Report 2020 on plant biodiversity in Italy: native and alien vascular flora

Abstract

Free access at:
https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.520
This paper provides an updated overview, based on nomenclatural, taxonomical and distribution data, on the native and alien vascular flora of Italy, with details on the occurrence at national and regional administrative level. Recently described taxa occurring in Italy, which were not included in the checklists published in 2018, are listed. The list of extinct or possibly extinct native taxa and that of alien taxa of EU concern are updated.

Rapporto 2020 sulla biodiversità vegetale in Italia: flora vascolare autoctona e alloctona.
Viene presentato un rapporto sulla flora vascolare autoctona e alloctona del territorio italiano basato sugli ultimi aggiornamenti nomenclaturali, tassonomici e distributivi. Vengono forniti i numeri di dettaglio sulle presenze a livello nazionale e regionale. Inoltre sono elencati i taxa nuovi per la scienza presenti in Italia e non inclusi nelle checklist pubblicate nel 2018. Viene infine aggiornato l’elenco nazionale delle entità autoctone estinte o probabilmente estinte e delle entità aliene invasive di interesse unionale.

Full text

Natural History Sciences. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano, 8 (1): 41-54, 2021 DOI: 10.4081/nhs.2021.520
Report 2020 on plant biodiversity in Italy: native and alien vascular ora
Fabrizio Bartolucci1, Gabriele Galasso2*, Lorenzo Peruzzi3, Fabio Conti1
1 Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli
Studi di Camerino; Centro Ricerche Floristiche dell’Appennino,
Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga, San
Colombo, 67021 Barisciano (L’Aquila), Italia.
E-mail: fabrizio.bartolucci@gmail.com
fabio.conti@unicam.it
2 Sezione di Botanica, Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Corso
Venezia 55, 20121 Milano, Italia.
3 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via
Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italia.
E-mail: lorenzo.peruzzi@unipi.it
* Corresponding author: gabriele.galasso@comune.milano.it
© 2021 Fabrizio Bartolucci, Gabriele Galasso, Lorenzo Peruzzi,
Fabio Conti
Received for publication: 5 March 2021
Accepted for publication: 17 April 2021
Online publication: 11 May 2021
Abstract - This paper provides an updated overview, based on
nomenclatural, taxonomical and distribution data, on the native and
alien vascular ora of Italy, with details on the occurrence at national
and regional administrative level. Recently described taxa occurring in
Italy, which were not included in the checklists published in 2018, are
listed. The list of extinct or possibly extinct native taxa and that of alien
taxa of EU concern are updated.
Key words: checklist, endemism, extinction, Mediterranean ora,
nomenclature, taxonomy.
Riassunto - Rapporto 2020 sulla biodiversità vegetale in Italia:
ora vascolare autoctona e alloctona.
Viene presentato un rapporto sulla ora vascolare autoctona e alloc-
tona del territorio italiano basato sugli ultimi aggiornamenti nomenclaturali,
tassonomici e distributivi. Vengono forniti i numeri di dettaglio sulle pre-
senze a livello nazionale e regionale. Inoltre sono elencati i taxa nuovi per
la scienza presenti in Italia e non inclusi nelle checklist pubblicate nel 2018.
Viene inne aggiornato l’elenco nazionale delle entità autoctone estinte o
probabilmente estinte e delle entità aliene invasive di interesse unionale.
Parole chiave: checklist, endemismo, estinzione, ora mediterra-
nea, nomenclatura, tassonomia.
INTRODUCTION
After the publication of the two checklists of the native
and alien vascular ora of Italy (Bartolucci et al., 2018a;
Galasso et al., 2018a), several oristic, systematic and ta-
xonomic studies were published. Most of the new oristic
records (based on herbarium specimens kept in Natural
History Museum of Florence -FI- and in other public her-
baria) concerning the distribution of the Italian vascular
ora are published in the series “Notulae to the Italian nati-
ve vascular Flora” (Bartolucci et al., 2018b, 2018c, 2019a,
2019b, 2020a, 2020b) and “Notulae to the Italian alien va-
scular Flora” (Galasso et al., 2018b, 2018c, 2019a, 2019b,
2020b, 2020c). These series also include nomenclatural,
taxonomical and distribution updates published elsewhere,
and corrigenda to the published checklists (as supplemen-
tary material). After the publication of the checklists, the
data were organized into the information system “FlorI-
taly - Portal to the Flora of Italy” (Galasso et al., 2020a;
Martellos et al., 2020), which is accessible online at the
address http://dryades.units.it/oritaly. FlorItaly is upda-
ted every six months with data coming from the Notulae.
The aim of this contribution is to provide an updated
overview on systematics, taxonomy and distribution (at
national and administrative regional level) of the native
and alien vascular ora of Italy, ca. three years after the
publication of the Italian checklists.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The circumscription of families follows Bartolucci et al.
(2018a) and Galasso et al. (2018a). The data also include apo-
mictic taxa belonging to Alchemilla and Rubus (Rosaceae),
Hieracium, Pilosella, and Taraxacum (Asteraceae), and the
Ranunculus auricomus group (Ranunculaceae). Taxa at va-
rietal rank were not considered. Hybrids are included only for
the alien vascular ora. For Italian endemic taxa, we referred
to the inventory proposed by Peruzzi et al. (2014), which is
continuously updated (see http://goo.gl/x8QL4J), and to Bar-
tolucci et al. (2018a). Following these authors, the “Italian
endemic” status was attributed to those that occur only in
Italy, or in Italy and Corse (France), or in Italy and Malta.
The distribution is given as presence/absence in each
of the 20 administrative regions of Italy (not considering
the two enclave-countries Republic of San Marino and
Vatican City State), which are coded as follows: Valle
d’Aosta, VDA; Piemonte, PIE; Lombardia, LOM; Tren-
tino-Alto Adige, TAA; Veneto, VEN; Friuli Venezia Giu-
lia, FVG; Liguria, LIG; Emilia-Romagna, EMR; Toscana,

42
TOS; Marche, MAR; Umbria, UMB; Lazio, LAZ; Abruz-
zo, ABR; Molise, MOL; Puglia, PUG; Campania, CAM;
Basilicata, BAS; Calabria, CAL; Sicilia, SIC; Sardegna,
SAR. For each region, the occurrence status of each taxon
is provided, according the categories proposed by Barto-
lucci et al. (2018a) and Galasso et al. (2018a).
RESULTS
To date (end of 2020, FlorItaly version 2020.2), the
Italian native and alien vascular ora consists of 9,897
taxa (including casual alien plants), belonging to 1,547
genera and 198 families (Tab. 1).
The native vascular ora consists of 8,237 taxa (6,461
species and 1,776 subspecies) belonging to 1,103 gene-
ra and 153 families. The most represented families (≥ 50
taxa) and genera (≥ 40 taxa) are reported in Table 2. The
taxa endemic to Italy are 1,727, grouped in 318 genera
and 70 families (Tabs. 3, 4). Among them, the taxa cer-
tainly occurring in Italy are 1,594 (P), while 119 taxa have
not been conrmed in recent times (NC), 1 is doubtfully
occurring (Paeonia corsica Sieber ex Tausch, occurring
in Corse and doubtfully in Sardegna, D) and 13 are con-
sidered extinct or possibly extinct (EX) (Tabs. 4, 7). Four
genera are narrowly endemic to Italy: Eokochia (Cheno-
podiaceae), Rhizobotrya (Brassicaceae), Petagnaea, and
FABRIZIO BARTOLUCCI, GABRIELE GALASSO, LORENZO PERUZZI, FABIO CONTI1
Tab. 1 - Number of native and alien taxa occurring in each of the 20 administrative regions in 2020. Native: N+C
(native + cryptogenic); N+C+A REG [NAT, INV] (native + cryptogenic + regionally non-native [naturalized,
invasive]); N+C+A REG [CAS, NAT, INV] (native + cryptogenic + regionally non-native [casual, naturalized,
invasive]); Alien: ARC (archaeophyte, casual aliens included); NEO (neophyte, casual aliens included);
ARC ESTABL. (archaeophyte, casual aliens excluded); NEO ESTABL. (neophyte, casual aliens excluded).
/ Numero dei taxa nativi e alieni presenti nel 2020 in ognuna delle 20 regioni amministrative. Nativi: N+C
(nativi + criptogenici); N+C+A REG [NAT, INV] (nativi + criptogenici + alieni regionali [naturalizzati,
invasivi]); N+C+A REG [CAS, NAT, INV] (nativi + criptogenici + alieni regionali [casuali, naturalizzati,
invasivi]); Alieni: ARC (archeote, inclusi gli alieni casuali); NEO (neote, inclusi gli alieni casuali); ARC
ESTABL. (archeote, esclusi gli alieni casuali); NEO ESTABL. (neote, esclusi gli alieni casuali).
NUMBER OF TAXA (2020)
NATIVE ALIEN NATIVE + ALIEN
N+C
N+C+
A REG
[NAT, INV]
N+C+
A REG
[CAS, NAT, INV]
ARC
ESTABL.
[NAT, INV]
NEO
ESTABL.
[NAT, INV]
ARC
[CAS, NAT, INV]
NEO
[CAS, NAT, INV]
ARC+NEO
ESTABL.
[NAT, INV]
ARC+NEO
[CAS, NAT, INV]
TOTAL
(casual excluded)
TOTAL
(casual included)
PIE 3,479 3,525 3,554 36 273 98 449 309 547 3,834 4,101
TOS 3,424 3,445 3,458 38 243 124 520 282 644 3,726 4,102
LOM 3,286 3,322 3,452 43 323 127 663 366 790 3,688 4,242
ABR 3,206 3,224 3,235 39 117 105 264 156 369 3,380 3,604
VEN 3,181 3,281 3,360 36 221 112 531 257 643 3,538 4,003
TAA 3,119 3,241 3,506 22 157 108 484 179 592 3,420 4,098
LAZ 3,038 3,065 3,085 36 139 98 410 175 508 3,240 3,593
LIG 3,018 3,067 3,097 26 141 81 397 167 478 3,234 3,575
FVG 2,987 3,141 3,158 38 155 100 408 193 508 3,334 3,666
CAM 2,835 2,849 2,852 38 143 99 347 181 446 3,030 3,298
EMR 2,815 2,845 2,861 33 219 115 442 252 557 3,097 3,418
CAL 2,786 2,805 2,816 25 118 74 268 143 342 2,948 3,158
SIC 2,764 2,783 2,789 34 194 85 388 218 473 3,001 3,262
BAS 2,631 2,638 2,641 27 67 84 153 94 237 2,732 2,878
PUG 2,554 2,569 2,578 27 110 81 303 137 384 2,706 2,962
MAR 2,520 2,558 2,565 30 110 98 283 140 381 2,698 2,946
UMB 2,372 2,408 2,415 24 60 97 197 84 294 2,492 2,709
SAR 2,327 2,406 2,462 35 165 108 393 200 501 2,606 2,963
MOL 2,314 2,334 2,337 32 61 69 119 93 188 2,427 2,525
VDA 2,298 2,332 2,344 13 60 37 126 73 163 2,405 2,507
ITA 8,237 (56 C) 8,237 8,237 85 735 160 1,500 820 1,660 9,057 9,897

43
REPORT 2020 ON PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN ITALY: NATIVE AND ALIEN VASCULAR FLORA
Siculosciadium (Apiaceae). Three genera are endemic to
Sardegna and Corse (France): Morisia (Brassicaceae),
Castroviejoa, and Nananthea (Asteraceae). The most
represented families (≥ 20 taxa) and genera (≥ 15 taxa)
concerning Italian endemics are reported in Table 3. The
administrative regions showing the highest number of Ita-
lian endemics (Tab. 5), are: SIC (424), SAR (319), CAL
(300), ABR (299), BAS (240), and TOS (227). The nati-
ve taxa certainly occurring in Italy are 7,528 (P), while
564 taxa have not been conrmed in recent times (NC),
99 are doubtfully occurring (D), and 18 are data decient
(DD) (Tabs. 6, 10). Out of the not conrmed taxa, 28 are
considered extinct or possibly extinct (Tab. 7, Fig. 1). In
Tab. 2 - Most represented families of the Italian vascular ora in 2020: Native: (≥ 50 taxa) and genera (≥ 40
taxa); Alien: (≥ 25 taxa) and genera (≥ 10 taxa). / Famiglie (Native: ≥ 50 taxa; Aliene: ≥ 25 taxa) e generi
(Nativi: ≥ 40 taxa; Alieni: ≥ 10 taxa) maggiormente rappresentati nel 2020 nella ora vascolare italiana.
Native Alien
Families Genera Families Genera
Asteraceae 2,219 Hieracium 1,172 Poaceae 170 Amaranthus 30
Poaceae 554 Taraxacum 162 Asteraceae 168 Oenothera 29
Fabaceae 502 Carex 126 Fabaceae 79 Opuntia 22
Caryophyllaceae 359 Centaurea 119 Rosaceae 74 Solanum 22
Brassicaceae 333 Limonium 112 Solanaceae 60 Cyperus 21
Rosaceae 317 Ranunculus 110 Asparagaceae 47 Euphorbia 18
Apiaceae 262 Ophrys 104 Brassicaceae 45 Centaurea 16
Orchidaceae 242 Pilosella 100 Cactaceae 39 Avena 13
Lamiaceae 239 Alchemilla 97 Amaranthaceae 38 Bidens 13
Ranunculaceae 231 Silene 86 Lamiaceae 38 Eucalyptus 13
Cyperaceae 188 Festuca 81 Onagraceae 34 Oxalis 13
Plantaginaceae 163 Trifolium 81 Polygonaceae 32 Triticum 13
Orobanchaceae 142 Allium 69 Crassulaceae 30 Phyllostachys 12
Plumbaginaceae 136 Saxifraga 65 Cyperaceae 30 Rosa 12
Boraginaceae 115 Euphorbia 62 Amaryllidaceae 26 Salvia 11
Campanulaceae 98 Galium 59 Iridaceae 26 Symphyotrichum 11
Rubiaceae 95 Campanula 58 Cotoneaster 10
Amaryllidaceae 93 Viola 57 Vitis 10
Primulaceae 81 Vicia 55
Asparagaceae 76 Dianthus 54
Juncaceae 70 Genista 49
Gentianaceae 68 Astragalus 45
Saxifragaceae 68 Potentilla 45
Euphorbiaceae 67 Veronica 44
Chenopodiaceae 63 Crepis 43
Crassulaceae 63 Salix 43
Dipsacaceae 62 Rosa 42
Polygonaceae 60 Rubus 41
Iridaceae 58 Cerastium 40
Violaceae 57 Juncus 40
Cistaceae 55 Orobanche 40
addition, the taxa recorded by mistake at national level
are 195. The administrative regions with the highest num-
ber of native taxa (Tab. 1), also considering the regional-
ly non-native (casual, CAS; naturalized, NAT; invasive,
INV) taxa, are: PIE (3,554), TAA (3,506), TOS (3,458),
LOM (3,452), VEN (3,360), and ABR (3,235). By exclu-
ding the regionally non-native taxa (CAS, NAT, INV), the
regions with the highest number of taxa are: PIE (3,479),
TOS (3,424), LOM (3,286), ABR (3,206), VEN (3,181),
and TAA (3,119). Cryptogenic taxa are 56, while 433 taxa
are taxonomically doubtful (Tabs. 6, 10). The increase in
the number of taxa from 2018 at regional level is showed
in Table 12.

44
Fig. 1 - Hieracium tolstoii Fen. & Zahn. Endemic to Italy, recognized as extinct in 2019. / Specie endemica italiana dichiarata estinta
nel 2019 (FI051948; Scan / Scansione: Erbario dell’Università di Firenze).
FABRIZIO BARTOLUCCI, GABRIELE GALASSO, LORENZO PERUZZI, FABIO CONTI1

45
The alien vascular ora consists of 1,660 taxa (1,574
species, 32 subspecies, and 54 hybrids), i.e. 16.16% of the
total Italian ora, belonging to 741 genera and 154 fami-
lies. The most represented families (≥ 25 taxa) and gene-
ra (≥ 10 taxa) are reported in Table 2. The taxa currently
established (NAT + INV) in Italy are 820 (593 NAT and
227 INV), while 744 are casual (CAS), 3 are not asses-
sed (CAS?, possibly casual), 5 are data decient (DD A,
unknown regional distribution, possibly casual), 48 have
not been conrmed in recent times (NC A), 3 are possibly
(locally) extinct (Plantago patagonica Jacq., Sagittaria
platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G.Sm., and Themeda triandra
Forssk.), and 37 are doubtfully occurring in the country
(D A) (Tabs. 8, 10). The number of taxa recorded by mi-
stake (NP) is 99 (Tab. 10). Looking at the taxa involved
in past domestication processes, 107 taxa are culta, 54 are
ferals, while 1 additional taxon is regarded as doubtfully
culton. The Italian alien ora includes 1,500 neophytes
and 160 archaeophytes (Tab. 1). Twenty alien species of
EU concern (Regulation (EU) 1143/2014 concerning In-
vasive Alien Species, Commission Implementing Regula-
tions (EU) 2016/1141, 2017/1263 and 2019/1262) occur
in Italy, of which 16 are invasive at national level, 3 are
considered as naturalized, while 1 is not conrmed in re-
cent times (Tab. 9). The administrative regions with the
highest number of alien taxa are LOM (790, of which 366
established), TOS (644, of which 282 established), VEN
(643, of which 257 established), TAA (592, of which 179
established), EMR (547, of which 252 established), and
PIE (547, of which 309 established) (Tab. 1). The incre-
ase in the number of taxa from 2018 at regional level is
showed in Table 13.
Tab. 3 - Most represented families (≥ 20 taxa) and genera
(≥ 15 taxa) of the Italian endemic vascular ora in 2020. /
Famiglie (≥ 20 taxa) e generi (≥ 15 taxa) maggiormente rap-
presentati nel 2020 nella ora vascolare endemica italiana.
Families Genera
Asteraceae 589 Hieracium 340
Plumbaginaceae 119 Limonium 101
Caryophyllaceae 97 Centaurea 76
Orchidaceae 92 Ophrys 60
Fabaceae 86 Genista 33
Brassicaceae 78 Ranunculus 33
Poaceae 66 Taraxacum 32
Ranunculaceae 56 Silene 29
Rosaceae 43 Dianthus 28
Apiaceae 38 Allium 25
Lamiaceae 36 Viola 21
Boraginaceae 33 Campanula 20
Amaryllidaceae 29 Epipactis 20
Campanulaceae 27 Armeria 17
Rubiaceae 27 Festuca 17
Plantaginaceae 24 Astragalus 16
Iridaceae 23 Erysimum 16
Violaceae 21 Saxifraga 16
Orobanchaceae 20 Alchemilla 15
Pilosella 15
Tab. 4 - Number of Italian endemic taxa for selected occurrence category in the 20 administrative regions
in 2020. Occurring: “P”; doubtfully occurring: “D”; no longer recorded (reliable historical record): “NC”;
extinct or possibly extinct: “EX”; cryptogenic: “C”. / Numero dei taxa endemici italiani presenti nel 2020 in
ognuna delle 20 regioni amministrative, suddivisi per categoria di presenza. Presenti: “P”; conosciuti soltanto
per record dubbi: “D”; conosciuti soltanto per record storici afdabili: “NC”; estinti o presumibilmente
estinti: “EX”; criptogenici: “C”.
VDA
PIE
LOM
TAA
VEN
FVG
LIG
EMR
TOS
MAR
UMB
LAZ
ABR
MOL
CAM
PUG
BAS
CAL
SIC
SAR
ITA
P12 88 75 95 72 43 66 88 213 160 115 205 278 136 185 148 225 277 407 314 1,594
NC 13 48 27 24 14 12 7 4 5 4 2 8 5 1 17 11 4761119
D0 2 1 2 4 1 1 5 4 6 13 7 15 7 8 14 11 12 6 3 1
EX 0070101140000003045113
P C 000000001000100100000
TOT 25 138 110 121 91 56 75 98 227 170 130 220 299 144 210 177 240 300 424 319 1,727
REPORT 2020 ON PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN ITALY: NATIVE AND ALIEN VASCULAR FLORA

46
Tab. 6 - Number of native taxa for each occurrence category in the 20 administrative regions in 2020.
Occurring: “P”; doubtfully occurring: “D”; no longer recorded (reliable historical record): “NC”; extinct or
possibly extinct: “EX”; recorded by mistake: “NP”; cryptogenic: “C”; data decent: “DD”; alien at regional
level: “A” [“CAS” (Casual), “NAT” (Naturalized), “INV” (Invasive)]. / Numero dei taxa nativi presenti
nel 2020 in ognuna delle 20 regioni amministrative, suddivisi per categoria di presenza. Presenti: “P”;
conosciuti soltanto per record dubbi: “D”; conosciuti soltanto per record storici afdabili: “NC”; estinti o
presumibilmente estinti: “EX”; riportati per errore: “NP”; criptogenici: “C”; carenti di dati: “DD”; alieni a
livello regionale: “A” [“CAS” (Casuali), “NAT” (Naturalizzati), “INV” (Invasivi)].
Tab. 5 - Number of Italian endemic taxa in the 20 administrative regions in 2020. / Numero dei taxa endemici
italiani presenti nel 2020 in ognuna delle 20 regioni amministrative.
SIC
SAR
CAL
ABR
BAS
TOS
LAZ
CAM
PUG
MAR
MOL
PIE
UMB
TAA
LOM
EMR
VEN
LIG
FVG
VDA
424 319 300 299 240 227 220 210 177 170 144 138 130 121 110 98 91 75 56 25
DISCUSSION
The native plants of Italy amount to 8,237 species and
subspecies, including 56 cryptogenic taxa. This number
consolidates the primacy in Europe already highlighted
by Bartolucci et al. (2018a), Italy being the European
country that hosts the highest number of native plants.
The increase recorded since March 2018 (Bartolucci et
al. 2018a) to December 2020 consists of 42 taxa (0.51%),
with consistent variation among administrative regions
(Tab. 12). Some have an increase rate greater than 1%,
such as e.g. TOS (1.60%), BAS (1.35%), and LAZ
P NC D EX P C NC
CD C EX
CP A P A
CAS
P A
NAT
P A
INV
NC
A D A EX
ADD TOT NP
VDA 1,764 245 233 10 37 7 1 1 0 12 22 0 7 0 5 0 2,344 283
PIE 2,995 355 86 18 24 1 0 0 0 29 36 0 6 2 2 0 3,554 289
LOM 2,907 196 67 98 14 3 0 1 1 130 27 4 0 4 0 0 3,452 315
TAA 2,752 233 79 32 20 2 1 0 7 265 90 3 3 19 0 0 3,506 175
VEN 2,803 216 140 7 14 1 0 0 26 79 64 1 7 2 0 0 3,360 162
FVG 2,754 160 59 4 10 0 0 0 67 17 82 0 4 1 0 0 3,158 141
LIG 2,604 290 100 6 16 0 2 0 2 30 28 0 19 0 0 0 3,097 212
EMR 2,570 111 74 34 22 0 3 1 1 16 23 1 4 1 0 0 2,861 120
TOS 3,161 72 140 18 30 1 2 0 1 13 16 0 2 2 0 0 3,458 234
MAR 2,319 79 85 16 19 0 2 0 8 7 30 0 0 0 0 0 2,565 124
UMB 2,071 21 262 0 17 0 1 0 13 7 20 0 1 2 0 0 2,415 189
LAZ 2,833 99 80 3 21 2 0 0 0 20 21 1 4 1 0 0 3,085 159
ABR 2,896 96 162 26 20 2 3 1 1 11 17 0 0 0 0 0 3,235 331
MOL 2,189 3 106 0 15 0 1 0 3 3 17 0 0 0 0 0 2,337 53
CAM 2,412 282 109 3 23 3 2 1 0 3 11 1 1 1 0 0 2,852 122
PUG 2,202 140 168 8 34 0 1 1 0 9 9 0 4 2 0 0 2,578 202
BAS 2,489 21 98 2 18 1 1 1 0 3 6 1 0 0 0 0 2,641 80
CAL 2,489 76 197 5 13 1 4 1 3 11 15 0 0 1 0 0 2,816 142
SIC 2,574 69 78 8 31 2 2 0 5 6 10 0 3 1 0 0 2,789 210
SAR 2,213 21 58 1 33 0 1 0 0 56 71 5 1 2 0 0 2,462 94
ITA 7,528 564 99 28 54 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 8,237 195
(1.16%). The increase at national level is mostly due to
the 31 newly described taxa (including the validation of
the name Ulmus minor subsp. canescens Bartolucci &
Galasso), in most cases Italian endemics (Tab. 11). This
increase documents the good state of oristic research in
Italy. In 2018 (from March to December), 3 new vascular
plants were described from Italy (e.g. Fig. 2B), 19 taxa in
2019, and 9 taxa in 2020 (e.g. Fig. 2A). Most of them be-
long to taxonomically critical genera such as Epipactis (5
species), Genista (1 species and 2 subspecies), Hieracium
(3 subspecies), and Rubus (2 species).
FABRIZIO BARTOLUCCI, GABRIELE GALASSO, LORENZO PERUZZI, FABIO CONTI1

47
Fig. 2 - A) Poa magellensis F.Conti & Bartolucci. Endemic to Italy, described in 2020. / Specie endemica italiana descritta nel 2020.
(Photo: / Foto: Fabrizio Bartolucci). B) Gymnospermium scipetarum Paparisto & Qosja ex E.Mayer & Pulević subsp. eddae Rosati,
Farris, Fascetti & Selvi. Endemic to Italy, described in 2018. / Sottospecie endemica italiana descritta nel 2018. (Photo: / Foto: Leon-
ardo Rosati).
A
B
REPORT 2020 ON PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN ITALY: NATIVE AND ALIEN VASCULAR FLORA

48
Tab. 7 - List of extinct or possibly extinct native taxa; 2020 data. In bold, taxa not considered as extinct by
Bartolucci et al. (2018a). / Elenco dei taxa nativi estinti o presumibilmente estinti; dati del 2020. In grassetto
quelli non considerati estinti da Bartolucci et al. (2018a).
Family Italian endemic Taxon
Droseraceae Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
Fabaceae E Anthyllis hermanniae L. subsp. corsica Brullo & Giusso
Fabaceae E Anthyllis hermanniae L. subsp. sicula Brullo & Giusso
Poaceae Bromus grossus Desf. ex DC.
Cyperaceae Bulbostylis cioniana (Pi.Savi) Lye
Alismataceae Caldesia parnassifolia (Bassi) Parl.
Brassicaceae Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. subsp. alyssum
Cyperaceae Carex pediformis C.A.Mey. subsp. pediformis
Asteraceae Carlina acanthifolia All. subsp. utzka (Hacq.) Meusel & Kästner
Asteraceae E Castroviejoa frigida (Labill.) Galbany, L.Sáez & Benedí
Ranunculaceae Clematis integrifolia L.
Asteraceae Crepis mollis (Jacq.) Asch. subsp. mollis
Cistaceae Helianthemum syriacum (Jacq.) Dum.Cours. subsp. thibaudii (Pers.) Meikle
Apiaceae Helosciadium repens (Jacq.) W.D.J.Koch
Caryophyllaceae E Herniaria fontanesii Gay subsp. empedocleana (Lojac.) Brullo
Asteraceae E Hieracium tolstoii Fen. & Zahn (Fig. 1)
Asteraceae Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.
Plumbaginaceae E Limonium catanense (Tineo ex Lojac.) Brullo
Plumbaginaceae E Limonium intermedium (Guss.) Brullo
Plumbaginaceae E Limonium peucetium Pignatti
Ranunculaceae E Ranunculus orii Pignatti
Ranunculaceae E Ranunculus fraelensis Dunkel
Ranunculaceae E Ranunculus hostiliensis Pignatti
Ranunculaceae Ranunculus monspeliacus L. subsp. saxatilis Nyman
Ranunculaceae E Ranunculus mutinensis Pignatti
Asteraceae Sonchus palustris L.
Hydrocharitaceae Stratiotes aloides L.
Chenopodiaceae E Suaeda kocheri Guss. ex C.Brullo, Brullo & Giusso
Tab. 8 - Number of alien taxa for each occurrence category in the 20 administrative regions in 2020. Casual
aliens: “CAS”; undened status, likely casual aliens: “CAS?”; naturalized aliens: “NAT”; invasive aliens:
“INV”; no longer recorded aliens: “NC A”; extinct or possibly extinct (in Italy) aliens: “EX A”; doubtfully
occurring aliens: “D A”; data decent aliens: “DD A”; recorded by mistake aliens: “NP”; alien taxa of Union
concern: “IAS”. / Numero dei taxa alieni presenti nel 2020 in ognuna delle 20 regioni amministrative, suddivisi
per categoria di presenza. Alieni casuali: “CAS”; alieni con status non noto, presumibilmente casuali: “CAS?”;
alieni naturalizzati: “NAT”; alieni invasivi: “INV”; alieni conosciuti soltanto per record storici afdabili: “NC
A”; alieni estinti o presumibilmente estinti (in Italia): “EX A”; alieni conosciuti soltanto per record dubbi: “D
A”; alieni carenti di dati: “DD A”; alieni riportati per errore: “NP”; taxa alieni di interesse unionale: “IAS”.
VDA
PIE
LOM
TAA
VEN
FVG
LIG
EMR
TOS
MAR
UMB
LAZ
ABR
MOL
CAM
PUG
BAS
CAL
SIC
SAR
ITA
CAS 71 196 408 385 343 271 268 262 292 208 187 304 205 89 218 225 130 177 206 276 744
NAT 52 241 254 139 189 156 148 225 222 91 72 136 122 67 135 116 74 109 210 137 593
INV 21 68 112 40 68 37 19 27 60 40 12 39 34 26 47 21 20 35 18 63 227
CAS? 1107610011 768102004354 3
NC A 8 15 1 4 28 18 33 18 35 28 2 17 4 0 33 13 3 16 18 2 48
D A 10 12 10 15 9 16 10 8 27 8 13 11 4 4 13 9 6 2 16 19 37
EX A 014520006100000000000 3
DD A 00000000000000000000 5
TOT 163 547 790 592 643 508 478 557 644 381 294 508 369 188 446 384 237 342 473 501 1,660
IAS 3 10 14 8 13 8 5 10 13 2 1 10 1 2 5 4 3 4 6 6 20
NP 7 46 69 27 21 15 30 23 41 11 10 22 16 8 33 16 6 17 26 20 99
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Tab. 9 - Alien taxa of Union concern in compliance with Regulation (EU) 1143/2014, Commission Implementing
Regulations (EU) 2016/1141, 2017/1263, and 2019/1262. New regional records after Galasso et al. (2018a)
are reported. / Taxa alieni di interesse unionale in base al Regolamento (UE) 1143/2014 e ai Regolamenti
di esecuzione della Commissione (UE) 2016/1141, 2017/1263 e 2019/1262. Vengono evidenziate le nuove
segnalazioni regionali successive a Galasso et al. (2018a).
Family Taxon New regional
records
Status ITA
Fabaceae Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. INV
Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle INV
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. INV
Apocynaceae Asclepias syriaca L. NAT
Asteraceae Baccharis halimifolia L. INV
Sapindaceae Cardiospermum grandiorum Sw. NAT
Poaceae Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone CAS TOS, INV CAL INV
Hydrocharitaceae Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H.St.John INV
Asteraceae Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (D.Don ex Hook. & Arn.) DC. NAT
Apiaceae Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier INV
Cannabaceae Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. INV
Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. INV
Balsaminaceae Impatiens glandulifera Royle INV
Hydrocharitaceae Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss INV
Onagraceae Ludwigia hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Zardini, H.Y.Gu & P.H.Raven NAT LAZ INV
Onagraceae Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.) P.H.Raven INV
Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. CAS FVG, INV TOS INV
Pontederiaceae Pontederia crassipes Mart. INV
Fabaceae Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi INV
Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta D.S.Mitch. Not conrmed
Tab. 10 - Comparison between data at national level updated to 2020 and those reported by Bartolucci et
al. (2018a) and Galasso et al. (2018a). Taxonomically doubtful taxa: “T”. / Confronto a livello nazionale
tra i dati aggiornati al 2020 e quelli riportati da Bartolucci et al. (2018a) e Galasso et al. (2018a). Taxa
tassonomicamente dubbi: “T”.
Native Alien
ITA (Bartolucci et al. 2018a) ITA (2020) ITA (Galasso et al. 2018a) ITA (2020)
P 7,483 7,528 CAS 705 744
NC 568 564 NAT 570 593
D 99 99 INV 221 227
EX 26 28 CAS? 4 3
P C 53 54 NC A 47 48
NC C 2 2D A 40 37
DD 19 18 EX A 3 3
NP 177 195 DD A 7 5
T 430 433 NP 86 99
T 26 28
TOT 8,195 8,237 1,597 1,660
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Tab. 11 - New taxa described between March 2018 and December 2020, not included in Bartolucci et al.
(2018a) and Galasso et al. (2018a). Endemic: “E”; alien: “A”. / Nuovi taxa descritti tra marzo 2018 e dicembre
2020, non inclusi in Bartolucci et al. (2018a) e Galasso et al. (2018a). Endemici: “E”; alieni: “A”.
Family E A Taxon References
Rosaceae E Alchemilla gretae-gregorii S.E.Fröhner & Prosser Fröhner & Prosser (2019)
Brassicaceae E Alyssum rossetii Španiel, Bovio & K.Kaplan Španiel et al. (2018)
Orchidaceae E Anacamptis berica Doro Doro (2020)
Brassicaceae Arabidopsis halleri (L.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz subsp. occidentalis Šrámková &
Marhold
Šrámková et al. (2019)
Chenopodiaceae Arthrocaulon meridionale Es.Ramírez, Rufo, Sánchez Mata, V.Fuente Ramírez et al. (2019)
Brassicaceae E Brassica tardarae Ilardi, Geraci & Troìa Ilardi et al. (2020)
Asteraceae E Centaurea akroteriensis Gennaio & Q.G.Manni Gennaio & Manni (2020)
Asteraceae E Centaurea heywoodiana Raimondo, Spadaro & Di Grist. Raimondo et al. (2020)
Papaveraceae E Corydalis densiora C.Presl subsp. apennina F.Conti, Bartolucci & Uzunov Conti et al. (2019)
Plantaginaceae E Cymbalaria mulleri (Moris) A.Chev. subsp. villosa Carnicero Carnicero et al. (2019)
Orchidaceae E Epipactis cordigera S.Hertel & Presser Hertel & Presser (2019)
Orchidaceae E Epipactis garganica S.Hertel Hertel & Presser (2019)
Orchidaceae E Epipactis hygrophila S.Hertel Hertel & Presser (2019)
Orchidaceae E Epipactis majellensis Presser & S.Hertel Hertel & Presser (2019)
Orchidaceae E Epipactis torqueta Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano Hertel & Presser (2019)
Fabaceae E Genista desoleana Vals. subsp. martellii Bacch., Brullo & Giusso Bacchetta et al. (2020)
Fabaceae E Genista nuragica Bacch., Brullo & Giusso Bacchetta et al. (2020)
Fabaceae E Genista salzmannii DC. subsp. limbarae Bacch., Brullo & Giusso Bacchetta et al. (2020)
Poaceae Glyceria spicata Guss. subsp. onubensis J.López & Devesa López & Devesa (2019)
Berberidaceae E Gymnospermium scipetarum Paparisto & Qosja ex E.Mayer & Pulević subsp. eddae
Rosati, Farris, Fascetti & Selvi (Fig. 2B)
Rosati et al. (2018)
Asteraceae Hieracium atratum Fr. subsp. pergrandifrons Zahn ex Gottschl. Gottschlich (2019)
Asteraceae E Hieracium racemosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. amideii Gottschl., Gonnelli &
Zoccola
Gonnelli et al. (2019)
Asteraceae E Hieracium racemosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. lucanum Di Grist., Domina,
Gottschl. & Scadi
Di Gristina et al. (2019)
Poaceae E Poa magellensis F.Conti & Bartolucci (Fig. 2A) Conti et al. (2020)
Rosaceae Rubus maureri Király, Trávn. & Žíla Király et al. (2019)
Rosaceae E Rubus vallis-cembrae Prosser & Király Prosser & Király (2019)
Crassulaceae A ×Sedeveria mauroi L.Gallo, Merli & Jankalski Gallo et al. (2020)
Caryophyllaceae Stellaria ruderalis M.Lepší, P.Lepší, Z.Kaplan & P.Koutecký Lepší et al. (2019)
Fabaceae E Vicia brulloi Sciandr., Giusso, Salmeri & Miniss. Sciandrello et al. (2019)
Violaceae E Viola cassinensis Strobl subsp. lucana Silletti, Perrino, Wagens. & Erben Perrino et al. (2018)
Ulmaceae Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. canescens Bartolucci & Galasso Bartolucci et al. (2019a)
FABRIZIO BARTOLUCCI, GABRIELE GALASSO, LORENZO PERUZZI, FABIO CONTI1

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Tab. 12 - Comparison 2018/2020 of native (native +
cryptogenic) taxa occurring in each of the 20 administrative
regions and increasing rate. / Confronto 2018/2020 dei
taxa nativi (nativi + criptogenici) presenti in ognuna delle
20 regioni amministrative e relativi tassi di incremento.
N + C
2018
N + C
2020
N + C 2020-2018
(increasing rate)
TOS 3,370 3,424 +54 (1.60%)
BAS 2,598 2,631 +33 (1.35%)
LAZ 3,003 3,038 +35 (1.16%)
SAR 2,305 2,327 +22 (0.95%)
MAR 2,497 2,520 +23 (0.92%)
CAM 2,813 2,835 +22 (0.78%)
CAL 2,768 2,786 +18 (0.65%)
EMR 2,798 2,815 +17 (0.61%)
MOL 2,301 2,314 +13 (0.56%)
LIG 3,002 3,018 +16 (0.53%)
ABR 3,190 3,206 +16 (0.50%)
PIE 3,463 3,479 +16 (0.46%)
LOM 3,272 3,286 +14 (0.43%)
FVG 2,975 2,987 +12 (0.40%)
VDA 2,289 2,298 +9 (0.39%)
VEN 3,169 3,181 +12 (0.38%)
UMB 2,364 2,372 +8 (0.34%)
TAA 3,116 3,119 +3 (0.10%)
PUG 2,552 2,554 +2 (0.08%)
SIC 2,763 2,764 +1 (0.04%)
ITA 8,195 8,237 +42 (0.51%)
Tab. 13 - Comparison 2018/2020 of alien (archaeophyte +
neophyte) taxa occurring in each of the 20 administrative
regions and increasing rate. / Confronto 2018/2020 dei
taxa alieni (archeote + neote) presenti in ognuna delle
20 regioni amministrative e relativi tassi di incremento.
ARC + NEO
[CAS, NAT, INV]
2018
ARC + NEO
[CAS, NAT, INV]
2020
ARC + NEO
2020-2018
(increasing rate)
CAL 267 342 +75 (28.09%)
FVG 436 508 +72 (16.51%)
TOS 580 644 +64 (11.03%)
VDA 149 163 +14 (9.39%)
SIC 437 473 +36 (8.24%)
BAS 220 237 +17 (7.73%)
MAR 356 381 +25 (7.02%)
PUG 361 384 +23 (6.37%)
ABR 350 369 +19 (5.43%)
LAZ 482 508 +26 (5.39%)
LIG 456 478 +22 (4.82%)
SAR 481 501 +20 (4.16%)
VEN 618 643 +25 (4.04%)
PIE 526 547 +21 (3.99%)
EMR 537 557 +20 (3.72%)
CAM 433 446 +13 (3.00%)
UMB 286 294 +8 (2.80%)
TAA 577 592 +15 (2.60%)
LOM 776 790 +14 (1.80%)
MOL 185 188 +3 (1.62%)
ITA 1,597 1,660 +63 (3.94%)
Less comforting is the increase of alien taxa by 63
(+3.94%), which documents a rapid and worrying increase
in allochthones, most signicant being the increase of 23
new naturalized and 6 invasive aliens. In some administra-
tive regions the increase is alarming (Tab. 13): +28.09% in
CAL, +16.51% in FVG, +11.03% in TOS. These values are
probably due to the intensication of exploration, however
these are substantial changes, which deserve great attention.
The taxa not conrmed for Italy have slightly decreased,
from 568 to 564. These taxa will be the object of a project
undertaken by the working group for Floristics, Systematics
and Evolution of the Italian Botanical Society, aimed at ve-
rifying their occurrence in Italy during the next few years.
Unfortunately, the number of taxa considered extinct has
slightly increased from 26 to 28, 13 of which are endemic to
Italy (Tab. 7). Three taxa were newly reported as extinct in
Italy [Carex pediformis C.A.Mey. subsp. pediformis; Crepis
mollis (Jacq.) Asch. subsp. mollis; Hieracium tolstoii Fen.
& Zahn, Fig. 1], while the taxonomic status of Puccinellia
gussonei Parl. (extinct in Bartolucci et al. 2018a), was re-
vised, being now considered as a synonym of P. festucifor-
mis (Host) Parl. subsp. lagascana M.A.Juliá & J.M.Monts.
(Bartolucci et al. 2020b; Abeli et al. 2021). The knowledge
that will be acquired in the coming years will be crucial to
better understand the conservation status of the Italian ora.
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FABRIZIO BARTOLUCCI, GABRIELE GALASSO, LORENZO PERUZZI, FABIO CONTI1