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Warts galore – on three new Lamprospora De Not. species (Pezizales) from Southern Europe and Macaronesia and a type revision of three species described from the US by F. J. Seaver in the 1910s
Abstract
Lamprospora bulbiformis M.Vega & Janošík, sp. nov., L. gibbosa M.Vega & Janošík, sp. nov. and L. thelespora Martínez-Gil, M.Vega & E.Rubio, sp. nov. are described and illustrated based on live collections from Cyprus, France, Portugal and Spain. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated LSU, SSU and EF1-α gene sequences show the studied collections of the three species form well supported monophyletic clades. Lamprospora bulbiformis sp. nov. infects Fissidens viridulus (Sw. ex anon.) Wahlenb., L. gibbosa sp. nov. has F. crassipes Wilson ex Bruch & Schimp. as host and L. the- lespora sp. nov. grows on Cheilothela chloropus (Brid.) Broth. Three Lamprospora De Not. species namely L. tuberculata Seaver, L. tuberculatella Seaver and L. spinulosa Seaver with a slightly similar ascospore ornamentation were described by Seaver from US collections. Results of our studies of their types and additional material collected by Seaver are presented. The host of L. tuberculata is Pleuridium subulatum (Hedw.) Rabenh., that of L. tuberculatella is a species of Weissia Hedw. and that of L. spinulosa is Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. It has yet to be proven that species of Lamprospora described from North America also occur in Europe. European collections assigned to any Lamprospora described from North America require revision. It is not unlikely that many or even all of them represent taxa yet to be described. A considerable part of existing literature on bryophilous Pezizales needs to be reevaluated.
... Sequence data were generated for four regions: the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU) was amplified with primers NL1 and NL4 (O'Donnell 1993) or LR5 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990), small subunit of rDNA (SSU) with primers NS1 and NS6 (White et al. 1990), internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of rDNA (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region) with primers ITS1F (Gardes & Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990), and the elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) with primers EF1-983F (Rehner & Buckley 2005) and EF1-octoR (Vega et al. 2021b). The PCR products were purified with Agencourt AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter, Massachusetts, USA). ...
... Specimens used in the analysis and their GenBank accession numbers are listed in Table 1, with newly obtained sequences in bold letters. Newly obtained sequences of LSU, SSU, ITS and EF1-α were used together with other sequences of bryophilous Pezizales from previous studies (Stenroos et al. 2010, Lindemann et al. 2014, Vega et al. 2017, Egertová et al. 2018a, Egertová et al. 2018b, Vega et al. 2019, Sochorová et al. 2020, Vega et al. 2021b, Eckstein et al. 2022, Janošík et al. 2023, as well as Otidea concinna (Pers.) Sacc. ...
... Rabenh. (Vega et al. 2021b) and Octospora rustica (Velen.) J.Moravec agg. on Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) ...
Octospora entosthodontophila, a new smooth-spored bryophilous ascomycete on Entosthodon spp., is described and illustrated based on several collections from Hungary and Spain. The new species infects various species of the terricolous
moss genus Entosthodon (Funariaceae). It is one of the first bryoparasitic Pezizales where molecular data confirmed the broader host spectrum. The newly described species is characterized by orange apothecia with a conspicuous membranaceous slightly fimbriate margin, narrowly ellipsoid to subfusiform smooth ascospores with two large and several small lipid bodies. A comparison with similar Octospora species and taxa infecting other members of the moss family Funariaceae is also provided. A phylogenetic analysis using ITS, LSU, SSU, and EF1-α sequences revealed that O. entosthodontophila forms a monophyletic group with O. excipulata, a taxon also infecting various members of the Funariaceae.
... All these species are closely associated with bryophytes and are usually treated as their biotrophic parasites (e.g., Benkert, 1995;Davey and Currah, 2006). Recent molecular studies have shown that bryophilous Pezizales are highly host specific and are mostly connected to a single or few closely related bryophyte species (Egertová et al., 2018;Vega et al., 2019Vega et al., , 2021Sochorová et al., 2020;Eckstein et al., 2022). Interestingly, some species are connected exclusively to rhizoids, while others prefer the leaves or stems of their host. ...
... DNA was extracted from fresh, dried, or CTAB-stored apothecia using the Quick-DNA™ Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, USA) or the CTAB method (Doyle and Doyle, 1987). Sequence data were generated for three regions: the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU) was amplified with primers NL1 and NL4 (O'Donnell, 1993) or LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester, 1990); small subunit of rDNA (SSU) with primers NS1 and NS6 (White et al., 1990); and the elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) with primers EF1-983F (Rehner and Buckley, 2005) and EF1-octoR (Vega et al., 2021). The PCR conditions were as described by Janošík (2020). ...
... We showed that multiple ascospore traits are strongly associated with the taxonomic placement of the host bryophyte and its potential lifespan and habitat preferences. In addition, several molecularly clearly distinct species of bryophilous Pezizales associated with the same host species have almost identical ascospore morphology (e.g., Lamprospora tuberculata agg. in Vega et al., 2021; Octospora rustica agg. in Eckstein et al., 2021), further supporting the importance of host identity. ...
Fungal spores are morphologically highly diverse and are therefore frequently used as diagnostic characters in taxonomy. However, the connection between spore morphology and fungal ecology remains poorly understood. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, we investigated the putative relationships between four ascospore traits and the dominant place of infection, host ecology, and host taxonomic placement in 123 species of biotrophic parasites of bryophytes. Ascospore shape, ornamentation height and relative lipid content are significantly correlated in bryophilous Pezizales. Species attached by their hyphae to bryophyte rhizoids have more globose ascospores with higher ornamentation and relative lipid content than species attached to aboveground organs. Furthermore, some ascospore traits are significantly associated with host lifespan, habitat preferences, and taxonomic placement of their host bryophytes. Our results suggest that the ascospore morphology in this fungal group is closely linked to its ecology and several of the detected relationships point to the existence of distinct dispersal strategies.
... The only genera of bryophilous Pezizales in which no hairy species were known are Filicupula (Yao & Spooner 1996a, Döbbeler & Davison 2021 and Lamprospora (e.g. Benkert 1987, Egertová et al. 2018b, Vega et al. 2021a). ...
Sochorová, Z., Vega, M., Hernanz, J., Eckstein, J. & Sochor, M. 2023. Lamprospora aberrans sp. nov. (Pezizales) – die erste Art der Gattung Lamprospora mit behaarten Apothecien. – Herzogia 36: 206 –221. Lamprospora aberrans wird als neue Art mit Aufsammlungen aus Spanien (Stadt Madrid und Mallorca) und Kroatien (Nationalpark Paklenica) beschrieben. Die Art ist durch die folgende Merkmalskombination einmalig: globose Ascosporen mit einem Ornament aus gebogenen Leisten sowie das Vorkommen von starren, dickwandigen, hyalinen Haaren – das letzte Merkmal ist in der Gattung Lamprospora bisher unbekannt. Es handelt sich um die erste Art bryophiler Pezizales, die Moose aus der Gattung Gymnostomum (Pottiaceae, Pottiales) befällt. Eine Bayes-Analyse der LSU, SSU und EF1-α Sequenzen zeigt L. aberrans in einer statistisch gut begründeten Gruppe zusammen mit L. cailletii, L. tuberculatella agg., L. benkertii und L. paechnatzii. Der Wert von Haaren in der Taxonomie bryophiler Pezizales wird diskutiert.
... DNA was extracted from fresh, dried or CTAB-stored apothecia, using the CTAB method (Doyle & Doyle 1987) or the Quick-DNA™ Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research). Sequence data were generated for three loci, using the following primers: NL1 and NL4 (O'Donnell 1993) or LR6 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990) for the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU); NS1 and NS6 (White et al. 1990) for the small subunit of rDNA (SSU); EF1-983F and EF1-1567R (Rehner & Buckley 2005) or EF1-octoR (Vega et al. 2021) for the elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α). PCR was performed following a standard protocol using Kapa polymerase (Kapa Biosystems), with 37 cycles and an annealing temperature of 54 °C. ...
Eckstein, J., Sochorová, Z. & Janošík, L. 2021. Octospora oscarii spec. nov. (Pezizales), a bryophilous ascomycete on the pleurocarpous moss Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans (Hypnales). – Herzogia 34: 286 –298. The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora oscarii is described as a new species based on collections from Central Germany and the Czech Republic. It grows on the pleurocarpous moss Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans and is characterised by smooth ascospores and an infection on the rhizoids of its host. This is the first account of P. elegans as a host of bryophilous ascomycetes. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated LSU, SSU and EF1-α gene sequences showed that the studied collections of this species form a well-supported monophyletic lineage differing from all previously studied species of bryophilous Pezizales. Macroscopic and microscopic features of the new species are illustrated by colour photographs and drawings, and are compared to those of the other species of bryophilous Pezizales similarly growing on pleurocarpous mosses.
Bryophilous Pezizales of the genera Lamprospora and Octospora new to Sweden.
In connection with fieldwork in the autumn of 2022 the following species and varieties are reported new to Sweden: Lamprospora sylvatica, L. tuberculata, Octospora axillaris var. tetraspora and O. phagospora.
PartitionFinder 2 is a program for automatically selecting best-fit partitioning schemes and models of evolution for phylogenetic analyses. PartitionFinder 2 is substantially faster and more efficient than version 1, and incorporates many new methods and features. These include the ability to analyze morphological datasets, new methods to analyze genome-scale datasets, new output formats to facilitate interoperability with downstream software, and many new models of molecular evolution. PartitionFinder 2 is freely available under an open source license and works on Windows, OSX, and Linux operating systems. It can be downloaded from www.robertlanfear.com/partitionfinder The source code is available at https://github.com/brettc/partitionfinder.
A description and illustrations of both macroscopic and microscopic characters of Lamprospora verrucispora sp. nov. are provided. Differences from other bryophilous Pezizales with globose ascospores ornamented with isolated warts are discussed and a dichotomous key to these species is given. Gall formation on rhizoids and chloronema of the bryophyte host Campylopus pyriformis is described and illustrated. This represents the first report of gall formation for a species of the genus Lamprospora.
Four bryoparasitic ascomycetes, Lamprospora tuberculata, Octospora ithacaensis, O. orthotrichi and O. affinis were recently found in the Czech Republic for the first time. For each species, basic description of macroscopical and microscopical characters, information about its habitat, distinguishing features of similar species as well as notes on the distribution in Europe are provided. Furthermore, apothecia, spores and parasitising structures are illustrated. The following parasite-host relationships were observed: L. tuberculata on Pleuridium subulatum, O. ithacaensis on Marchantia polymorpha, O. orthotrichi on Orthotrichum diaphanum and O. affinis on Orthotrichum affine.
One locality of L. tuberculata, two of O. ithacaensis, eight of O. orthotrichi and one of O. affinis
were found. Internal cavities in the warts of spores in O. affinis and L. tuberculata are newly reported
as well as the infection of leaf cells in O. affinis.
PDF available at: http://www.czechmycology.org/czech-mycology-content.php#v67
2014): Octosporopsis nicolai – a mysterious member of the Pyronemataceae. Zeitschrift für Mykologie 80/2: 565-592. Abstract: Several recent finds of Kotlabaea nicolai provided the opportunity to examine this rarely found discomycete in more detail. Molecular data was obtained from various collections. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis and the study of morphological features the new genus Octosporopsis U. Lindemann & M. Vega is proposed to accommodate K. nicolai. Zusammenfassung: Auf Basis mehrerer rezenter Funde von Kotlabaea nicolai war es möglich, diesen bisher nur selten nachgewiesenen Discomyceten genauer zu untersuchen. Ein Teil der Aufsammlungen wurde sequenziert, so dass erstmals DNA-Daten für diese Art vorliegen. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse der phylogenetischen Analyse und der Untersuchungen der Mor-phologie wird für Kotlabaea nicolai die neue Gattung Octosporopsis vorgeschlagen.
Phylogenies are increasingly used in all fields of medical and biological research. Moreover, because of the next generation sequencing revolution, datasets used for conducting phylogenetic analyses grow at an unprecedented pace. RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood) is a popular program for phylogenetic analyses of large datasets under maximum likelihood. Since the last RAxML paper in 2006, it has been continuously maintained and extended to accommodate the increasingly growing input datasets and to serve the needs of the user community.
I present some of the most notable new features and extensions of RAxML, such as, a substantial extension of substitution models and supported data types, the introduction of SSE3, AVX, and AVX2 vector intrinsics, techniques for reducing the memory requirements of the code and a plethora of operations for conducting post-analyses on sets of trees. In addition, an up-to-date, 50 page user manual covering all new RAxML options is available.
The code is available under GNU GPL at https://github.com/stamatak/standard-RAxML.
Alexandros.Stamatakis@h-its.org.
Six DNA regions were evaluated as potential DNA barcodes for Fungi, the second largest kingdom of eukaryotic life, by a multinational, multilaboratory consortium. The region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 used as the animal barcode was excluded as a potential marker, because it is difficult to amplify in fungi, often includes large introns, and can be insufficiently variable. Three subunits from the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron were compared together with regions of three representative protein-coding genes (largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, and minichromosome maintenance protein). Although the protein-coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct identification compared with ribosomal markers, low PCR amplification and sequencing success eliminated them as candidates for a universal fungal barcode. Among the regions of the ribosomal cistron, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has the highest probability of successful identification for the broadest range of fungi, with the most clearly defined barcode gap between inter-and intraspecific variation. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit, a popular phylogenetic marker in certain groups, had superior species resolution in some taxonomic groups, such as the early diverging lineages and the ascomycete yeasts, but was otherwise slightly inferior to the ITS. The nuclear ribosomal small subunit has poor species-level resolution in fungi. ITS will be formally proposed for adoption as the primary fungal barcode marker to the Consortium for the Barcode of Life, with the possibility that supplementary barcodes may be developed for particular narrowly circumscribed taxonomic groups.
The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora svrcekii, belonging to the section Wrightoideae, has so far been reported from only three localities in the world. New collections from Albania, Austria, Croatia, France, Slovakia and Spain have enabled a better understanding of its variability, ecology, distribution and phylogenetic relationships with other taxa within the section Wrightoideae. Octospora svrcekii was always found associated with Cratoneuron filicinum growing in constantly humid habitats (brooks, rivers or waterfalls), on calcareous bedrock. A species description based on both living and dead material is provided and compared with previous observations. A phylogenetic analysis of the section Wrightoideae, performed using the EF1α, SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA loci, revealed that Octospora svrcekii forms a monophyletic group with O. wrightii, O. erzbergeri, O. hygrohypnophila and O. americana, all of which are characterised by subglobose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores ornamented with isolated warts, and infect mosses in the order Hypnales, inducing galls on their rhizoids. Based on the molecular analysis, O. orthotrichi and O. affinis, formerly also considered as members of the section Wrightoideae, do not belong to the group.
Beauveria is a globally distributed genus of soil-borne entomopathogenic hyphomycetes of interest as a model system for the study of entomo-pathogenesis and the biological control of pest insects. Species recognition in Beauveria is difficult due to a lack of taxonomically informative morphology. This has impeded assessment of species diversity in this genus and investigation of their natural history. A gene-genealogical approach was used to investigate molecular phylogenetic diversity of Beauveria and several presumptively related Cordyceps species. Analyses were based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) sequences for 86 exemplar isolates from diverse geographic origins, habitats and insect hosts. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using maximum parsimony and Bayesian likelihood methods. Six well supported clades within Beauveria, provisionally designated A–F, were resolved in the EF1-α and combined gene phylogenies. Beauveria bassiana, a ubiquitous species that is characterized morphologically by globose to subglobose conidia, was determined to be non-monophyletic and consists of two unrelated lineages, clades A and C. Clade A is globally distributed and includes the Asian teleomorph Cordyceps staphylinidaecola and its probable synonym C. bassiana. All isolates contained in Clade C are anamorphic and originate from Europe and North America. Clade B includes isolates of B. brongniartii, a Eurasian species complex characterized by ellipsoidal conidia. Clade D includes B. caledonica and B. vermiconia, which produce cylindrical and comma-shaped conidia, respectively. Clade E, from Asia, includes Beauveria anamorphs and a Cordyceps teleomorph that both produce ellipsoidal conidia. Clade F, the basal branch in the Beauveria phylogeny includes the South American species B. amorpha, which produces cylindrical conidia. Lineage diversity detected within clades A, B and C suggests that prevailing morphological species concepts underestimate species diversity within these groups. Continental endemism of lineages in B. bassiana s.l. (clades A and C) indicates that isolation by distance has been an important factor in the evolutionary diversification of these clades. Permutation tests indicate that host association is essentially random in both B. bassiana s.l. clades A and C, supporting past assumptions that this species is not host specific. In contrast, isolates in clades B and D occurred primarily on coleopteran hosts, although sampling in these clades was insufficient to assess host affliation at lower taxonomic ranks. The phylogenetic placement of Cordyceps staphylinidaecola/bassiana, and C. scarabaeicola within Beauveria corroborates prior reports of these anamorph-teleomorph connections. These results establish a phylogenetic framework for further taxonomic, phylogenetic and comparative biological investigations of Beauveria and their corresponding Cordyceps teleomorphs.
Lamprospora sylvatica is described as a new species based on finds from Ukraine, Slovakia, Germany and Norway. It is characterised by the combination of the following features: pinkish, orange to reddish-orange apothecia with a fimbriate margin, globose ascospores with more or less regular areolate ornamentation, infecting strong rhizoids of Dicranum montanum with an infectious structure consisting of a one-celled appressorium surrounded by a multi-layered cluster of thick-walled cells and haustorium within the rhizoids. The apothecia were always found on rotten wood, which is an unusual habitat for hosts of bryophilous Pezizales. The new species is compared to similar taxa morphologically and by means of DNA sequencing. In the phylogenetic analysis based on LSU and ITS regions, L. sylvatica forms a well-supported clade close to L. feurichiana (on Ceratodon purpureus), L. kristiansenii (also on C. purpureus) and L. campylopodis (on Campylopus spp.).
Two new hepaticolous ascomycetes from the Kelabit Highlands (Sarawak, Borneo) are described and illustrated. Both of them infect thallose liverworts growing in damp and shaded localities. Octosporopsis erinacea parasitizing Dumortiera hirsuta (Marchantiopsida) has tiny, light yellow, rimless, setose apothecia, usually 8-spored asci and ellipsoid ascospores. Hyphae with appressoria develop superficially on, and intracellularly within, the host thallus. Dumortiera was recorded as a host for any bryophilous fungus for the first time. Octospora kelabitiana parasitizes species of the genus Riccardia (Jungermanniopsida). It is characterised by very small, light orange, setose apothecia, 8-spored asci, ellipsoid, biguttulate spores and very thick hyphae with conspicuous warts and ridges. Generic placement of both species was inferred based on DNA analysis of two nuclear loci (EF1α, LSU rDNA). Full-text view-only version at http://rdcu.be/yiSK
Lamprospora pseudoarvensis is described as a new species based on ecology, morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Differences from other bryophilous Pezizales occuring on species of Pleuridium are discussed as well as differences from morphologically similar bryophilous Pezizales. New statements on L. dicranellae are reported. A dichotomous key to L. pseudoarvensis and similar species is given.
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