American Journal of Nursing Research, 2021, Vol. 9, No. 4, 125-132
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajnr/9/4/4
Published by Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ajnr-9-4-4
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness
of Hot Water Foot Bath Therapy on Quality of Sleep
among the Elderly in Selected Old Age Home,
Agartala, Tripura West
Mr Sudip Das1,*, Miss Minerva Yembem2
1Deparment of Medical Surgical Nursing, Neuroscience Nursing, Institute of Nursing Science, Agartala, Tripura, India
2Medical Surgical Nursing, Institute of Nursing Science, Agartala Tripura, India
*Corresponding author:
Received April 03, 2021; Revised May 11, 2021; Accepted May 20, 2021
Abstract A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy on quality of sleep
among the elderly in a selected old age home, Agartala, Tripura West. The objectives of the study is to assess the
quality of sleep among the elderly and to determine the effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy on quality of
sleep among the elderly. The conceptual framework was used based on Wiedenbach’s modified Prescription theory.
In this study elderly persons of old age home were selected as a sample. 40(fourty) samples were selected for the
study, 20 (twenty) for both experimental group and control group by convenient sampling technique .Sleep quality
of the elderly in both experimental group and control group assessed using modified Groningen sleep quality scale
by interview technique which is modified by 7 (seven) experts of various nursing and medical department as well as
by the statistician. Reliablity of the tool was 0.85 (r), that was checked using Kerl pearsons correlation coefficient
method. Statistical analysis was done by chi square test and t test both paired t test, unpaired t test to determine the
effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy in quality of sleep among the elderly in both experimental and control
group. There was significantly increased in mean post test score in experimental group with the mean deviation of
3.4 at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study revealed that paired ‘t’ test between pretest and post test
score in experimental group showed significant increase in quality of sleep (tcal = 15.86, p< 0.05) as compared to
control group (tcal = 0.53, p< 0.05). Unpaired ‘t’ test between post test score in experimental group and control group
revealed that there was significant increase in quality of sleep in experimental group as compared to control group
(tcal = 5.09, p< 0.05). There was significant association between the pre-test quality of sleep scores with demographic
variables such as sex (X2 = 5.714, p< 0.05) and there was no significant association between the pre-test quality of
sleep scores with remaining demographic variables. The study concludes that hot water foot bath therapy is effective
in improve the quality of sleep among the elderly.
Keywords: hot water foot bath therapy, sleep quality, elderly
Cite This Article: Mr Sudip Das, and Miss Minerva Yembem, “A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the
Effectiveness of Hot Water Foot Bath Therapy on Quality of Sleep among the Elderly in Selected Old Age Home,
Agartala, Tripura West.” American Journal of Nursing Research, vol. 9, no. 4 (2021): 125-132. doi: 10.12691/ajnr-9-4-4.
1. Introduction
Old age refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life
expectancy of human beings, and is thus the end of the
human life cycle. Old people often have limited
regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to disease,
syndromes, and sickness than younger adults. The organic
process of ageing is called senescence, the medical study
of the aging process is called gerontology. A hot foot bath
is the immersion of both feet and ankles in hot water
(105-115 degree fahrenheit) for 10–30 minutes. It is
an excellent way to draw blood from inflamed or
congested areas of the body. Indications for use are foot
and leg cramps, sore throat, cold, flu, nausea,
insomnia, and chest or pelvic congestion. Hot foot baths
increase blood flow through the feet and entire skin
surface, relieving congestion in internal organs and brain.
This type of bath also elevates the body temperature,
relaxing tense muscles and increasing white blood cell
activity.
1.1. Background
Sleep plays an important role in physical health. For
example, sleep is involved in healing and repair of heart
and blood vessels. Ongoing sleep deficiency is linked to
an increased risk of heart disease, kidney disease, high
blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke.
American Journal of Nursing Research 126
In world statistics, a recent preliminary study conducted
at Michigan State University. More than 40 elderly
persons ranging from 55-75 years of age who were having
sleep disturbances were given a warm, 30-minute bath
(102 to 106 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 to 41 degrees
Celsius) and it results a significance changes in quality of
sleep.In India the Annual Meeting of the Associated
Professional Sleep Societies on 20thmay convey the
message that, Bathing in moderate temperature water may
improve sleep quality for elderly individuals with insomnia.
2. Purpose of the Study
To assess the effectiveness of hot water foot bath
therapy on quality of sleep.
3. Objectives of the Study
1. To assess the quality of sleep among the elderly.
2. To determine the effectiveness of hot water foot
bath therapy on quality of sleep among the elderly.
3. To determine association between the quality
of sleep among elderly with their selected
demographic variables.
4. Variables of the Study
Independent variable: - Hot water foot bath therapy.
Dependent variable: - Quality of sleep.
4.1. Hypothesis
H1: There is significant difference between mean pre
test and post test score regarding effectiveness of hot
water foot bath therapy on quality of sleep among the
elderly at 0.05 level of significance.
H2: There will be a significant association between the
quality of sleep among elderly with their selected
demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
5. Operational Definition
Effect:- In this study effect refers to the desired
changes in quality of sleep by the hot water footbath
therapy among the elderly as measured by modified
Groningen Sleep Quality Scale.
Elderly:- In this study elderly refers to the people aged
between 65-80 years.
Quality of Sleep:- In this study quality of sleep refers
to the duration, latency and timing of sleep.
Hot water foot bath therapy:- In this study hot water
foot bath therapy refers to the immersing of foot in the hot
water (105-115 degree F)for 10-30 minutes in the evening.
6. Conceptual Framework
Conceptual framework act as building blocks for
research study. The purpose of framework is to make
scientific findings meaningful and generalized. Conceptual
model refers to the set of values, beliefs and preferences.
Conceptual framework that used for this study is
Wiedenbach’s modified Prescription theory.
In her model of nursing, she explains that nursing is the
practice of identification of a patient's need for help
through the observation of presenting behaviors and
symptoms, exploration of the meaning of those symptoms
with the patient, determining the cause of discomfort, and
determining the patient's ability to resolve the discomfort
or if the patient has a need for help from the nurse or other
health care professionals. The goal of nursing consists
primarily of identifying a patient's need for help.
7. Delimitation
1. The study is limited to only one old age home.
2. Duration of the study is limited to one month.
8. Methodology
8.1. Research Approach
Research approach: Quantitative research approach.
8.2. Research Design
Non equivalent control group time series design
Diagram 1. The schematic representation of research study design
8.3. Variables
Independent variable: - Hot water foot bath therapy.
Dependent variable: - Quality of sleep.
8.4. Setting of the Study
This study will be conducted in a selected old age home,
Agartala, Tripura
1. Pilot Study:-Old Age Home, Barjala.
127 American Journal of Nursing Research
2. Final Study:- Old Age Home, Narsingarh.
Criteria for selecting setting were as follows :
• Availability of the study sample.
• Feasibility of conducting the study.
• Cooperation and administration approval for
conducting the study.
8.5. Population
All the elderly people of selected old age home,
Agartala, Tripura.
8.6. Sample
Elderly people at selected old age home.
8.7. Sample Size
40 nos.
8.8. Sampling Technique
Nonprobability, Convenience sampling technique.
8.9. Sampling Criteria
• Inclusion Criteria:-
1. Elderly people aged between 65-80 years.
2. The elderly people who are staying in the old age
home.
3. Elderly people who are able to communicate in
Bengali.
4. Elderly people who are willing to participate in the
study
9. Development of Research Tool
The following tool will be developed and utilized for
data collection:-
1. Tool- I:- Structured interview schedule for
socioeconomic characteristics
The proforma on personal data consists of 6 items
which include age, sex, religion, educational status, prior
information about the therapy and any medical condition
related to sleep. The purpose of this was to develop
association between variables .The respondents are
required to place the tick (√) mark against the best
alternatives.
2. Tool- II:- Modified Groningen Sleep Quality Scale to
assess the quality of sleep.
9.1. Development and Description of Tool
The modified Groningen sleep quality scale was developed
by an extensive review of research and non research
literature regarding hot water foot bath therapy in
quality of sleep among the elderly. Individual discussion
with guide peer groups, and investigator‘s own
experience also helped in the development of structured
knowledge questionnaire schedule. Expert opinion was
taken for ascertaining the clarity and appropriateness of
the items.
10. Establishment of Content Validity
Content validity of the tool was obtained by submitting
the tool along with content blue print to 7 experts to obtain
their opinion and suggestions. They recommended for
modification of few items. The English version of
demographic questionnaire schedule was prepared and
language validity was established by retranslating it to
Bengali with the help of language experts.
11. Tryout
Tryout of the tool was done on 8 numbers of elderly
within 65 years to 80 years of age. The main purpose of
pretesting or tryout was to identify the clarity of items and
to check any other difficulty felt by investigator or
expressed by respondents related to tool. It was found that
most of the items were clear to the respondents
12. Reliability Testing
• The reliability of the tool was measured by using
Karl Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
• Reliability of the tool was 0.85 (r).
13. Ethical Clearance
Formal and administrative permission was taken from
the following authorities:
• Institute Ethical committee, AHRCPL, Agartala.
• Principal, Institute Of Nursing Science
• Hon‘ble Secretery, Old age home Narsingarh.
• Written informed consent from the sample.
14. Plan of Data Analysis
a. Descriptive statistics:-
i. Frequency, percentage distribution will be used to
describe the demographic characteristics.
ii. Mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient will
be used to describe the quality of sleep.
b. Inferential statistics:-Correlation of coefficient, Yate
Chi-square test and t test to describe the quality of sleep.
c. It was planned to prepare a master data sheet with all
the responses given by the sample. The analyzed data
would be presented under the following sections:
• Section A:- Description of demographic variables.
• Section B:- Determine the effectiveness of hot
water foot bath therapy on quality of sleep among
the elderly.
• Section C:- Association between the quality
of sleep among elderly with their selected
demographic variables
Section A:- Description of demographic variables.
The proforma on personal data consists of 6 items
which include age, sex, religion, educational status, prior
information about the therapy and any medical condition
American Journal of Nursing Research 128
related to sleep. The purpose of this was to develop association between variables.
Table 1. The frequency percentage distribution of elderly people by their demographic variables
Sl no Demographic Variables Categories
Experimental
Group(frequency)
Percentage
%
Control
Group(frequency)
Percentage
%
1 Age
65-70 years
6
30%
3
15%
71-75 years 6 30% 9 45%
76-80 years
8
40%
8
40%
2 Sex
Male
3
15%
3
15%
Female 17 85% 17 85%
Others
-
0%
-
-
3 Religion
Hindu
20
100%
19
95%
Muslim
-
-
1
5%
Others
-
-
-
-
4 Education
Elementery education
3
15%
4
20%
Primary school
6
30%
6
30%
Higher secondary and above
11
55%
10
50%
5 Prior information
Yes
-
-
-
-
No
20
100%
20
100%
If yes, source
-
-
-
-
6 Any medical or psychiatric
disease that affect sleep quality
Yes
-
-
-
-
No
20
100%
20
100%
If yes, specify
-
-
-
-
It indicates that among the 40 elderly, 30% in
experimental group and 15% in control group belongs to
65-70 years age group, 30% in experimental group and
45% in control group belongs to 71-75 years age group
and 60% in experimental group and 40% in control group
belongs to 76-80 years age group and 15% in
experimental and control group are males and 85% is
female, 100% elderly belongs from hindu religion for
experimental group and 95% and hindu, 5% muslim
belongs from control group, 15% in experimental group
and 20% in control group are belongs from elimitery
education, 30% in experimental group and 30% in control
group belongs to primary school, 55% in experimental
group and 50% in control group belongs to higher
secondary and above, 100% in experimental and control
group were not having any prior information regarding
foot bath therapy, 100% in experimental and control group
were not having any medical or psychiatric problems that
can effect sleep quality.
Section B:- Determine the effectiveness of hot water
foot bath therapy on quality of sleep among the elderly.
Table 2. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between 1st and 2nd
observation in experimental group
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Paired T test
O1 19 1.2 0.62 5.70*
O2 20.2 0.46
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation).
The data presented in Table 2 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in first observation of experimental group
is 19 which is lower than the second observation of
experimental group score that is 20.2 with the mean
deviation 1.2. It is found to be null hypothesis significant
from paired ‘t’ test value of 5.70 for df(38) at 0.05 level of
significance. After comparing the second observation with
first observation in experimental group sleep quality is
gradually induce after hot water foot bath therapy.
Figure 1. Column graph represents the variation mean score between 1st
and 2nd observation in experimental group.
Table 3. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between 2nd and 3rd
observation in experimental group
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Paired T test
O2
20.2
2.2
0.74
8.80*
O3 22.4 0.42
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation).
The data presented in Table 3 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in second observation of experimental
group is 20.2 which is lower than third observation of
experimental group score that is 22.4 with the mean
deviation 2.2. It is found to be null hypothesis significant
18.4
18.6
18.8
19
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8
20
20.2
20.4
1st observation
2nd observation
Sleep quality mean score
Sleep quality
mean score
129 American Journal of Nursing Research
from paired ‘t’ test value of 8.80 for df(38) at 0.05 level of
significance.
After comparing the second observation with third
observation in experimental group sleep quality is
gradually induce after hot water foot bath therapy.
Figure 2. Column graph represents the variation mean score between 2nd
and 3rd observation in experimental group
Table 4. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between 1st and 3rd
observation in experimental group
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Paired T
test
O1
19
3.4
0.86
15.86*
O3
22.4
0.72
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation).
The data presented in Table 4 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in first observation of experimental group
is 19 which is lower than the third observation of
experimental group score that is 22.4 with the mean
deviation 3.4. It is found to be null hypothesis significant
from paired ‘t’ test value of 15.86 for df(38) at 0.05 level
of significance.
After comparing the third observation with first
observation in experimental group sleep quality is
gradually induce after hot water foot bath therapy.
Figure 3. Column graph represents the variation mean score between 1st
and 3rd observation in experimental group
Table 5. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between 1st and 2nd
observation in control group
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Paired T
test
O1
18.8
0
0.97
1.61
O2
18.8
0.97
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation).
The data presented in Table 5 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in first observation of control group is
18.8 which is same in the second observation of control
group score that is 18.8 with no mean deviation.
After comparing the second observation with first
observation in control group quality remain constant as
they are not undergone hot water foot bath therapy
Figure 4. Column graph represents the variation mean score between 1st
and 2nd observation in control group.
Table 6. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between 2nd and 3rd
observation in control group
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Paired T
test
O2 18.8 0.2 0.97 0.53
O3 19 0.63
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation).
The data presented in Table 6 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in third observation of control group is 19
which is lower than the second observation of control
group score that is 18.8 with mean deviation of 0.2.
After comparing the second observation with third
observation in control group sleep quality increased as
very little score as they are not undergone hot water foot
bath therapy.
Table 7. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between 1st and 3rd
observation in control group:
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Paired T
test
O1 18.8 0.2 0.97 0.53
O3 19 0.63
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation).
20.1
20.15
20.2
20.25
20.3
20.35
20.4
20.45
2nd observation
3rd observation
Sleep quality mean score
Sleep quality
mean score
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1st observation
3rd observation
Sleep quality mean score
Sleep quality
mean score
0
5
10
15
20
1st observation
2nd observation
Sleep quality mean score
Sleep quality
mean score
American Journal of Nursing Research 130
The data presented in Table 7 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in first observation of control group is
18.8 which is lower than the third observation of control
group score that is 19 with mean deviation of 0.2.
After comparing the first observation with third
observation in control group sleep quality increased as
very little score as they are not undergone hot water foot
bath therapy
Table 8. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between experimental group
and control group in 1st observation
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Unpaired
T test
O1e
19
0.2
0.63
0.84
O1
c
18.8
0.97
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation, Oe= observation of experimental group,
Oc= observation of control group)
The data presented in Table 8 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in first observation of control group is
18.8 which is lower than the first observation of
experimental group score that is 19 with mean deviation
of 0.2.
After comparing the first observation with third
observation in control group sleep quality increased as
very little score or approximately same as they are not
undergone hot water foot bath therapy.
Table 9. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between experimental group
and control group in 2nd observation
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Unpaired
T test
O2e
20.2
3.4
0.46
3.49*
O2c
18.8
0.97
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation, Oe= observation of experimental group,
Oc= observation of control group).
The data presented in Table 9 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in second observation of control group is
18.8 which is lower than the second observation of
experimental group score that is 20.2 with mean deviation
of 3.4.
After comparing the third observation in experimental
group and control group sleep quality is gradually induce
after hot water foot bath therapy.
Table 10. Description of mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, t
values of differences of quality of sleep between experimental group
and control group in 3rd observation
Observation Mean
Mean
deviation
Standard
deviation
Unpaired
T test
O3e 22.4 3.4 0.72 5.09*
O3c
19
0.63
Significance level at 0.05 level
‘t’(38)=2.76, (O= observation, Oe= observation of experimental group,
Oc= observation of control group).
The data presented in Table 10 shows that the mean
quality of sleep in third observation of control group is 19
which is lower than the third observation of experimental
group score that is 22.4 with mean deviation of 3.4.
After comparing the third observation in experimental
group and control group sleep quality is gradually induce
after hot water foot bath therapy.
Figure 5. Column graph represents the variation mean score between 3rd
observation in experimental group and control group.
Section C:- Association between the quality of sleep
among elderly with their selected demographic
variables.
Table 11. Depicit association between the quality of sleep among elderly with their selected demographic variables by chi square test
Sl No Demographic Variables Categories Sample Tabulated value X2 Value P Value
1. Age in years
65-70 years 15 3.84
0.825 P<.05
df-1
71-75 years 14
76-80 years 11
2 Sex
Male 5
3.84 5.714 P<.05
df-1
Female 35
Others -
3. Religion
Hindu 39 3.84
1.387
P<.05
df-1
Muslim 1
Others -
4. Education
Elimentery education 15
3.84 0.825 P<.05
df-1
Primary education 14
higher Secondary and above 11
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Experimental
Group
Control Group
3rd
observation
sleep quality
mean score
131 American Journal of Nursing Research
Table 12. Pre-test quality of sleep among the elderly
Criteria Good Moderate Poor
Sleep quality 4 12 26
Percentage 10% 30% 60%
15. Discussion
This chapter deals with the major findings of the study,
discussion in relation to other studies, conclusion,
implications in the field of nursing education, nursing
administration, nursing practice, nursing research,
limitations of the study and recommendation for future
research.
Major findings of the study:
Section A:- Findings related to description of
demographic variables of the elderly.
• In terms of age, among the 40 elderly 30% in
experimental group and 15% in control group
belongs to 65-70 years age group, 30% in
experimental group and 45% in control group
belongs to 71-75 years age group and 60% in
experimental group and 40% in control group
belongs to 76-80 years age group
• In terms of sex, among the 40 elderly 15% in
experimental and control group are males and 85%
is female,.
• In terms of religion, among the 40 elderly 100%
elderly belongs from hindu religion for
experimental group and 95% and hindu, 5% muslim
belongs from control group.
• In terms of educational status, among the 40 elderly
15% in experimental group and 20% in control
group are belongs from elimitery education, 30% in
experimental group and 30% in control group
belongs to primary school and 55% in experimental
group and 50% in control group belongs to higher
secondary and above.
• In terms of prior information regarding the hot
water foot bath therapy, among the 40 elderly 100%
in experimental and control group were not having
any prior information regarding foot bath therapy.
• In terms of any sleep influencing medical or
psychiatric condition, among the 40 elderly 100%
in experimental and control group were not having
any medical or psychiatric problems that can effect
sleep quality.
Section B:- Findings related to determine the
effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy on quality
of sleep among the elderly.
• The mean quality of sleep in first observation of
experimental group is 19 which is lower than the
second observation of experimental group score that
is 20.2 with the mean deviation 1.2. It is found to
be null hypothesis significant from paired ‘t’ test
value of 5.70 for df(38) at 0.05 level of significance.
After comparing the second observation with first
observation in experimental group sleep quality is
gradually induce after hot water foot bath therapy.
• The mean quality of sleep in second observation of
experimental group is 20.2 which is lower than
third observation of experimental group score that
is 22.4 with the mean deviation 2.2 . It is found to
be null hypothesis significant from paired ‘t’ test
value of 8.80 for df(38) at 0.05 level of significance.
After comparing the second observation with third
observation in experimental group sleep quality is
gradually induce after hot water foot bath therapy.
• The mean quality of sleep in first observation of
experimental group is 19 which is lower than the
third observation of experimental group score that
is 22.4 with the mean deviation 3.4. It is found to be
null hypothesis significant from paired ‘t’ test value
of 15.86 for df(38) at 0.05 level of significance.
After comparing the third observation with first
observation in experimental group sleep quality is
gradually induce after hot water foot bath therapy.
• The mean quality of sleep in first observation of
control group is 18.8 which is same in the second
observation of control group score that is 18.8 with
no mean deviation. After comparing the second
observation with first observation in control group
quality remain constant as they are not undergone
hot water foot bath therapy.
• The mean quality of sleep in third observation of
control group is 19 which is lower than the second
observation of control group score that is 18.8 with
mean deviation of 0.2. After comparing the second
observation with third observation in control group
sleep quality increased as very little score as they
are not undergone hot water foot bath therapy
• The mean quality of sleep in first observation of
control group is 18.8 which is lower than the third
observation of control group score that is 19 with
mean deviation of 0.2. After comparing the first
observation with third observation in control group
sleep quality increased as very little score as they
are not undergone hot water foot bath therapy.
• The mean quality of sleep in first observation of
control group is 18.8 which is lower than the first
observation of experimental group score that is 19
with mean deviation of 0.2. After comparing the
first observation with third observation in control
group sleep quality increased as very little score or
approximately same as they are not undergone hot
water foot bath therapy.
• The mean quality of sleep in second observation of
control group is 18.8 which is lower than the second
observation of experimental group score that is 20.2
with mean deviation of 3.4. After comparing the
third observation in experimental group and control
group sleep quality is gradually induce after hot
water foot bath therapy.
• The mean quality of sleep in third observation of
control group is 19 which is lower than the third
observation of experimental group score that is 22.4
with mean deviation of 3.4. After comparing the
third observation in experimental group and control
group sleep quality is gradually induce after hot
water foot bath therapy.
American Journal of Nursing Research 132
Section C:- Findings related to association between the
quality of sleep among elderly with their selected
demographic variables.
• In regards to age of the elderly, the calculated value
is 0.825 which is less than the table value 3.84 with
df 1. Hence the pre-test sleep quality score among
the elderly is not significant at 0.05 level.
• In regards to sex of the elderly, the calculated value
is 5.714 which is more than the table value 3.84
with df 1. Hence the pre-test sleep quality score
among the elderly is significant at 0.05 level.
• In regards to religion of the elderly, the calculated
value is 1.387 which is less than the table value
3.84 with df 1. Hence the pre-test sleep quality
score among the elderly is not significant at 0.05
level.
• In regards to educational status of the elderly, the
calculated value is 0.825 which is less than the table
value 3.84 with df 1. Hence the pre-test sleep
quality score among the elderly is not significant at
0.05 level.
16. Conclusion
The following conclusions are drawn from the present
study:
1. From the study it can be concluded that the
effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy on
quality of sleep among the elderly is significant at
0.05 level as the computed paired t test.
2. The hot water foot bath therapy is effective in
improving the quality of sleep among the elderly.
3. This concludes that elderly are getting better sleep
through hot water foot bath therapy.
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