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Socioeconomic Inequalities Among the Municipalities of Chihuahua, Mexico
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The objective of this paper is to analyze the nature of inequalities among the municipalities of Chihuahua State, Mexico and the factors that contribute to the disparity. The state of Chihuahua has a deep household inequality due to the nature of the inhabitants' occupations and comprises a significant percentage of the people living in poverty in Mexico because of social deprivation and low income. Previous studies on inequality in Mexico show that significant differences among the municipalities is caused by factors such as marginalization, low economic activity, and informal activities while some other studies have used similar variables selected from social and economic sphere. All these works used these variables to obtain the socioeconomic development index for each region under study. Following the methodology used in de Haro et al. (2017), this paper examines the social and economic conditions of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua State by calculating the Socioeconomic Development Index (SEDI) of each municipality using the data compiled on variables such as marginalization, degree of urbanization, gross economic activity rate, economic dependence coefficient and density of paved roads. The result shows that two municipalities: Juarez and Chihuahua City have the most favorable socioeconomic conditions due to a high urban density and a low marginalization. On the other hand, Batopillas, Carichí, El Tule, Balleza, Dr. Belisario Domínguez, Chínipas, Rosario, Uruachi, Morelos, San Francisco de Borja, Urique, Nonoava and Temósachi have the most unfavorable conditions due to high marginalization and high economic dependence coefficient. The policy implications of the study are stated in the conclusion which recommends that the Mexican government must concentrate efforts on education through incentives that will encourage schooling in order to increase the pool of human capital in deprived municipalities. Likewise, creating considerate fiscal policies for poorer regions-all for the purpose of attracting businesses that can create employment. Lastly, the government should work on providing enough amenities, infrastructures and better town planning.
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... In absolute numbers, the Mexican public security system lacks 101,458 security personnel [4]. As large differences in the development in the regions exist, some municipalities may have problems with low accessibility to services, lack of availability of resources or inability to use them [1]. That is why, the new allocation of the personnel must be carefully evaluated regarding the socio-economic and environmental conditions of each region, as well as to the size of the service operations [14]. ...
Perception about the insecurity in Mexico remains high among its population and only 52.5% of the population identifies the performance of the State police as effective to eradicate the violence. That is why, it is of a high importance for the government to improve this situation. However, citizens consider the performance of the local governments as ineffective to solve important problems. This is mainly due to the limited resources and persistent corruption. In such situation, it is necessary to search for security strategies resulting in lower violence. In this article, we apply a combination of Data Envelopment Analysis and Vehicle Routing Problem to evaluate the technical efficiency of the public security and propose an inter-municipality cooperation. For this purpose, we use data related to the public security system in 125 municipalities in Jalisco state in Mexico. The results reveal a technical efficiency of .6944 with standard deviation of .2676. To improve the level of the technical efficiency , 78 routes between the municipalities were constructed, which lead to more efficient use of approximately 900 police units.
The situation of violence in Mexico shows an alarming trend as the number of committed crimes increased by 10.9% in 2021 compared to 2020. In fact, 75.6% of the Mexican population perceives the insecurity. Due to the above, it is necessary to strengthen public security to combat this trend. However, the resources allocated to the public security in Mexico are limited. Although there are studies that investigate what causes the violence in Mexico, so far there is no study that measures the efficiency of combating the violence related to budgetary, human, and material resources of the public security. This article investigates the efficiency of combating the property violence in 206 municipalities in the Northwest region of Mexico through the Data Envelopment Analysis. The results show a low efficiency (56.67%) with significant differences between the states in the region. Baja California is the state with the lowest efficiency (17.61%), whereas the highest efficiency is found in Durango (67.25%). For the last, the need to carefully plan changes in the police force and the public security infrastructure was noted to improve the efficiency and the level of security.
Para poder describir el proceso de urbanización desde un punto de vista demográfico-ecológico, es necesario contar con una clasificación de población rural y urbana. El objeto de este trabajo es determinar una clasificación que, al mismo tiempo que sea manejable estadísticamente, se base en fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos que reduzcan tanto las deficiencias de los criterios censales y no censales que se aplican en el país como, en general, el grado de arbitrariedad implícito en toda clasificación de población de este tipo. El trabajo se divide en dos partes. En la primera se exponen brevemente los principales enfoques teóricos de las distintas clasificaciones de población urbana y rural, algunas consideraciones sobre las mismas, y diversos criterios censales y no censales aplicados para el establecimiento de distinciones urbano-rurales. Con ello se pretende, además de sentar las bases para el desarrollo del análisis, dar a conocer algunos elementos que faciliten la realización de estudios más profundos sobre la definición de lo urbano y lo rural en México. En la segunda parte se determina una nueva clasificación de la población urbana y rural que constituya un instrumento operativo cuya aplicación permita acercarse al conocimiento de la realidad nacional y regional del desarrollo urbano en México. Asimismo, se espera que el trabajo sirva de estímulo para la elaboración de estudios semejantes en otros países, especialmente en América Latina, de tal modo que las clasificaciones resultantes faciliten la realización de investigaciones comparativas sobre el desarrollo urbano.
Este trabajo identifica desigualdades entre los municipios del estado de Nayarit, México, a partir de un análisis de divergencias con los índices de desarrollo socioeconómico y potencial de desarrollo socioeconómico. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas. Los factores que presionan hacia una mayor desigualdad socioeconómica son: marginación, escasa actividad económica, deficiente estructura carretera, bajo nivel de calificación de la población y baja ocupación en actividades económicas secundarias y terciarias. De los veinte municipios analizados, Del Nayar, La Yesca y Huajicori presentan la mayor desventaja, mientras que Tepic muestra la mejor condición.
El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es analizar la aplicabilidad de los modelos de convergencia económica en unidades territoriales menores y sobre la base de la estimación de indicadores sintéticos de desarrollo. Para tal efecto, se postula la aplicación de modelos de regresión espacial a partir de un índice compuesto de desarrollo con desagregación municipal y construido mediante técnicas de análisis multivariante. La aplicación de esta metodología se realiza sobre una región prototipo, el sistema municipal de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León durante el periodo 1981-2001, con el fin de mostrar también la evolución de las disparidades territoriales en este ámbito.
We analyze microdata from Mexico's survey on household income and expenditures (ENIGH) to study the evolution of income inequality in Mexico over 2004-16, identify its sources, and investigate how it was affected by government social policy. We find evidence of only a small decline in inequality over this period. The observed decline may be attributed to government transfers, notably targeted cash transfers (Prospera) and non-contributory pensions. In 2016, those two programs accounted for more than two thirds of the reduction in the Gini coefficient due to government transfers. Other transfer programs such as farmland subsidies (Proagro), government scholarships, and non-monetary transfers for medical expenditures have not been as effective.
This chapter focuses on the issues in current city planning and rebuilding. It describes the principles and aims that have shaped modern, orthodox city planning and rebuilding. The chapter shows how cities work in real life, because this is the only way to learn what principles of planning and what practices in rebuilding can promote social and economic vitality in cities, and what practices and principles will deaden these attributes. In trying to explain the underlying order of cities, the author uses a preponderance of examples from New York. The most important thread of influence starts, more or less, with Ebenezer Howard, an English court reporter for whom planning was an avocation. Howard's influence on American city planning converged on the city from two directions: from town and regional planners on the one hand, and from architects on the other.
The human development index (HDI) is published annually by the United Nations Development Program and has played an influential role in the debate on human development for many years. However, it has been widely argued for several reasons that the HDI contains several weaknesses and is an inappropriate mechanism by which to measure human development. Additionally, the HDI does not take into account further important indicators, such as unemployment, poverty and environment, alongside GDP per capita; expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling; and life expectancy at birth. No index is perfect and the HDI of the UNDP reflects this fact. The present study proposes the social economic development index (SEDI) as a new means to measure the development level of countries. The SEDI uses more indicators than the three presently examined in the HDI. The study also suggests applying the development status matrix (DSM), which assists in classifying countries into groups according to development status, specifically focusing on the dynamic characteristics of underdeveloped countries. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates the importance of utilizing the SEDI and the DSM to measure a country's development.
This paper takes advantage of a recently-compiled cross-country dataset that distinguishes market inequality from net inequality and allows us to calculate redistributive transfers for a large number of country-year observations. Our main findings are: 1. More unequal societies tend to redistribute more. 2. Lower net inequality is robustly correlated with faster and more durable growth, for a given level of redistribution. 3. R edistribution appears generally benign in terms of its impact on growth; only in extreme cases is there some evidence that it may have direct negative effects on growth. Thus the combined direct and indirect effects of redistribution -including the growth effects of the resulting lower inequality- are on average pro-growth. While we should be cognizant of the inherent limitations of the data set and of cross-country regression analysis more generally, we should be careful not to assume that there is a big tradeoff between redistribution and growth. The best available macroeconomic data do not support that conclusion.
Analysis of nearly 200 prehispanic upland farming locations around Casas Grandes in northwestern Chihuahua indicates that land modification was widespread and involved a range of farming strategies depending on microtopographic setting. Most significantly, some cultivation seems to have been organized or controlled by the leaders of the Casas Grandes polity. Unusually large fields associate with small sites that likely served special administrative and/or ritual roles and that are in sparsely occupied locations. /// Análisis de casi 200 ubicaciones de cultivo de tierra alta en los alrededores de Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, México, indican que en tiempos prehistóricos había modificaciones extensivas de esta tierra para construir sistemas agrícolas. Se usaba un rango de estrategias de cultivo, las cuales se determinaron por las diversas situaciones topográficas de la región. Significativamente, al menos una parte de este cultivo parece haber sido controlado por los líderes del sistema de organización regional que se enfocaba en el centro de Casas Grandes. Esto hace suponer que existen enormes sistemas de cultivo asociados con comunidades pequeñas y situadas en localidades de poca población prehistórica. Sus características arquitectónicas sugieren que dichas comunidades pequeñas tuvieran funciones administrativas y rituales en el sistema regional de Casas Grandes, incluso control sobre aspectos de la producción de comida.
This study seeks to develop a valid and reliableinstrument to measure Quality of Life among theinhabitants of Mexico City. “Quality of Life” isconsidered to be a subjective, multi-dimensionalconstruct.
In this study, information was gathered regarding howinhabitants of Mexico City defined Quality of Life. Based on an analysis of the content of theirresponses, Quality of Life items were selected for thesample. Then a Likert instrument was applied,containing the items obtained from the openinterview.
Factorial analyses and tests for internal consistencywere applied in order to ascertain the factorialcomponents of Quality of Life. This allowedstatistically significant differences to be observedbetween Quality of Life factors and certainsocio-economic variables.