, this is our point of identification in
this article for the components of figs:
Table 2: Nutrient contain in fig according to USDA National Nutrient Database in
2018 [18].
Nutrient
Per 100 g
Energy
74 kcal
Water
79.11 g
Total lipid (fat)
0.30 g
Protein
0.75 g
Fiber
2.9 g
Carbohydrate
19.18 g
Sugars, total
16.26 g
Iron, Fe
0.37 mg
Calcium, Ca
35 mg
Sodium, Na
1 g
Potassium, K
232 mg
Fatty acids, total saturated
0.060 g
Solomon et.al, in 2006 determined that figs are free of sodium, fat-free, cholesterol-
free, amino acids, and antioxidants [19]. Scientific study carried out by Robert et.al, in
2008, showed that figs contain phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, rutin, syringic acid,
chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin [20]. Soni et.al reported in 2014 that dried fig
fruit contains mineral phenolic, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloid in concentrations as
indicated in table 3 [21].
Table 3: Dried fig fruit mineral phenolic, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloid
concentrations
Mineral
Concentration (ppm)
Ca
1545.46
Mg
679.04
Fe
29.49
Zn
9.87
Analyte
Content
Total Flavonoids
2.75 µg CE/ mg
Crude Alkaloid
9.6 % (g/100g DM)
Total Phenolics
10.90 µg GAE/mg
Saponins
0.59 % (g/100g DM)
Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by Vaya and Mahmood in 2006
determine that fig contains a whole some of flavonoid of leaf extracts (70% ethanol) [22].
Other study on pectin by Wikiera et.al, in 2014, they found pectin have health properties
such cholesterol level lowering effects and anti-cancer activities [23]. According to several

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studies done by Slatnar in 2011, the studies showed that fresh figs contain sugars, organic
acids, phenolic, and antioxidant substance. Herein, there are two types of drying process:
oven drying and sun drying. According to these studies, we realized that drying figs have
more phenolic compounds than fresh [24]. According to a scientific study carried out by
Zaynoun et.al, in 1984 in the study of photoactive compounds in fig, the result found
contained psoralen and bergapten. It also showed that the fig leaf contained psoralen in
higher quantities than bergapten [25]. Table 4 Shows the study of phenolic compound and
organic acid in fig that is performed by Oliveira et.al, in 2009 [26].
Table 4: phenolic compound and organic acid in fig
Phenolic profile
organic acids
3-O- and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids
Oxalic
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside
Citric
Ferulic acid
Malic
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside
Quinic
Psoralen
Shikimic
Bergapten
Fumaric acids
In 2009, a study was done by Yang et.al, which showed that fig contain antioxidative
activities of water extract that is use in soluble polysaccharide healthy medicine and food
industry [27]. Mopuri et.al, in 2018, used gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy to study
bioactive compound in Fruit ethanolic extract of fig, the study showed it contains 5-
hydroxymethyl furfural, butyl butyrate, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate,
transphytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy
butane, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2, 12Z-octadecadienoic acid, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2 [28].
In 2019, Abdel-Aty et.al, examined the amount of phenolics and flavonoid in fig and
found that the fig contains 50.2 mg GAE/g, and the study proved that phenolic content of
fig could be used as treatment for cancer [29]. Many Scientists have conducted several
studies to determine the composition of figs which showed that fig leaves contain
polyphenolic compounds, different pigments level and antioxidant substance [30]. The
HPLC analysis deduced that the fig leaves contain about fourteen polyphenolic compounds
the study by Arvaniti et.al, in 2019 to determine the phytochemical compound in fig,
revealed that fig contains phenolic acid and flavonoids such as Gallic acid, chlorogenic
acid, rutin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and epicatechin. Furthermore, in this study, dark-
colored, unpeeled, dried figs were discovered to have the highest content of phenolic
compounds Subsequently, Russo et.al, in 2014 in the study of phenolic compound in fish
and dry fig showed that fig contains, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, cyanidin‐3‐O‐
rutinoside luteolin‐3,7‐di‐O‐glucoside, luteolin 7‐glucoside, rutin, quercetin‐3‐glucoside,
apigenin‐7‐O‐rutinoside and chlorogenic acid [32].
However, a study by Loizzo et.al, in 2014 found the dried fig good source of bioactive
compounds which have an important role of potential neuroprotection [33].
Pharmaceutical impact
Antispasmodic and antiplatelet
The fig was studied as a medication for antispasmodic, whereby scientist like Gilani
et.al, in 2008 conducted an experiment on rabbits and discovered that the fig contains

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positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, sterols and terpenes that is good
for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and gastrointestinal [34].
Hepatoprotective
The effect of methanol extracted from fig leaf on Hepatoprotective was studied by Mohan
G et.al, in 2007, and it was found that methanol lowers the levels of aspartate
aminotransferase, total serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and malondialdehyde
equivalent, an index of lipid peroxidation of the liver [35]. Results obtained from the study
performed by Gond et.al, 2008 supports the extraction of dried fig leaves using petroleum
ether for treatment of liver diseases [36]. Asadi et.al, in 2006, was studied the importance
of extracting fig leaves for reducing cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride content from the liver
[37].
Therapy of Cancer
Cancer is known to be a highly prevalent disease all over the world. Several studies
have been done in order to reduce the incidence of cancer; however, it was found that the
presence of fig in food is related to the reduction of cancer disease, which will be discussed
in the following studies.
With regards to the study by Rubnov in 2001, proved that fig contains (6-O-acyl-β-d-
glucosyl-β-sitosterols) that work in inhibiting cancer cell [38]. The concentration of fig
fruit intake was studied by Hashemi et.al, in 2001 to inhibit stomach cancer, and as a result
of this study every 5 mg/ml concentration of fig fruit latex had inhibition of stomach cancer
[39]. The scientific study carried out by Ghanbari et.al, in 2019 for fig latex was to
determine vitro biological activities of fig latex treatment cervical cancers [40]. Moreover,
the scientific study carried out by Harzallah et.al, in 2016 for fig juice and fig peel shows
that the peel is an important source of antioxidant that is used in pharmaceutical industries,
it also shows that the fig juice contains high amount of antioxidant that is good for cancer
treatment [41]. A scientific study by Lansky et.al, in 2008 stated that the fig fruit latex
containing high amount of anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions, has positive effect
against cancer [42].
Control Diabetes
Irudayaraj et.al, in 2016 concluded that the Ficus in isolate from fig leaves is
important in the treatment of type 2 diabetes [43]. However, a study by Perez et.al, in 2003
concluded that the Ficus carica extracts tend to control diabetes syndrome because it
contains antioxidant compound [44]. Chatterjee et.al, in 2011 discovered that figs are rich
in potassium that reduces the amount of sugar in blood [45]. Furthermore, Serraclara et.al,
in 1998 found that addition of fig to diet in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus help to
control postprandial glycemia [46].
Prevent Constipation
Research conducted by Oh et.al, in 2011 suggested that constipation could be
reduced by fig because it considered as one of the laxative foods [47]. According to a study
by Lee et.al, in 2012 and other researchers, noticed that figs promote smooth digestion
because it’s made up of fibers [48]. The goal of the study carried out by Pourmasoumi
et.al, in 2018, is to study the benefits of fig in treating irritable bowel syndrome with
predominant constipation [49]. Baek et.al, in 2016 confirmed that the fig is used for
constipation treatment [50].
Reduce the Symptoms of Alzheimer’s

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Experiments carried out by Essa et.al, in 2015 on rats show the effect of figs treatment
on alzheimer’s [51]. Subash et.al, in 2016 through scientific experiments on mice compared
mice that supported their diet with 4% of fig in 15 months with mice whose food was not
supported with fig. The result showed that figs reduced alzheimer’s improvement
memory, and decrease anxiety related behavior but increases the ability to learn [52].
Weight loss
Vinson et.al, in 2005 conducted experiments using colorimetric method to compare
the measurement of phenol in dried and fresh figs, and examined that the dried figs contain
the highest number of phenolic antioxidants. Large proportion of dried figs should be
served in diet because it contains high amount of phenol antioxidants and fiber [53].
Prevent Urinary Calcium Loss
Fig contains high amount of potassium according to the study by Sellmeyer et.al,
2002 which states that potassium in figs minimizes the calcium loss by urine [54].
Skin treatment
The skin is the largest organ of the body that coats the rest of the body and preserves and
protects the internal organs of the body from external influences and is a mirror of internal
diseases. Studies have shown that plants are used in treating skin diseases such as eczema
and wart. Amongst these figs, the study by Tabassum & Hamdani in 2014, which the
results showed that figs are used in treating wart, pimples and itching on the skin [55].
Warts are viral diseases of the skin which are previously treated with white fig latex and
are considered infectious. Other study by Bohlooli et.al, 2007 have shown the validity of
this treatment by this latex that contains enzymes that work on cauterization of warts and
treatment [56]. Another study done by Lazreg et.al, 2011, demonstrated that trad medical
use of fig latex in the treatment of warts was correct. The results showed that different
extracts from figs can be used in treating warts [57]. Eczema is a common skin disease that
begins with itching and redness of the skin and the appearance of vesicles and blisters. The
main symptoms are severe itching and dryness in the skin, study presented by Abbasi et.al,
2017), showed that the aqueous extract from figs is effective in treating and reducing the
symptoms of eczema [58].
Conclusion
Fig tree has been mentioned in holy Quran. Fig is a good source of fiber and vitamin
(A, B, C), made up of high level of iron, calcium, potassium, copper. Fig is specifically an
anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial which contain high amounts of
phenolics, organic compound and volatile acid. Fig has been used as a therapy for various
disease such as inflammation, gastric problems cancer, hepatoprotective, diabetes,
constipation, and can also reduce Alzheimer’s.
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