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One Ecosystem 6: e56536
doi: 10.3897/oneeco.5.e56536
Research Article
Floristic composition and community structure
along the elevational gradient of Balinsasayao
Twin Lakes Natural Park in Negros Oriental,
Philippines
Wilbert A. Aureo , Tomas D. Reyes Jr. , Francis Carlo U. Mutia , Danilo N. Tandang ,
Reizl P. Jose
‡ Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
Bohol Island State University, Bohol, Philippines
§ Program on Biodiversity Assessment and Conservation, Research and Development Office,
Bohol Island State University, Bohol, Philippines
| Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, College of Forestry and Natural Resources,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
¶ Philippine National Herbarium, Botany and National Herbarium Division, National Museum of Natural History,
T.M. Kalaw St., Manila, Philippines
# Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and
National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
Corresponding author: Wilbert A. Aureo (wilbert.aureo@bisu.edu.ph)
Academic editor: Stoyan Nedkov
Received: 15 Jul 2020 | Accepted: 11 Dec 2020 | Published: 11 May 2021
Citation: Aureo WA, Reyes Jr. TD, Mutia FCU, Tandang DN, Jose RP (2021) Floristic composition and
community structure along the elevational gradient of Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park in Negros Oriental,
Philippines. One Ecosystem 6: e56536. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.5.e56536
Abstract
Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park (BTLNP) is one of the protected areas on the Island
of Negros Oriental which is enormously rich in biodiversity due to different Lowland types
formed along its elevation gradient. This study was conducted to better understand the
composition and diversity of plant species in the natural park to improve conservation and
management efforts of these remaining forests which are currently under threat from eco-
tourism and other anthropomorphic influences. Within the 18 randomly distributed nested
plots, a total of 351 species of plants were recorded. Of these, 183 species were trees, 54
herbs, 51 shrubs, 41 pteridophytes and 22 vines. The result of hierarchical cluster analysis
‡,§ | § ¶,#
‡,§
© Aureo W et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY
4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
showed differences in plant composition along the elevation gradient. There were 30 (9%)
threatened species (vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered) and most of which
were found in the submontane Lowland. Furthermore, the species diversity increases from
lowland to sub-montane and eventually decreases towards montane Lowland. These
results not only indicate the importance of BTLNP, but also highlights the submontane as a
special area of concern due to the higher concentration of threatened and endemic
species.
Keywords
plant conservation, species diversity, Central Visayas, community structure, threatened
species
Introduction
The Philippines is one of the megabiodiverse countries and is considered a priority
conservation area (Turner et al. 2003). A recent flora inventory conducted across the
Philippines by (Barcelona et al. 2013) reported a total of 10,107 species, which is
approximately five percent of the world's known plant species. Primarily due to the
economic importance of forests in Southeast Asia, many studies on the flora vegetation
have been conducted throughout the Philippines (Whitmore et al. 1984); (Kartawinata
1989); (Soepadmo 1995). However, only a small number of studies have been conducted
in the Philippine submontane and montane Lowland regions (Ashton 1993). These regions
are one of the the last remaining Lowland fragments in the Philippines and, thus, have
become the focus of conservation efforts (Heaney 1993; Penafiel 1995; Hamann et al.
1999). Negros-Panay Region, where this study was conducted, is considered one of the
regions most threatened and in need of conservation efforts due to the presences of
endemic, critically endangered, and functionally-extinct species (Heaney et al. 1998).
Some of these are Prionailurus bengalensis (Heaney et al. 1998), Shorea negrosensis
(Fernando et al. 2009), Sus philippinensis and Carlito syrichta (Mallari et al. 2001) to name
but a few. One of the primary threats to this area is deforestation which has been shown to
be a driver of species extinction in tropical Southeast Asia (Hughes 2017). Prime areas for
deforestation within Asian tropics are the lowland forests (Turner and Corlett 1996).
However, protected areas are costly and often underfunded which leads to many
biologically-important areas being underprotected (Corlett and Primack 2008).
Species diversity can be influenced by many types of environmental changes (Sagar et al.
2008). Different elevations and slopes have shown to influence the species richness and
dispersal of tree species (Eilu and Obua 2005). According to Sharma et al. (2009),
elevation may cause a difference in the insolation period, thereby forming a range of micro-
climates in multifaceted landscapes. However, this pattern of biodiversity along the
elevational gradient remains relatively poorly understood, partly hindered by the perceived
heterogeneous conditions. Understanding biogeographical patterns and variation in
species richness and endemic trends is critical to conservation strategies in elevationally-
2Aureo W et al
diverse areas. Additionally, biodiversity assessments are recognised globally as a
fundamental activity to sustainable biodiversity conservation (Humphries et al. 1995,
Margules and Pressey 2000, Williams et al. 1995). These combined concepts lead to the
present study, an investigation to extend the botanical knowledge of flora composition
along elevational range Lowland communities in the context of Southeast Asia. Thus, this
study was carried out to answer the following questions: (i) does plant composition
changes along elevation gradient and (ii) does species diversity increase with increasing
elevation?
Materials and Methods
Study site
The Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park (BTLNP) is located in Negros Oriental and is
surrounded by Lakes Balinsasayao and Danao (Fig. 1). It is situated 14.5 km from
Dumaguete City with a total land area of 8,016.65 hectares (80.16 km ) with elevation
ranging from 750 to 1,700 m above sea level. The topography of BTLNP is generally steep,
with fresh and abandoned fields occupying the flatter areas, both within and around the
protected area. The lower areas, mainly around the Twin Lakes, still have extensive stands
of dipterocarp lowland rainforest, as well as patches of Agathis philippinensis, the largest
tree in the Philippines (which can grow up to 60 m) (Brooks et al. 1992; Heideman and
Erickson 1987; Hicks 2001).
2
Figure 1.
Location of the established plots (red rectangles) along the elevational gradient of
Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park.
Floristic composition and community structure along the elevational gradient ... 3
Field data collection
The study was conducted along the elevational gradient of Balinsasayao Twin Lakes
Natural Park from April to May 2019. Three study forests were pre-determined, based on
the general description by Brown and Alcala (1961). The elevation gradients were as
follows; lowland Lowland (300-800 m a.s.l.), sub-montane (900-1,450 m a.s.l.) and, lastly,
montane that extends to 1,750 m.a.s.l. at the highest peak known as Mt. Guinsayawan
(Aureo et al. 2019). Randomly nested sampling plots, designed by Lillo et al. (2019), were
used in the flora inventory and data collection procedure. This is to support the initial efforts
of the previous researchers to have unified data within the entire region for future unified
conservation plans. Eighteen (18) sampling plots (Table 1), each with a dimension of 10 m
x 100 m, were established in the closed and less disturbed forested areas along altitudinal
gradients of BTLNP. Each sampling plot was further divided into five (5) equal segments
(10 m x 20 m) to facilitate recording of plants having diameter at breast height (DBH) of 10
cm and above. A nested subplot of 5 m x 5 m was laid at the centre of each segment for
plants in the intermediate layer which has a diameter at breast hieght (DBH) less than 10
cm. Furthermore, four (4) smallest nested plots (1 m x 1 m) were also laid on the inner
edges of the 5 m x 5 m plot for species in the understorey layer and ground cover.
Plot Forest type Latitude Longitude Elevation (m a.s.l.)
LLQ1 Lowland 9.37153 123.19747 701
LLQ2 Lowland 9.37202 123.19395 680
LLQ3 Lowland 9.37048 123.19127 656
SMQ1 Sub-montane upper part of the lake 9.36213 123.17753 993
SMQ2 Sub-montane upper part of the lake 9.36122 123.17635 1034
SMQ3 Sub-montane upper part of the lake 9.36085 123.17518 1070
SMQ4 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35410 123.18258 886
SMQ5 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35268 123.18255 906
SMQ6 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35107 123.18152 923
SMQ7 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35075 123.18052 895
SMQ8 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35462 123.18247 877
SMQ9 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35650 123.18150 873
SMQ10 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35792 123.18078 867
SMQ11 Sub-montane along the lake 9.35908 123.18067 905
Table 1.
The sampling plots in Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park (BTLNP) with the plot codes (Plots)
used in the cluster analysis. Geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) in each plot are in decimal
format and the elevation is in metres above sea level (m a.s.l.).
4Aureo W et al
Plot Forest type Latitude Longitude Elevation (m a.s.l.)
SMQ12 Sub-montane upper part of the lake 9.35012 123.17003 935
MOQ1 Montane 9.33265 123.15225 1670
MOQ2 Montane 9.333042 123.15063 1699
MOQ3 Montane 9.335249 123.14931 1710
Data recorded in the field were:
1. plant names from family down to species level;
2. bio-measurements on diameter at breast height (cm) and total height (m);
3. plant habit of observed plants; and
4. GPS coordinates of all corners of each segment and nested plots.
Relative locations of trees were sketched for tracing and monitoring purposes. For small
sized plants (understorey and ground vegetation), these data were obtained:
1. number of individuals and
2. crown cover in percent were estimated.
Identification and nomenclature were aided using the following strategies:
1. expert determination;
2. use of flora databases (Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines 2020; International
Plant Name Index (IPNI) 2016),
3. lexicons (Salvosa 1963), Rojo et al. 1999;
4. published books (Flora Malesiana 2019, Merrill 1922), field guides and other
literature (e.g. De Guzman et al. 1986; Rojo et al. 1997; Fernando et al. 2004;
Lapitan et al. 2010; McPherson and Amoroso 2011; Amoroso 2013; Tandang et al.
2014; and Malabrigo et al. 2016); and finally
5. use of type images.
Herbarium specimens were not collected during the first year of the study because of the
limited time and collection restrictions.
Analyses
The status of plant diversity was assessed using parameters of species abundance, such
as: frequency, density and dominance and summed as the importance value. The
Importance Value (IV) is the summation of the relative frequency, relative density and
relative dominance combined as one.
The formulae to derive the IV are based on Fernando (2008) and are provided below:
Density = total number of individuals of a species / area sampled
Relative Density = density of species / total densities of all species x 100
Floristic composition and community structure along the elevational gradient ... 5
Dominance = basal area (DBH area) of species / total area sampled
Relative Dominance = dominance of species / total dominance of all species x 100
Occurrence = number of plots a species is observed / total number of plots established
Frequency = number of occurrences / total number of occurrences
Relative Frequency = frequency of species / total of frequencies x 100
Importance value (IV) = Relative Density + Relative Dominance + Relative Frequency
On the other hand, the index of diversity was determined using the equations of Magurran
(1998).
Shannon Diversity Index (H') = -∑ p (LNp )
where p is the proportion (n/N) of individuals of one particular species found (n), divided by
the total number of individuals found (N)
Pielou's Evenness Index (E') = H’/ln(s)
where s = number of species
Simpson Diversity Index (D) = 1 - (∑n(n-1)/N(N-1)
where n = the total number of organisms of a particular species; N = the total number of
organisms of all species.
Values were interpreted, using the descriptions (Table 2) proposed by Fernando (2008).
Relative Value Rating Species Diversity (H’) Evenness (E’)
Very High 3.50 – above 0.75 – 1.00
High 3.00 – 3.49 0.50 – 0.74
Moderate 2.50 – 2.99 0.25 – 0.49
Low 2.00 – 2.49 0.15 – 0.24
Very Low 0.00 – 1.99 0.05 – 0.14
Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of plots was done using Jaccard's similarity index from
Paleontological Statistics (PAST version 2.17c) (Hammer and Harper 2006). The
dendogram was generated through the unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA) and
bootstrapping (n = 1000). We employed this method of analysis because it is sensitive to
small sample sizes and missing observations (Glen 2016).
i i
i
Table 2.
Description of species diversity indices proposed by Fernando (2008).
6Aureo W et al
Threatened species
The conservation status of species was based on local, ‘‘The National List of Threatened
Philippine Plants and their Categories” (DENR Administrative Order No. 11-17 2017) and
international, the IUCN Red List (International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List
of Threatened Species 2019) catergorisations. Endemicity was determined through a
Philippine archive of plant species (Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines 2020) which is
available online.
Results
Floristic composition and community structure
A total of 351 plant species which represents 230 genera belonging to 103 families were
recorded. These species were further classified as 183 species of trees, 54 herbs, 51
shrubs, 41 ferns and 22 vines. Angiosperms dominated the area, comprising 308 different
plant species, while only two species were recorded for gymnosperms (Agathis
philippinensis and Dacrydium beccarii). At the family level, the top 10 most abundant taxa
included Rubiaceae (20 species; 6%), Lauraceae (19 species; 5%), Moraceae (18 species,
5%), Fabaceae (14; 4%), Myrtaceae (14 species; 4%), Urticaeae (11 species; 3%),
Araceae (10 species; 3%), Euphorbiaceae (10 species; 3%), Melastomataceae (10
species; 3%) and Arecaceae (8 species; 2%). Moreover, amongst the elevational gradients
surveyed, sub-montane ecosystems had the highest species richness (n = 287), followed
by lowland (n = 96) and, lastly, montane (n = 53).
To understand the similarity of species in response to Lowland types along the elevation
gradient, a cluster analysis was performed (Fig. 2). Plots were grouped into three major
clusters as a function of abundance and composition. The first cluster was plots located in
the lowland Lowland and was dominated by Axonopus compressus, Nephrolepis hirsutula,
Chromolaena odorata, Christella parasitica and Melastoma malabathricum. Meanwhile,
plots located in the sub-montane Lowland were grouped together in cluster two. This was
dominated by Pinanga insignis, Nephrolepis biserrata, Selaginella eschscholzii, Aporosa
sphaeridiophora and Pleioluma firma. Lastly, cluster three, plots from montane Lowland,
was dominated by Cyathea negrosiana, Freycinetia lagenicarpa, Blechnum vestitum,
Tasmannia piperita and Dacrydium beccarii.
Species diversity and importance value
Lowland forest
The diversity estimates along the elevation gradient tend to follow this trend, high > very
high > low (Fig. 3). In lowland elevations, the Shannon Diversity Index was H’ = 3.29 which
can be atttributed to its fragmented vegetation under disturbed conditions. The presence of
land preparation activities and agricultural farms has contributed to the removal of the
Lowland cover (Pampilona et al. 2005). Consequently, pioneer and sun-loving species
were accounted at this range in which agricultural crops like Cocos nucifera, Musa
Floristic composition and community structure along the elevational gradient ... 7
balbisana and Musa sapientum were also present (Suppl. material 1). Several pioneer
species, such Ficus odorata, Leucosyke capitellata, Omolanthus populneus, Melicope
latifolia, Macaranga bicolor, Macaranga tanarius, Ficus septica and Melastoma
malabathricum, dominated the lowlands. The most common dominating species for ground
cover in lowland includes Nephrolepis hirsutula, Chromolaena odorata, Christella
parasitica, Nephrolepis biserrata, Lantana camara, Mikania cordata, Pteridium aquilinum
and Panicum repens. These species were common in areas with high levels of sunlight,
such as near agriculture and within Lowland gaps.
Sub-montane Lowland
Sub-montane Lowland has an average diversity of H'= 4.20 which was categorised as very
high, based on Fernando (2008). The canopy layer, consisiting of tall economically-
important trees like Shorea polysperma, Agathis philippinensis, dominated in this Lowland
(Suppl. material 2). Other frequent species that also tended to dominate were Streblus
glaber, Platea excelsa, Syzygium affine, Aporosa sphaeridiophora and Phoebe
sterculioides. Shorea negrosensis was found common in all types of terrain; however, it
decreased in abundance at higher elevations. This trend was also observed for the other
Figure 2.
Dendogram of 18 sampling plots generated through UPGMA using Jaccard Similarity Index.
Bootstraping was done at n = 1000; cophenetic correlation is 0.94. SMQ1-SMQ3 and SMQ12
are plots located in submontane (the upper part of the lake); SMQ4-SMQ11 - plots located in
submontane (along the lake); LLQ1-LLQ3 are plots located in the lowland; MOQ1-MOQ3 –
plots in the montane Lowland.
8Aureo W et al
species listed. Huge mother trees of Agathis philippinensis were found only in a protected
portion of the study area. It was noted that this species was very common many decades
ago. The most abundant shrubs and small trees were Pleioluma firma, Euonymus
javanicus, Schefflera elliptica and Pinanga insignis. Tree ferns like Cyathea contaminans
and Cyathea negrosiana were also observed to be dominating in this Lowland. Ground
cover was frequently dominated by several fern species, such as Nephrolepis biserrata,
Christella parasitica and Selaginella eschscholzii. Dominant herb species were Aglaonema
commutatum, Geophila repens and Scleria scrobiculata. The presence of Freycinetia
lagenicarpa, which is a "ground-creeping" plant, was also encountered along branchlets of
trees. The diversity and richness of this gradient were higher compared to lowland and
montane.
Montane Lowland
This Lowland is characterised by the presence of numerous species of mosses, lichens
and epiphytes. The dominant tree species was Dacrydium beccarii, while common shrubs
dominating were Tasmannia piperita, Elaeocarpus argenteus, Melastoma crinitum,
Vaccinium microphyllum, Freycinetia lagenicarpa, Astronia cumingiana, Dimorphanthera
apoana and Eurya buxifolia and species of tree ferns were Cyathea negrosiana and
Cyathea contaminans (Suppl. material 3). A low Shannon Diversity Index, 2.48, was
observed at this elevation. Computed Evenness on the other hand, was 0.79 which
indicates even distribution of plant species commonly shared within the plots.
Conservation status and endemicity
Out of 351 species recorded at the study site, 30 (9%) were classified as threatened. Of
the 30 threatened species, six (6) were categorised as critically endangered, four (4)
Figure 3.
The Shannon Diversity and the Pielou's Evenness Indices along elevational gradient in all
plant layers (A), canopy (B), intermediate (C) and ground cover (D).
Floristic composition and community structure along the elevational gradient ... 9
endangered and 20 vulnerable. Remarkably, twenty five of these threatened species were
found thriving in the Lowland of the sub-montane (Table 3). Meanwhile, both lowland and
montane had six threatened species noted. Critically-endangered species included Shorea
almon, Paphiopedilum acmodontum, Shorea negrosensis, Shorea polysperma, Shorea
contorta and Nepenthes ramos. Endangered species included Medinilla banahaensis,
Madhuca betis, Guioa acuminata and Cyathea contaminans. Vulnerable species included
Agathis philippinensis, Artocarpus blanco, Macaranga bicolor, Cinnamomum mercadoi,
Dillenia philippinensis, Terminalia pellucida, Canthium dicoccum, Palaquium philippense,
Palaquium luzoniense, Mangifera altissima, Canarium ovatum, Canarium luzonicum,
Ardisia squamulosa, Macaranga grandifolia, Asplenium vittaeforme, Alocasia zebrina,
Alpinia musifolia and Cyathea negrosiana. In addition, a total of 88 species were endemic
to the Philippines. The highest number (74) of endemic species was found in the sub-
montane followed by 20 in the montane and 15 in the lowland.
Seed type Endemic Threatened
Lowland Sub-montane Montane Lowland Sub-montane Montane
Agiosperms 13 71 18 4 21 4
Gymnosperms 0 0 0 0 1 0
Pteridophytes 2 3 2 2 3 2
Total 15 74 20 6 25 6
Discussion
The findings in this study showed that the composition of flora of "BTLNP" in Negros Island
is structured by elevational gradient. The distribution and composition of species within the
three major Lowland types in the study site are defined and restricted by the differences in
elevation which have a direct influence on the species ability to survive, compete and
reproduce. Several tree species from the family Lauraceae, such as Litsea, Cinnamomum,
Neolitsea, Actinodaphne, Phoebe and Machilus, were found thriving in the sub-montane
forests. In addition, a number of dipterocarp species belonging to genus Shorea were also
observed in this Lowland type. These observations conformed with the findings of Ashton
(2003) where sub-montane forests in Southeast Asia are mainly composed of dipterocarps
and oak-laurel assemblages. The plant composition of the lowland Lowland, on the other
hand, was predominantly agricultural crops and pioneer species such as banana
(Musaceae), figs (Moraceae), legumes (Fabaceae), herbs (Araceae) and euphorbs
(Euphorbiaceae), all considered indications of farm cultivation and anthropogenic
influences. These species groups were also commonly observed in open forested areas of
Bohol, Philippines as reported by Reyes et al. (2015) and Bullecer et al. (2015) and in
native tree farms Reyes and Sarnowski (2020) and timber plantations Reyes (2019). The
Table 3.
Threatened and endemic plant species recorded along the elevation gradient of BTLNP.
10 Aureo W et al
open Lowland canopy allows light to penetrate to reach the Lowland floor making it
available to sun-loving ground herbs, legumes and grasses in order to proliferate which
explains why these species are found dominant in the lowland Lowland (Durst et al. 2016).
Ultimately, the montane Lowland was characterised by the presence of mosses, lichens,
epiphytes and small trees with prop and aerial roots coming out from one to a few metres
from the base of the tree trunks that are irregular in shape. Trees like Dacrydium,
Tasmannia, Elaeocarpus, Melastoma, Omolanthus, Vaccinium and Syzygium were
observed in this site to be dwarfed and their trunks gnarled. These are indications of their
adaptations to strong winds and pressure, a similar observation by Aiba and Kitayama
(1999). Furthermore, the dominance of tree ferns Cyathea contaminans and Cyathea
negrosiana especially in sub-montane to montane elevations was observed. Cyathea is
known to play a prominent role in lower montane Lowland areas (Richter 2008) and are
common inhabitants of tropical montane cloud Lowland (Penafiel 1995). The wide range of
tree ferns indicate a floral group more tolerant of higher seasonality and long-term climatic
fluctuations (Tejedor 2018). Meanwhile, towards high elevations, the presence of conifers,
known to thrive in higher Southeast Asian mountain areas, indicates the uniqueness of this
elevational habitat (Enright and Jaffre 2011).
A sharp decline of species richness and diversity as altitude increased beyond 1,450 m
a.s.l. was observed. This decline is due to the extreme environmental conditions, such as
very low temperature, high relative humidity and low decomposition rate in the montane
Lowland. Low temperature affects the respiratory process of trees through high retention of
water vapour (Aureo and Bande 2019, Bernatzky 1978). Another contributary factor to the
decrease in the number of species and diversity in the montane Lowland is organic matter
storage and decomposition essential for plant growth (Culmsee and Leuschner 2013,
Krishna and Mohan 2017). Low decomposition rates in the montane Lowland result in the
building up of organic matter and nutrient stocks in soil which are not readily available for
plant growth. Fast decomposition rates in submontane and lowland forests help to meet
plant intake requirements (Isaac and Nair 2005). Another notable observation was that
flora richness peaks at sub-montane and decreases at both lowlands and montane
elevations which follow a bell shape curve. The diversity value of lowland was 3.29, which
is relatively high, but lower than sub-montane Lowland. Lowland elevation was identified
primarily as agroforestry-dominated where human impacts are evident in the form of open
spaces. This may prevent the establishment of shade-tolerant species (Villanueva and
Buot 2018). The Evenness Index, an indication of species representation, was 0.88 or 88%
for the lowland, demonstrating a high level of similarity between plots within the lowland
habitat. This could be because of the presence of ecotones and the transition zone (from
lowland to sub-montane) near the established plots in the lowland area. In sub-montane,
the Shannon Diversity Index was very high. This can possibly be attributed to the various
Lowland structures formed from transitional zones of lowland extending towards the lakes.
Furthermore, submontane Lowland has a lower Evenness Index indicating that a certain
species at this elevation over-dominate while other species are not well represented. As so
many species were observed at the sub-montane level, it would not be expected for all
species to be represented evenly. Montane Lowland, on the other hand, had low species
diversity. In addition, the species Evenness Index value was 0.79 which indicates that 79%
Floristic composition and community structure along the elevational gradient ... 11
of the species amongst montane elevations are common amongst the plots. These findings
correlate with previous tropical mountain research in which the number of species, genera
and families decreases with increasing elevation (Aiba and Kitayama 1999, Kitayama
1992, Sharma et al. 2009). However, this finding is not consistent across other tropical
mountains in the Philippines, such as in Mt. Pulag (Buot and Okitsu 1998), Mt. Mayon
(Buot 2008), Mt. Makiling (Buot and Osumi 2011) and Mt. Ilong (Villanueva and Buot
2018), wherein an increase in diversity along elevation was observed. These contrasting
observations could be explained by how a certain mountain ranges arebeing utilised. For
instance, the lowland Lowland, which is located within 600-750 m a.s.l., is being utilised as
agroforestry which accounts for both the planted and natural flora.
Thirty threatened and 88 Philippine endemic species were observed in BTLNP. Most of the
threatened and endemic species were found in the sub-montane Lowland along the lake
and are less in the montane and lowland. Elevation is known to be the greatest influencing
factor in changes on floristic composition and diversity in tropical mountains (Hemp 2006).
The threatened species found in BTNLP were mostly families belonging to
Dipterocarpaceae and Sapotaceae which are mostly sensitive to extreme environmental
conditions. Species belonging to the family Dipterocarpaceae, which was commonly found
in this study, is known as a good source of timber and is considered economically
important, thus constitutes a threat for future exploitation of these tree species (Reyes and
Sarnowski 2020).
Conclusions
The present study highlights the floristic composition, community structure and diversity of
BTLNP along its elevational gradient, from lowland, sub-montane and montane. Our
findings revealed that lowland and sub-montane forests had higher number of species
compared to the montane Lowland. Furthermore, we observed a change in plant species
composition along elevation gradients with a trend of decreasing species diversity with
increasing elevation. It is worth noting that most of the threatened species observed in this
study are mostly found in the sub-montane Lowland and are more easily accessible to
humans compared to the montane.
These results indicate that BTLNP should follow appropriate conservation and
management strategies to protect all elevations, but have a special focus on the sub-
montane level, as well as threatened species. Additional care should be taken in the
development of ecotourism, as human distrubance has been shown to alter the floral
composition. Lastly, this study not only provides a floral baseline for BTLNP, but can also
be used as a reference for additional species composition and elevational research within
the Central Visayas.
12 Aureo W et al
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD), for the financial assistance of the
project. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Protected
Area Management Board (PAMB) also with the BTLFAI Peoples Organization (PO)
members of Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park is also acknowledged for allowing and
supporting the researchers in the conduct of their study. We would like to also convey deep
gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to the Central Visayas biodiversity survey team,
Rochelyn Parba, Jessie Josol, Jessica Josol, Arianne Pacarat and Oscar Ido.
Funding program
Biodiversity Assessment for Sustainable Management in Key Biodiversity Areas of Central
Visayas
Hosting institution
Bohol Island State University
Ethics and security
Specimen Collection Gratuitous Permit (GP) Number VII-2019-04 (DENR Region VII)
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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Floristic composition and community structure along the elevational gradient ... 17
Supplementary materials
Suppl. material 1: Plant species with high IV in the lowland Lowland for the canopy,
intermediate and ground layer.
Authors: Aureo et al.
Data type: excel
Brief description: RDen = relative density; RFreq = relative frequency; RDom = relative
dominance; IV = importance value.
Download file (11.31 kb)
Suppl. material 2: Plant species with the highest importance value in the sub-montane
Lowland for the canopy, intermediate and ground layer.
Authors: Aureo et al.
Data type: excel
Download file (11.31 kb)
Suppl. material 3: Plant species with high IV in the montane Lowland for the canopy,
intermediate and ground layer.
Authors: Aureo et al.
Data type: excel
Download file (11.93 kb)
18 Aureo W et al
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