Exposure to Particulate Matter and CO2 in indoor conditions at IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Abstract

Indoor air quality (IAQ) consolidates various detrimental health consequences include respiratory problems and premature deaths. Debased IAQ inside educational structures may influence students' strength, which can affect their concentration and efficiency. In this study, we measured Size segregated Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) and CO2 concentration in the four major student occupants area of IIT(ISM) Dhanbad like the Central Library, Main Canteen, Health Centre, and Department of ESE. All the readings were taken during their working hours and found that the canteen area has the highest PM level (PM10: 138 ± 34.19 μg/m³, PM2.5: 87 ± 26.45 μg/m³, PM1: 58 ± 20.63 μg/m³) with lower CO2 concentration (455.56 ± 94.71 ppm). Fine particles (PM2.5) exceed the value of the NAAQS standards at half of the locations, and all locations for the WHO guidelines. Fine particles (PM2.5 & PM1) are mainly caused by the cooking activities in the attached kitchen in the main canteen. PM level in the library is beneath WHO standards because of their closed structure and less outdoor interaction, and thus it gives higher CO2 values (968.76 ± 267.24 ppm). Results shown in the current investigation portray the alarming micro-environmental conditions in the monitored zone.

Full text

Exposure to Particulate Matter and CO
2
in indoor conditions at IIT(ISM)
Dhanbad
Shravan Kumar, Manish Kumar Jain
⇑
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, 826004, India
article info
Article history:
Received 2 November 2020
Received in revised form 26 April 2021
Accepted 27 April 2021
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
Size segregated PM
CO
2
School/college
Ventilation
abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) consolidates various detrimental health consequences include respiratory prob-
lems and premature deaths. Debased IAQ inside educational structures may influence students’ strength,
which can affect their concentration and efficiency. In this study, we measured Size segregated
Particulate Matter (PM
10
,PM
2.5
,PM
1
) and CO
2
concentration in the four major student occupants area
of IIT(ISM) Dhanbad like the Central Library, Main Canteen, Health Centre, and Department of ESE. All
the readings were taken during their working hours and found that the canteen area has the highest
PM level (PM
10
: 138 ± 34.19
l
g/m
3
,PM
2.5
: 87 ± 26.45
l
g/m
3
,PM
1
: 58 ± 20.63
l
g/m
3
) with lower CO
2
con-
centration (455.56 ± 94.71 ppm). Fine particles (PM
2.5
) exceed the value of the NAAQS standards at half of
the locations, and all locations for the WHO guidelines. Fine particles (PM
2.5
&PM
1
) are mainly caused by
the cooking activities in the attached kitchen in the main canteen. PM level in the library is beneath WHO
standards because of their closed structure and less outdoor interaction, and thus it gives higher CO
2
val-
ues (968.76 ± 267.24 ppm). Results shown in the current investigation portray the alarming micro-
environmental conditions in the monitored zone.
Ó2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the National Conference on
Functional Materials: Emerging Technologies and Applications in Materials Science.
1. Introduction
Indoor air quality (IAQ) depicts the nature of air inside the
structures where a living individual can live with their comfort
and maintain good health. IAQ is signified by pollutant concentra-
tion and thermal conditions [19]. Indoor air pollution (IAP) is one
of the primary sources of global burden diseases and one of the
pinnacle five risks to public health. IAP is more disastrous than out-
side air contamination, as limited areas can bound to developed
additional pollutants inside than the outdoor in most urban condi-
tion cases [5]. In urban areas, most people invest their time in var-
ious activities in indoor conditions and more prone to the exposure
of the microenvironment air quality. Almost 80% of the time people
spend indoors [7]. In India alone, there are approximately 1.3 mil-
lion casualties per annum because of indoor air pollution consis-
tently. Poor IAQ can be detrimental to vulnerable groups such as
children, the elderly, and cardiovascular diseases such as chronic
respiratory disease and asthma [27]. In addition to its profound
effects on health like high-risk allergies, respiratory dysfunction,
nasal irritation, and fatigue due to headaches and constipation,
poor IAQ reduces the comfort, concentration, and efficiency of
occupants results in effect their productivity [1]. IAQ of well-
ventilated buildings is repeatedly influenced by outside air. Inade-
quate ventilation frameworks, hardware printers, furniture, paints,
and PCs, etc., are various urban settings that contribute signifi-
cantly to IAP.
In Educational buildings, for example, College/School, poor IAQ
can influence students’ health and indirectly reduce performance,
desired output, and capabilities of inhabitants [6]. Monitoring of
Size segregated Particulate Matter (PM
10
,PM
2.5
&PM
1
) and CO
2
in indoor conditions are very important due to their effect on
health in micro-environments such as classrooms, libraries, and
laboratories [14]. For a robust and comfortable learning environ-
ment for the faculty and students, pleasant environment quality
in Library/Laboratories is the primary criterion that can influence
their well-being, productivity, efficiency, performance, achieve-
ments, and comfort in different ways [13], The penetration of out-
door PM in naturally ventilated buildings is the typical source of
the high level of microscopic particles inside the microenviron-
ment. High ambient PM levels exceeding the national standards
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.496
2214-7853/Ó2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the National Conference on Functional Materials: Emerging Technologies and Applications in
Materials Science.
⇑
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: manish@iitism.ac.in (M.K. Jain).
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Please cite this article as: S. Kumar and M.K. Jain, Exposure to Particulate Matter and CO
2
in indoor conditions at IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, Materials Today: Pro-
ceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.496

in Dhanbad city make it more complicated for indoor occupants
[11,28].
PM is comprised of various constituents like heavy metals, dif-
ferent acids, multiple ions, and organic and inorganics materials
[20]. PM toxicity significantly dependent on its various types of
sources with different structures [23]. For a naturally ventilated
school of Chennai, [8] reported that 24 h average Suspended Partic-
ulate Matter (SPM), PM
10
,PM
2.5
, and PM
1
levels were 168.64
l
g/
m
3
, 135.88
l
g/m
3
, 42.95
l
g/m
3
, and 25.89
l
g/m
3
, respectively.
Similarly, a study has also performed an IAQ assessment in differ-
ent schools in Delhi-NCR by [25]. That study concluded that the
national air-conditioned air quality standards in both air-
conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings, based on average
PM
2.5
concentrations above-recommended in India, are more.
CO
2
concentration is a significant factor in deciding IAQ compara-
ble to inside ventilation. CO
2
is primarily associated with various
outcomes, including increased sick holidays in an office, influenza
symptoms, and sick building syndrome [14]. Human cognition and
decision-making efficiency are adversely influenced by CO
2
con-
centration [21].CO
2
effects on human cognitive performance can
be visible by the study done by [2], where participants were
exposed to CO
2
at various concentrations like 550, 945, and
1400 ppm for 8 h and observed that cognitive function were 15
and 50% lesser than the concentration level at 550 ppm. Various
previous research was conducted at the IAQ in educational build-
ings from different areas of the world [16,21,3]. However, India
has lesser research associated with IAQ in schools/colleges [9,24].
The current study is for concentrating on the assessment of IAP
(Size segregated PM and CO
2
) in different locations situated in IIT
(ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad city, India. The students spend 8–10 h
every day at those places, so it is essential to monitor the concen-
tration of pollutants and take necessary steps to reduce the exces-
sive value. Furthermore, different investigations like this study will
help to develop national standards for the IAQ.
2. Material and methodology
2.1. Site description
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhan-
bad is located in Dhanbad city (23.815°N, 86.441°E), of Jharkhand
State. Dhanbad is popularly known as the Coal Capital of India
due to its abundance of Coal Mines. The main campus is sur-
rounded by various urban setups like commercials areas (Mini
Market), residential quarters, school/college, and hospitals. 2 major
roads cross near its two gates. Vehicular movement and various
commercial activities adjacent to the main campus are significant
sources of ambient air pollution. It merits referencing that the
campus is more cleaner and greener, contrasted with the different
parts of the city. This study targets the distinct indoor micro-
environment inside the campus where students spend the most
time. The primary 4 areas chosen are the Central Library, Main
Canteen, Health Centre, and Department of Environmental Science
Fig. 1. Study Area.
Table 1
Sampling location description.
L1: Library 1st floor H1: Health Center CMO room
L2: Library 2nd floor H2: Health Center Doctor room
L3: Library 3rd floor H3: Medicine Dept
L4: Common reading hall H4: Emergency room
C1: Main canteen shop 1 D1: Lab1 (ESE Dept)
C2: Main canteen shop 2 D2: Lab2 (ESE Dept)
C3: Main canteen shop 3 D3: Lab3 (ESE Dept)
C4: Main canteen kitchen D4: Lab4 (ESE Dept)
Table 2
Specifications of indoor air quality monitor.
Monitoring
instrument
Working principle Range Accuracy Measurement type
Grimm Aerosol
1.109
Dual principle (Light scattering technology
and PTFE filter)
0.25–32
l
m Precision of data collected with
reproducibility of ±2%.
Continuous and real-time
measurements
Kimo CO
2
meter Non dispersive infrared absorbance (NDIR) 0–5000 ppm ±3% of reading ±50 ppm Continuous and real-time
measurements
Q-Trak Monitor Thermistor
Thin film capacitive
32-140°F (0–
60 °C)
5–95%
±1
o
F(±0°C)
±3%
Continuous and real-time
measurements
S. Kumar and M.K. Jain Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2

and Engineering. Fig. 1 shows the different institutional regions
where monitoring was performed.
2.2. Sampling design and instrumentation
In this study, we measured Size segregated Particulate Matter
(PM
10
,PM
2.5
,PM
1
) and CO
2
concentration in the four major student
occupants area of IIT(ISM) Dhanbad like the Central Library, Main
Canteen, Health Centre, and Department of Environmental Science
and Engineering. The sampling was carried out in 16 different loca-
tions (4 points inside all 4 sites) to measure ambient and indoor
concentrations (Table 1). The monitoring was done at each point,
and the mean value was arranged. The estimation has been taken
at various times and in different areas to record exact information
on each site. The indoor and outside concentrations of Size segre-
gated PM and CO
2
in each building were observed at each
15 min interval during sampling duration. An optical particle coun-
ter Grimm model 1.109 was used for the particulate concentration
monitoring (Grimm Aerosol Technik GmbH &Co. KG, Ainring, Ger-
many). Kimo CO
2
meter was used for the measurements of CO
2
.
Temperature and relative humidity were estimated by utilizing
compact instrument Q-Trak (TSI model 7575x). Table 2 contains
the technical specification of all instruments used in the sampling
process.
The monitoring was led during January and February 2020, a
basic winter period with average ambient temperature and humid-
ity of 15 ± 2 °C and 68 ± 10%, respectively. Sampling in the canteen
area was done in the evening (5 pm–10 pm) as the number of occu-
pants is higher at that time, whereas at all the rest locations, sam-
pling was supervised during office hours (8 h) on a working day.
3. Result
IAQ is greatly influenced by the PM present inside the microen-
vironment. A comparison of Size segregated PM ((PM
10
,PM
2.5
, and
PM
1
) was done, and monitored data were analyzed statistically.
Mean concentrations of size-segregated PM (PM
10
,PM
2.5
, and
PM
1
) for all four indoor air environments were shown in Table 3.
The exploratory results illustrate that the average concentration
of PM
10
,PM
2.5
, and PM
1
was found maximum in the Canteen area,
i.e., PM
10
: 138 ± 34.19
l
g/m
3
,PM
2.5
: 87 ± 26.45
l
g/m
3
,PM
1
:
58 ± 20.63
l
g/m
3
, respectively and minimum at Central Library,
i.e., 37 ± 5.38
l
g/m
3
, 29 ± 3.31
l
g/m
3
, 22 ± 2.27
l
g/m
3
, respec-
tively. The highest PM
10
concentration was recorded at the canteen
area, where the level surpassed multiple times the National Ambi-
ent Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Outdoor interaction and cooking
process inside the connected kitchen was the significant contribu-
tor for the coarser PM. The level of PM
10
was higher in the Health
Center, possibly because of the absence of legitimate ventilation,
dumping of development, and destruction waste, concrete, and
sand particles as there are construction sites just outside of it.
PM
10
in labs was mainly due to the experiments and other activi-
ties inside there by the research scholars. The Central Library
shows minimum value due to closed and controlled microenviron-
ments. It is the only location where the concentrations were within
WHO limits (37.8 and 29.3
l
g/m
3
) due to the air-conditioned
rooms with a complete close structure. Fine particles (PM
2.5
)
exceed the value of the Indian standards (NAAQS: 60
l
g/m
3
,24h
average) at half of the locations, and all locations for the WHO
guidelines (25
l
g/m
3
, 24 h average). Table 4 shows the ratio of
PM
2.5
/PM
10
and PM
1
/PM
2.5
, which quantify the proportions of the
size of fine and coarser particles. PM
2.5
/PM
10
and PM
1
/PM
2.5
values
were computed to evaluate the canteen area ratio, which found
0.825 and 0.902, respectively, compared to Lab micro-
environments where these qualities were discovered less than
0.694 and 0.784, respectively.
Higher ratio values in the Central Library, which is closed most
the time, concluded that finer particles transit more from outside
through spillages present within the entryway/window, contrasted
with coarser particles. Resuspension of coarse particles in indoor
environments occurs due to various activities like occupants’
movement, air circulation, and other activities carried out inside
the monitored place. As neither WHO nor NAAQS provides a stan-
dard value for PM
1
in Ambient/Indoor Air quality so the value of
fine particles (PM
1
) cannot be compared with any of the given
standards. PM
1
level follows a somewhat different trend from that
Table 3
Indoor PM Concentration.
Location PM
10
(
l
g/m
3
)
mean ± SD
(min–max)
PM
2.5
(
l
g/m
3
)
mean ± SD
(min–max)
PM
1
(
l
g/m
3
)
mean ± SD
(min–max)
Central Library: L1 42.27 ±8.86
(32.6–60.4)
33.67 ±6.31
(26.7–46.3)
26.93 ±4.01
(23–36.8)
L2 15.49 ±5.86
(8.8–28.9)
11.42 ±2.29
(8.3–14.6)
9.57 ±1.51
(7.4–12)
L3 63.68 ±2.97
(58.4–62)
47.38 ±2.64
(41.6–43.5)
37.28 ±2.08
(31.6–31.8)
L4 30.91 ±3.81
(26.7–33.1)
23.74 ±1.98
(20.2–24.7)
17.08 ±1.51
(14.7–17.8)
Main canteen: C1 86.28 ±43.03
(86.29–102.7)
66.4 ±33.18
(48.8–81.6)
58.5 ±28.98
(40.9–75)
C2 116.65 ±56.77
(77.2–100.9)
103.93 ±52.27
(71.2–74.8)
96.29 ±49.59
(65.4–67.9)
C3 122.15 ±8.61
(118.1–126.2)
107.9 ±3.37
(106.2–109.6)
100.5 ±1.33
(99.6–101.4)
C4 188.1 ±7.57
(131.8–275.9)
156.15 ±2.56
(112.5–188.5)
138.33 ±1.17
(105–159.5)
Health Center: H1 91.4 ±36.65
(47.4–175.7)
81.1 ±28.92
(43.6–134.5)
72.69 ±25.02
(39.3–116.5)
H2 105.25 ±61.52
(72.9–372.3)
71.79 ±24.75
(56.2–170.3)
57.34 ±12.22
(47.8–95.6)
H3 73.03 ±7.59
(74.4–85.5)
50.88 ±2.79
(51.9–57.7)
40.20 ±1.71
(40.5–44.5)
H4 82.87 ±34.99
(42.8–189.5)
60.39 ±19.07
(35–104.9)
39.98 ±6.11
(30.2–52.4)
ESE Dept: D1 63.68 ±2.97
(58.4–62)
47.38 ±2.64
(41.6–43.5)
37.28 ±2.08
(31.6–31.8)
D2 83.36 ±18.33
(64.8–149.9)
64.98 ±16.64
(50.2–124.4)
52.24 ±14.19
(41.8–102.2)
D3 84.89 ±7.71
(58.4–85.5)
48.18 ±2.82
(47–57.7)
33.51 ±1.71
(38.3–44.5)
D4 73.03 ±7.61
(74.4–85.5)
50.88 ±2.79
(51.9–57.7)
40.21 ±1.71
(40.5–44.5)
Prescribed limit 100a 60a NA
a: National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)-2011.
Table 4
Average ratio of PM.
Location PM
2.5
/PM
10
PM
1.0
/PM
10
PM
1.0
/PM
2.5
PM
10
/PM
2.5
Central Library 0.691 0.569 0.781 1.447
Main canteen 0.825 0.752 0.902 1.212
Health Center 0.727 0.518 0.749 1.376
ESE Dept 0.694 0.537 0.784 1.441
S. Kumar and M.K. Jain Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3

of others (PM
10
&PM
2.5
). Various previous studies also reported the
same pattern for Indoor PM concentration.
Across several studies, this has shown that human activity in
indoor and outdoor interactions can contribute to high particulate
concentration. IAQ in Doha, Qatar-based office building, shows val-
ues 21.2
l
g/m
3
and 15.5
l
g/m
3
for mean PM
10
&PM
2.5
, respec-
tively [18].[17] reported indoor annual average concentration of
PM
10
and PM
2.5
were 3.5 and 2 times higher value than the NAAQS
standard respectively in the Ariyalur, Tamil Nadu. [12] compared
AC and Non AC offices in IIT Kanpur areas and found the values
for AC office is 600.53 ± 132.61
l
g/m
3
and 255.22 ± 79.81
l
g/m
3,
whereas for Non AC buildings it found 416.48 ± 45.72
l
g/m
3
and
194.81 ± 32.21
l
g/m
3
for PM
10
&PM
2.5
, respectively. [22] reported
that PM
10
values crosses 30% & 92.5% of the location for NAAQS
(60
l
g/m
3
, 24 h average) and WHO standards (25
l
g/m
3
, 24 h aver-
age) respectively. The PM
2.5
values exceed 20% of the locations for
NAAQS, and it exceeded WHO standards (25
l
g/m
3
, 24 h average)
at all the sampling locations. A study [15] based on research labo-
ratory found maximum values of 114 ± 25
l
g/m
3
,58±10
l
g/m
3
,
33 ± 5
l
g/m
3
for PM
10
,PM
2.5
&PM
1,
respectively, which is compa-
rable to our study.
Variations in temperature and relative humidity of various loca-
tions are given in Table 5. The concentration of CO
2
was measured
at each sampling point in four locations, with a minimum of 90%
occupancy. The ambient CO
2
level is found to be 380 ± 40 ppm,
as the campus is full of natural vegetation. Higher value than this
study was found in the various offices in the Delhi-NCR region,
crossing the ASHRAE guidelines. [10] reported the concentration
of CO
2
in the A1 building was 1578 ± 27 ppm and
1013 ± 197 ppm, respectively, in the ground and first floors. In
building A2, CO
2
rates registered as 1443.7 ± 968 ppm on the 7th
floor and 1758 ± 365 ppm on the 11th floor due to insufficient ven-
tilation according to occupancy level. Because of the maximum
occupancy and no dedicated fresh air ventilation system present,
the highest CO
2
rates were recorded at office A4
1918 ± 298 ppm. [26] reported CO
2
values 1839.13–2207.9 ppm
and 587.7–771.5 ppm for AC and Non AC schools.
O
2
value recorded in the Central Library is high due to the most
density at working hours and less fresh air intake. The results like-
wise show that CO
2
concentrations were persistently increased
after the afternoon (post lunchtime), i.e., after 2:00 pm (Fig. 2). It
could be ascribed due to the gathering of the CO
2
fixation over
the timeframe, impact of food accumulation, and biological meta-
bolism inside the body, which prompts higher respiration of CO
2
by the occupants [2] and the number of student increments toward
the evening hours in correlation with morning hours. Similar
trends followed in the study by Schibuola and Tambani [20]. Previ-
ous Studies on classrooms by [4] and [29] have also related ele-
vated rates of CO
2
with human respiration and numerous
ventilation mechanisms used there.
4. Conclusion
Results depend on the current investigation, portrays the dis-
turbing micro-environmental conditions in the monitored zone.
We found that the mean concentrations of indoor PM estimated
in study regions surpass the predefined WHO and NAAQS stan-
dards. Despite the fact that it is not exactly high as outdoor condi-
tions, its introduction to the occupants gives a disturbing outcome.
Fine and ultrafine particle concentrations were observed in the
Central Library area, where the disturbance and other activities
are less. Resuspension of PM is the primary source of coarser par-
ticles (PM
10
) in indoor conditions. PM
10
in labs was mainly due to
the experiments and other activities inside there by the research
scholars. The ambient CO
2
level is found within the limit, as the
campus is full of natural vegetation. The investigation definitively
Table 5
Various microenvironmental parameters.
Location TEMP
(min–max)
RH
(min–max)
CO
2
(min–max)
Central Library 26.764 ±0.247
(25.8–27.1)
43.6 ±1.567
(35.9–81.4)
968.76 ± 267.24
(358–1489)
Main canteen 27.25 ±0.231
(26.5–28.4)
41.2 ±2.573
(39.7–78.2)
455.56 ± 94.71
(332–1189)
Health Center 27.139 ±0.287
(26.2–28.6)
37.4 ±1.964
(32.8–76.8)
502.81 ± 127.98
(349–1212)
ESE Dept 26.869 ±0.252
(26.3–27.3)
27.257 ±1.395
(36.1–80.5)
686.53 ± 163.96
(329–1373)
Prescribed limit 23-26b 30-70b 1000b
b: American National Standard Institute (ANSI)/American Society for Heating,
Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62.1–2007.
Fig. 2. Temporal variation of indoor CO
2
.
S. Kumar and M.K. Jain Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
4

showed that the inward flow of outside natural air and the inhab-
itance of a room assumed a significant role in the CO
2
level inside
the study areas. Open entryways and windows helped in diminish
aggregated CO
2
; in this manner, helping in improving the IAQ. The
high concentrations of indoor PM can be reduced through indoor
air-sanitizing plants as they give cleaner and more beneficial air
to us. They can likewise assimilate contamination on their external
surface. Further study is needed for the chemical characterization
and source identification of indoor air pollutants in selected
microenvironments.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very pleased to thanks the Department of Envi-
ronmental Science and Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, for ensuring
logistical resources. We acknowledge the regional center of two
state agencies, Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board and the
Jharkhand Space Association Center, for providing salient meteoro-
logical and background data. The authors acknowledge Ms. Silvia
Dutta (Research Scholars) from the Department of Environmental
Science and Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, for their support dur-
ing monitoring.
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