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Geoinformatics 2021
11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine
GEOINFORMATICS 2021
21012
Geopolariton tomography (GPTS) hardware and software
platform for study of Earth's deep structure
S. I. Prokopenko (Hebei DSF-GEOS Technology Co., Ltd, China), Yu. A. Bogdanov (Hebei DSF-
GEOS Technology Co., Ltd, China), *O. O. Vodopianov (Hebei DSF-GEOS Technology Co., Ltd,
China), X. Chen (Hebei DSF-GEOS Technology Co., Ltd, China)
SUMMARY
The hardware part of the GPTS platform is represented by a passive remote geophysical scanner
"DSF16C" and the software products "Points Remover", "DSF16", "LSpectr", "MODE" for data
processing and interpretation. The platform provides profiling of speed (material) sections and their
geometric representation. The field of application is the study of the Earth's deep structure. The method
of estimating of the dynamic states of rock massifs allows estimating the resource of deposits at large
depths and signs of replenishment of reserves even at the stage of selection of promising areas, as well
as in previously identified deposits, until signs of their activity decrease appear to prevent reduction of
their oil recovery.
A fundamentally new data processing algorithm simultaneously evaluates all geodynamic processes
(stress-strain state, state of rupture disorders in all complexes and a complex system of their
interactions), taking into account the activity indicators of the Earth's natural electromagnetic field.
It is possible to install the scanner on any mobile carrier: UAV, ship, aircraft, car.
Stress-strain state of rocks, energy of elastic natural vibration of the Earth's core, geopolariton
tomography technology (GPTS).
GEOINFORMATICS 2021
Geoinformatics 2021
11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine
Introduction. The traditional approach in geological exploration is to integrate seismic exploration
and deep well drilling, but this is increasingly burdened by the growth in spendings associated with
the complexity of the process, expensive equipment and increased labor costs. Despite improvements
in geophysical data processing, technological development and interpretation methods over the past
30 years, the hopes of seismic explorers to develop reliable methods for a geosection predicting based
on seismic data have not been realized. The seismic method works mainly in areas associated with
massive hydrocarbon deposits, usually under conditions of shelf zones and water areas. At the
moment, the seismic method lacks technologies for studying crystalline foundations to identify
decompression and fluid saturation zones (Vinnichenko et al., 2014).
The Earth's geopolariton tomography (GPTS) method holds a special place in the range of modern
innovative technologies for subsoil exploration, in applications of oil and gas geology based on
fundamental physical laws. The method was widely tested in various oil and gas-bearing provinces of
the globe. In such countries as Ukraine, Canada, China, the UAE, Peru, India, Egypt, Russia,
Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. this method proved to be a working
tool for studying structure of a geological environment, as well as an identification method for its
geopolariton anomalies which are the electromagnetic prototypes of hydrocarbon deposits of various
geological nature (Bogdanov et al., 2020; Bogdanov et al., 2019; Bogdanov and Prokopenko, 2018;
Bogdanov and Prokopenko, 2017).
Features of propagation and reception of Earth's natural radiation signals. According to
experimental observations and model estimates, the Earth's crust is an electrodynamically active
environment capable of exciting the geoelectromagnetic field (Gohberg et al., 1985; Sobolev and
Demin, 1980; Surkov, 2000; Levshenko, 1995; Astrakhantsev et al., 1998). The generation of
lithospheric electromagnetic signals can occur both forcibly, due to the movement of rocks during
seismic action, and spontaneously, out of direct connection with the cases of seismicity (Levshenko,
1995). The frequency spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of lithospheric origin covers the range in
the field of radio frequencies from 1-100 kHz and above, the radiation is pulsating (Gohberg et al.,
1985; Astrakhantsev et al., 1998). In connection with the simultaneous manifestation of acoustic and
electromagnetic waves, the question arises for the comparative informativeness of these
manifestations. Estimation of information value at radiation output from the subsoils in the simplest
case is determined by values of transmission coefficients by the earth's crust-atmosphere interface.
Acoustic wave transmission through interface is equal to:
2
1
4
a
a
ta
where
22
11
c
c
a
,
where ρ1, ρ2 – media density, с1, с2 – velocity of wave propagation in these media.
Taking the air density equal to 1,3ꞏ10-3 g/cm3, the speed of sound in air 300 m/s, the average density
of the earth's crust rocks 2.7 g/cm3, and the speed of sound in rocks 4000 m/s, we obtain the
transmission coefficient of the boundary of the rock - atmosphere ta ≈ 0,5ꞏ10-8.
The transmission coefficient of electromagnetic radiation by the interface of two media for the case of
a normal fall is:
1
2
e
T,
GEOINFORMATICS 2021
Geoinformatics 2021
11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine
where ε – a relative dielectric constant of mountain environment. Considering that for the mountain
environment 4 < ε < 50, we obtain that the day surface transmittance of electromagnetic radiation is
0,66 > Te > 0,25.
From the comparison of these values, it follows that the transmittance of electromagnetic radiation by
the interface rock - atmosphere is hundreds of millions of times greater than of the acoustic one. In
other words, electromagnetic radiation comes out of the subsoils with little or no attenuation.
Therefore, electromagnetic radiation associated with various processes in the earth's crust (shifts and
faults of the crust, earthquakes, avalanches, landslide movements of soils, etc.) can be considered as
an extensive source of information on geodynamic processes (Bogdanov and Pavlovich, 2008).
The experience with the GPTS method is based on and largely supports the evolving new geological
paradigm, which includes:
- theory of abiogenic - mantle origin of hydrocarbons (HC);
- an idea of the layered block structure of the earth's crust;
- understanding of deep faults - HC supply channels, as well as related destruction zones
and resulting oil and gas distribution patterns in secondary collectors.
This allows us to outline fundamentally new approaches and determine methods for the effective
development of the search and exploration process (Bogdanov et al., 2009). The GPTS method
records the feed channels of HC deposits and feed tanks at almost any given depth.
The physical basis of the GPTS method is the postulate that the emitted electromagnetic energy,
which is represented by a discrete spectrum of electromagnetic waves, is expressed by a physical
parameter N, called the density (number) of emissions of the envelope of a stationary random process
of fluctuations of the effective scattering area (ESA) of a geological object. The source of
geopolariton waves that "shine through" the mantle, asthenosphere and lithosphere of the planet is the
energy of slow waves and natural elastic vibrations of the Earth's core, which is accompanied by
geopolariton radiation (GPR). The GPR forms an integral "image" on the Earth's surface from
geopolariton waves diffracting on geological structural elements and carries information on all
inhomogeneities of the structure and substance of the geo-environment (Bogdanov, 2017).
GPTS hardware and software. The DSF16C scanner is used to measure the geopolariton field. The
small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is the most effective platform for equipment hosting
(Bogdanov, 2012). Such placement ensures high productivity and informative work, as well as
irrespective of the relief. Pedestrian, automobile and ship fieldwork options are also acceptable.
Figure 1 on the left shows the sequence of GPTS steps using airmobile fieldwork. To the right, this
figure shows the appearance of the DSF16C equipment in the moisture-proof case.
Figure 1 On the left shows the sequence of GPTS steps using airmobile fieldwork. To the right, this
figure shows the appearance of the DSF16C equipment in the moisture-proof case
GEOINFORMATICS 2021
Geoinformatics 2021
11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine
The scanner performs measurements along the line of the measuring profile, which has heterogeneity
in the geological section and a strongly expressed internal relief. Intensity I, expressed in terms of
magnetic field strength (A/m), is measured along the profile line. A three-component antenna is used
to receive the signal. The signal is amplified and fed to a threshold device (Aleshin and Bogdanov,
2004) and then to a microcontroller in which the number of pulses exceeding a given threshold during
exposure time is directly counted. Exposure time is set within 0.1 ... 10 seconds depending on profile
transmission velocity. Then, the information processed by the microcontroller is bound to
geographical coordinates and written to the scanner Flash memory.
Structurally, the scanner consists of two units - receiving antennas unit and signal processing unit.
Block enclosures have a certain degree of environmental protection IP64 (Prokopenko, 2017). The
receiving antennas unit contains three antennas, the radiation pattern of which are located in three
mutually perpendicular planes and an antenna amplifier with a symmetrical output, which makes it
possible to reduce induced electrical interference during signal transmission through the
communication line. The receiving antennas are made in such a way that their magnetic moments are
quite constant in the entire operating frequency band of the scanner. The signal processing unit
consists of an analogue processing module with a symmetrical input, a digital processing module, a
power supply module, Flash memory, GSM, GPS, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modules. The scanner is
powered by an internal Li-ion battery. Continuous operation time from fully charged battery is not
less than 20 hours.
Processing and interpretation of data from geopolariton sounding is performed using the "Points
Remover", "DSF16", "LSpectr", "MODE" software complexes. These software are developed by
Hebei DSF-GEOS Technology Co., Ltd specialists.
In particular, the algorithm of the program complex LSpectr uses a search for the transfer function
operator according to the signal measured along the profile, taking into account the input action – the
Earth’s core vibration. The algorithm is implemented on the .NET Framework/WPF platform using
the C# programming language. The data is pre-processing: spline approximating, moving averaging
and median normalizing. A piece of data is allocated; it is decomposed according to generalized
Laguerre orthogonal functions with specified parameters. The obtained decomposition coefficients are
used to calculate the transfer function. The order of the transfer function is not given, as in other
methods, but is calculated according to the author's methodology. The calculated transfer function is
used to calculate the stratum undulation velocities of geological objects (Bogdanov and Vodopianov,
2017). Operating windows of software systems are given in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Operating windows of software systems
GEOINFORMATICS 2021
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11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine
Research results. Experimental and methodological works by the GPTS method were carried out at
geophysical landfills in the period 2012-2020. The main task was to assess the accuracy of
determining the boundaries of radiating horizons and cross-sectional fault mapping. As an example, 3
sites of hydrocarbon deposits with actual data of drilling results located in different geographical
areas, such as Ukraine, Egypt and China, were considered. Models of the deep structure up to a depth
of 30 km were obtained using the GPTS method. The interpretation results with the legend are shown
in Figure 3. The sections clearly reflect the layered structure of the strata and lines of multi-rank
discontinuous dislocations. Large faults at angles of about 45 ° intersect the entire plane of the profile.
Their "roots" are confidently traced to a depth of 30 km, probably deeper. A mosaic view in the
distribution of density characteristics of sedimentary formations or velocities in sedimentary rocks
shows their heterogeneity within the boundaries of individual blocks (Kolomiets et al., 2013). Rock
decompression centers are installed at depths of up to 30 km, probable source of hydrocarbon fluids
accumulation, paths of their movement along bursting disturbances and decompression zones are
traced. Since fluids delay the transmission of electromagnetic waves, part of the energy is lost due to
them, and fluids (HC) in the pore or fractured space of secondary collectors "look" low-density
against the background of dense consolidated containing rocks (Bogdanov et al., 2009).
Figure 3 The interpretation results by the method of GPTS
Conclusion. As a result of geophysical surveys using the GPTS method using the hardware complex
"DSF16C" and the software complexes "LSpectr" and "MODE", structural and speed characteristics
of the Earth's deep structure were obtained using examples of 3 hydrocarbon deposits located in
different geographical areas up to a depth of 30 km. Based on the results of actual drilling data, the
metrological indicator for determining the accuracy of the boundaries of radiating horizons and
mapping in the section of rupture violations amounted to more than 85%.
GEOINFORMATICS 2021
Geoinformatics 2021
11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine
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