A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemical, Nutritional, and Therapeutic Importance of Musa acuminate

Abstract

Introduction: Musa acuminata, Musaceae, popularly known as ‘banana’, is a perennial tree-like herb cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Banana, eaten as a fruit or a vegetable, is one of the most important crops in
several countries due to its enriched food and versatile medicinal value Plant contains apigenin glycosides, myricetin glycoside,
myricetin-3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin. naringenin glycosides, kaempferol-3-Orutinoside,
dopamine, N-acetyl serotonin, and rutin, has been reported in the plant. They found higher content of polyphenols, flavonoids,
total dietary fibre, insoluble dietary fibre, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lipids, proteins, and minerals.
Objective: The prime objective of the current study is to validate and highlighting the medicinal and nutritional importance of
Musa acuminata.
Methods: A literature review has indicated the use of Musa acuminata in the treatment of various diseases such as fever, cough,
bronchitis, dysentery, allergic infections, sexually transmitted infections, and some non-communicable diseases. The reported
pharmacological activities of Musa acuminata include antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anticancer,
and antimicrobial especially anti-HIV activity.
Results: Pharmacological investigations support the traditional importance of the medicinal plant and probably support the folk
uses of Musa acuminata by the indigenous people to treat and heal many infections and diseases. However, individual bioactive constituent(s) from different parts of this plant need further investigations to confirm various pharmacological claims and to
explore the potential of Musa acuminata in the development of drugs and use in functional foods.
Conclusion: A comprehensive assessment of the biological activities of Musa acuminata is included and possible mechanisms
and phytochemicals involved have also been correlated to provide effective intervention strategies for preventing or managing
diseases.

Full text

Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 13 • Issue 09 • May 2021 114
A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemical,
Nutritional, and Therapeutic Importance of
Musa
acuminate
Nishant Kumar1, Akash Ved2, Ritu Rani Yadav3, Om Prakash4
12
34

Corresponding Author:
Dr. Akash Ved, Director, Goel Institute of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Phone: +91-8317003951; Email: herbalnishantkr@gmail.com, akashved@gmail.com
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print) ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
Received: 11.07.2020 Revised: 23.09.2020 Accepted: 12.11.2021 Published: 07.05.2021
INTRODUCTION
Throughout evolution, the importance of botanicals for
medicine and health has been enormous. Ethnobotanical lit-
erature has described the traditional usage of plant extracts,
infusions, and powders for years against many diseases. For
ages, plant parts have been the sole means to treat diseases
and injuries in several cultures around the world, and are still
in use as a traditional treatment in various countries.1 Many
of these plants have been used solely based on a traditional
notion and studies are now providing evidence of their ef-
ficacy. The World Health Organization WHO believes that
the significant population of developing countries relies
on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs.
Therefore, there is an increased demand for medicinal plants
in developing and developed countries. However, most of
them are still obtained from wild sources without applying
scientific management; hence many species are under the
threat of extinction.2 Fruits and vegetables are an important
component of a healthy diet. Some fruits like bananas of-
fer great medical benefits. This is partly because bananas
aid in the body’s retention of calcium, nitrogen, and phos-
phorus, all of which work to build healthy and regenerated
tissues. Musa acuminata Colla is a wild species of banana
Review Article
International Journal of Current Research and Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13901
IJCRR
Section: Healthcare
ISI Impact Factor
(2019-20): 1.628
IC Value (2019): 90.81
SJIF (2020) = 7.893
Copyright@IJCRR
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Musa acuminata, Musaceae, popularly known as ‘banana’, is a perennial tree-like herb cultivated in many tropi-
cal and subtropical regions around the world. Banana, eaten as a fruit or a vegetable, is one of the most important crops in
several countries due to its enriched food and versatile medicinal value Plant contains apigenin glycosides, myricetin glycoside,
myricetin-3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin. naringenin glycosides, kaempferol-3-Orutinoside,
dopamine, N-acetyl serotonin, and rutin, has been reported in the plant. They found higher content of polyphenols, flavonoids,
total dietary fibre, insoluble dietary fibre, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lipids, proteins, and minerals.
Objective: The prime objective of the current study is to validate and highlighting the medicinal and nutritional importance of
Musa acuminata.
Methods: A literature review has indicated the use of Musa acuminata in the treatment of various diseases such as fever, cough,
bronchitis, dysentery, allergic infections, sexually transmitted infections, and some non-communicable diseases. The reported
pharmacological activities of Musa acuminata include antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anticancer,
and antimicrobial especially anti-HIV activity.
Results: Pharmacological investigations support the traditional importance of the medicinal plant and probably support the folk
uses of Musa acuminata by the indigenous people to treat and heal many infections and diseases. However, individual bioac-
tive constituent(s) from different parts of this plant need further investigations to confirm various pharmacological claims and to
explore the potential of Musa acuminata in the development of drugs and use in functional foods.
Conclusion: A comprehensive assessment of the biological activities of Musa acuminata is included and possible mechanisms
and phytochemicals involved have also been correlated to provide effective intervention strategies for preventing or managing
diseases.
Key Words: Musa acuminata, Banana, Musaceae, Nutritional value, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology

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Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
that is native to Southeast Asia. Various parts of the Musa
plants have been used orally or topically as remedies in folk
medicine and some studies have demonstrated this medici-
nal potential. It is known for many pharmacological activi-
ties and reports show that phenolic compounds present in
Musa acuminata mainly contribute to this trait. All parts of
the plant which include the roots, stem, pseudostems, leaves,
fruits, and flowers have long been used in local and tradi-
tional medicine in America, Asia, Oceania, India, and Africa.
The present review paper highlights the food and medicinal
importance of different parts of the Musa acuminata plant.
An integrated profile of the composition and nutritive value
of the edible fruit is also provided. A comprehensive assess-
ment of the biological activities of different plant parts is
included and possible mechanisms and phytochemicals in-
volved have also been correlated.3
Taxonomy and Classication4
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Musaceae
Genus: Musa
Species: M. acuminate
Synonyms
Musa acuminata is highly variable and the number of spe-
cies. The following are the most commonly accepted spe-
cies are Musa cavendishii Lamb, Musa Chinensis Sweet,
Musa corniculata Kurz, Musa nana Lour, Musa × sapien-
tum var. suaveolens Blanco Malag, Musa rumphiana Kurz,
Musa simiarum Kurz, and Musa sinensis Sagot ex Bake, etc.5
The Musa acuminata plant exhibits considerable variation
and has been split up into eight subspecies namely Musa
acuminata subsp. acuminata, Musa acuminata subsp. bur-
mannica, Musa acuminata subsp. errans, Musa acuminata
subsp. halabanensis, Musa acuminata subsp. malaccensis,
Musa acuminata subsp. microcarpa, Musa acuminata subsp.
siamea, M. acuminate subsp. truncate, and three varieties
namely Musa acuminata var. chinensis, Musa acuminata
var. sumatrana, and Musa acuminata var. tomentosa.6
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
Musa acuminata belongs to the Musaceae family distributed
in the hot, tropical regions of Southeast Asia.7,8 Musa acumi-
nata has a relatively wide distribution, and Malaysia is con-
sidered as the primary centre of origin of Musa acuminate.9,10
Later it spread to India and Burma11, the home of the native
species of M. balbisiana. In the Indo-Burman peripheral area,
natural hybridization of both Musa acuminata and M. balbi-
siana occurred and triploid AAA cultivars of banana arose,
and therefore India is regarded as the major centre of origin
for more than 300 types of banana cultivars out of the 600
types of Musa germplasm.12-18 Mention of banana in ancient
Indian treatises such as Ramayana 2000 BC, Arthsastra 250
BC, and the Chilappthikaram 500 AD suggests the antiquity
and long period of domestication of banana fruit in India.
The genus name was adapted in the honor of Roman physi-
cian and botanist Antonius Musa 63 BC- 14 AD, and the spe-
cies name acuminata is a Latin word for sharp or acuminate
referring to the sharp apex of its fruits. Musa acuminata has
been identified in the natural habitats of the Kaziranga forest
range of Assam, Khasi hill ranges of Meghalaya, southern
and middle Andamans, and in the Western Ghats of Karna-
taka in India.19 At present, Musa acuminata is grown in many
countries worldwide, and the major producers are Brazil,
China, India, Ecuador, Columbia, and Venezuela. The global
distribution of Musa acuminata is shown in Figure 1.20,21
Figure 1: The global distribution of Musa acuminata
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
The plants are perennial and stooling sparsely 1- 2 stems or
freely 4 - 30 stems. The leaf sheaths and petioles are more
or less glaucous or pruinose. Leaf-blades are oblong 2.0- 2.5
m long x 0.4- 0.6 m wide, truncated at the apex, and usually
rounded at the base, but leaf blades rounded on one side and
acute on the other side are also reported. The inflorescence is
subhorizontal or vertically deflexed. Fruits are narrowed at
base into a pedicel of about 1 cm, and apex into a prominent
acumen of 0.6- 1.5 cm length. The pericarp is about 2 mm
thick with bright yellow colour at full ripeness, and the pulp
is of white or cream-yellow to yellow colour. Seeds are dull
black, smooth or minutely tuberculate, irregularly angulate,
and measure 6- 7 mm in length and are of about 3 mm height
(Figure 2).22,23

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Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
Figure 2: The Whole plant (A), unripe fruit (B) and ripened
fruits (C) of Musa acuminata.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
The phytochemical analysis of different parts of Musa
acuminata such as fruit, peel, flower, leaf, pseudostem, and
rhizome has shown the presence of a rich diversity of phyto-
chemicals like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins,
fatty acids, tannins, phenols, and alkaloids. Phytochemicals
content is reported to vary with the extraction method em-
ployed, and compounds identified in various plant parts of
Musa acuminata are presented in Table 1.24 Plants continue
to be an important source of bioactive compounds and in-
volve a multidisciplinary approach combining ethnobotani-
cal, phytochemical, and biological techniques to provide new
chemical compounds. The presence of bioactive compounds
like apigenin glycosides, myricetin glycoside, myricetin-
3-O-rutinoside, naringenin glycosides, kaempferol-3-Oruti-
noside, dopamine, N-acetyl serotonin, and rutin, has been re-
ported in different species of Musa.25 The detailed structural
presentations are reported in figure 3.
Figure 3: The General structural formulae active phytocon-
stituents reported in different parts of the M. acuminata.

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Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
Table 1: Major active phytoconstituents reported in different parts of the M. acuminata
Part of the
plant
Extract Active phytoconstituents References
Ripe fruit Pulp phenolics, vitamin C, flavonoids (quercetin (fig. 3g), proanthocya-
nidins, catechin) pro-vitamin carotenoids, Banana Lectin (Ban-Lec),
Banana thaumatin-like protein (Ban-TLP), Banana endo- β1,3-
glucanase (Ban-Glu)
26-28
Ethanol Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, anthraquinones,
cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, phenols,
Kaempferol (fig. 3m).
29,30
Dichloromethane Fatty acids, octadeca- 9,12,15 trienoic acid, octadeca-9,12-dienoic
acid, long chain aliphatic alcohols, sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol
(fig.3h), β sitosterol) , cycloartenol, α- tocopherol
31
Methanol Saponins, triterpenes, tannins, (+) catechin (fig. 3i), gallocatechin
(fig. 3j), (-) epicatechin, procyanidins, phenolics
32,33
Acetone (+) Catechin hydrate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid (fig. 3k), epicatechin,
ellagic acid (fig. 3l), Gallic acid (fig. 3n).
34
Unripe fruit Pulp 2-(4’-hydroxyphenyl)- naphthalic anhydride, methyl 2-benzimida-
zole carbamate.
35
Methanol (+) catechin, gallocatechin, (-) epicatechin, procyanidins, phenolics 32
Peel Acetone: water Phenolics, anthocyanins, dopamine,
catecholamines
36
Methanol Glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids,
alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenes, phenols, palmitic, oleic
and linoleic acids and their methyl esters, 2,3- dihydro-3,5-dihy-
droxy-6- methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, 5-(hydroxymethyl) 2furancarboxy-
aldehyde, methyl hexadeconoate, methyl-9,12- octadienoate, methyl
1-9- octadeconoate, 9,12-ocatadecanoic acid, 13- octadecanoic acid,
octadecanoic acid, 2- methyl-5-(1- methyl ethyl) phenol, pentadeca-
noic acid, cis-9- hexadecenal, cis-9- hexadecenoic acid, benzoic acid,
pyrogallol, sesamin, epi-sesamin
37-40
Hexane Glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids,
carbohydrates
38
Ethanol Saponins, carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins 38,41
Flower Methanol Glycosides, tannins, saponins, phenols,
steroids, flavonoids
42
Leaf Ethanol Phenolics, tannic acid 43
Acetone Phenolics, tannic acid 43
Petroleum ether Phenolics, tannic acid 43
Leaf powder Cinnamic acid, ferulic acid 44
Bract Methanol Anthocyanin, delphinidin-3-rutinoside (fig. 3f), cyanididne-3-ruti-
noside, petunididn-3-rutinoside, peonidin-3-rutinoside,n malvidin-
3-rutinoside, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids,
coumarins, cycloglycosides, total phenols, steroids
45-47
Petroleum ether Alkaloids, cycloglycosides 45
Ethyl acetate Flavonoids 45
Aqueous Tannins, coumarins, total phenols. 45
Corm Ethanol Sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, quinones 48
Rhizome Extract (S)-(+)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2 naphthaleneacetic acid (Naproxen),
Anigorufone, 2-methoxy- 9-phenyl-phenalen-1-one (REF20), Anig-
orufone (fig. 3a)
Root Methanol 2-hydroxy-9- phenylphenalen-1-one
(Anigorufone)
49
Seeds Acetone Leucoanthyocyanidn 50
Sap Ethanol Hydrocinnamic acid, caffeoylquinic acid,
Flavonoids (apigenin, myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin), dopamine,
Nacetylserotonin, Campesteryl glucoside (fig. 3e)
51

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Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
NUTRITIVE VALUE
Banana, tropical fruit with high calorie, provides excep-
tional nutrition in different forms. Banana, tropical fruit
with high calorie, provides exceptional nutrition in differ-
ent forms. Musa family contains starch, fructans, phenolic
acid, anthocyanins, terpenoids, and sterols. In unripe plan-
tains, starch is present over 80% of the dry weight of the
pulp. The fat content of plantains and bananas are very less
about 0.5% and so fats do not contribute much to the energy
content.52 The total protein value of plantain is related to
dry weight is more than 3.5% in ripe pulp and it is slightly
less in fresh fruit. About 1.3% of sugars are present in total
dry matter in unripe plantains, but this rise to around 17%
in the ripe fruit. It is an excellent source of some vitamins
like carotene (vitamin A), Thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin
(vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Pyridoxine is an important
B-complex vitamin that plays a vital role in the treatment
and management of neuritis and anaemia. Moreover, it
helps to decrease homocysteine one of the causative factors
in coronary artery disease CHD and stroke episodes level
inside the body.53 Potassium, an important component of
cell and body fluids, supports muscles and nerves. Banana
is rich in starch and it is a rich source of potassium. Potas-
sium benefits the muscles as it helps maintain their proper
working and prevents muscle spasms. Also, recent studies
are showing that potassium can help to decrease blood pres-
sure in individuals who are potassium deficient. Potassium
also reduces the risk of stroke. In addition to manganese,
magnesium is essential elements for strong bone and has a
cardiac active role. Manganese is used as a co-factor in the
body for the enzyme, superoxide dismutase oxidation. Cop-
per is playing an important role in the production of RBCs.
Banana is rich in fructose and sucrose. It replenishes energy
and revitalizes the body instantly. It is a moderate source of
health-promoting flavonoid and poly-phenolic antioxidants
such as lutein and zeaxanthin. It contains β- and α-carotenes
in small quantities. These compounds help act as protec-
tive scavengers and neutralize oxygen-derived free radicals
and reactive oxygen species ROS.54 Banana is rich in fatty
acids, phytosterols, and steryl glucosides Steryl esters and
free sterols such as campesterol, β-sitosterol (Figure 3c),
cycloartenol (Figure 3d), and stigmasterol (Figure 3h) are
the major lipophilic component found in the unripe banana
peel.55 Steryl esters and free sterols are the major lipophilic
component found in unripe banana peel, while free fatty ac-
ids and sterols dominate banana pulp. Banana fruits contain
a major quantity of essential mineral elements and could
serve as a source of minerals in human and animal daily
routine diets.56,57 Detail description of the nutritional impor-
tance of Musa acuminata is described in Table 2.
Table 2: Nutritional compositions of Musa acuminata
fruit per 100 g on a fresh weight basis58-61
Ingredients Nutritional
Value
Recommended
daily allowance
Energy 90 kcal 4.5 %
Carbohydrates 22.84 g 18 %
Protein 1.09 g 2 %
Fat 0.33 mg 1 %
Cholesterol 0 mg 0 %
Dietary fiber 260 mg 7 %
Vitamin
Folates 20 µg 5 %
Niacin 0.66 mg 4 %
Pantothenic
acid
0.33 mg 7 %
Pyridoxine 0.36 mg 28 %
Riboflavin 0.07 mg 5 %
Thiamin 0.031 mg 2 %
Vitamin A 64 IU 2 %
Vitamin C 8.7 mg 15 %
Vitamin E 0.10 mg 1 %
Vitamin K 0.5 µg 1 %
Electrolytes Sodium 1 mg 0 %
Potassium 358 mg 8 %
Minerals
Calcium 5 mg 0.5 %
Copper 0.07 mg 8 %
Iron 0.26 mg 2 %
Magnesium 27 mg 7 %
Manganese 0.27 mg 13 %
Phosphorus 22 mg 3 %
Selenium 1.0 µg 2 %
Zinc 0.15 mg 1 %
Phytonutri-
ents
α- Carotene 25µg --
β- Carotene 26µg --
Lutein-Zeax-
anthine
22µg --
Carbohy-
drates
Glucose 22.84 g 18 %
Fructose
Sucrose
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Different parts of the Musa acuminata plant have shown po-
tential for disease prevention in traditional medicine, which
may be attributed to the rich and diversified content of phy-
tochemicals present in them. Various models were used to
investigate the health-promoting properties of M. acuminata,
and description of available in-vitro and in-vivo models are
detailed here.

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Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
Blood cholesterol-lowering property
The antioxidants property of kepok banana peel is due to the
presence of saponin, tannin, and flavonoid and responsible
for the decrease in the blood total cholesterol level. The cur-
rent study determines whether saponin, tannin, and flavonoid
in kepok banana peels are effective against total blood cho-
lesterol levels in obese mice. This experiment using 20 obese
male mice Mus musculus L. strain Deutschland-Denken-Yo-
ken and divided into four groups, which are normal control
group, obese control group, and groups that were given an
extract of Kepok Banana Peel Musa acuminata treatment
with dose 8,4 mg/day and 16,8 mg/day. The treatment was
given in 14 days. The total cholesterol level of each group
was measured by spectrophotometer. The results obtained
p=0,000, in a one-way ANOVA test. Furthermore, the Post
Hoc Test generally found that there were significant differ-
ences between groups. There is an effect of giving kepok
banana peel to decrease the total cholesterol level of obese
mice. The effect of kapok Banana peel extract level of 8.4
mg/day remarkably decreases total blood cholesterol level
compared to banana peel extract level of 16.8 mg/day. The
anti-cholesterol effect of banana fibre ethanol extract proved
to a significant decrease in total cholesterol in obese male
mice Mus musculus L. strain Deutschland-Denken-Yoken. 62
Antioxidative properties
Banana fruits Musa acuminata Juss. are important foods, but
there have been very few studies evaluating the phenolics
associated with their cell walls. In the present study, + cat-
echin, gallocatechin, and − epicatechin, as well as condensed
tannins, were detected in the soluble extract of the fruit pulp;
neither soluble anthocyanidins nor anthocyanins were pre-
sent. In the soluble cell wall fraction, two hydroxycinnamic
acid derivatives were predominant, whereas in the insoluble
cell wall fraction, the anthocyanidin delphinidin, which is
reported in banana cell walls for the first time, was predomi-
nant. Cell wall fractions showed remarkable antioxidant ca-
pacity, especially after acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, which
was correlated with the total phenolic content released after
the hydrolysis of the water-insoluble polymer, but not for the
post hydrolysis water-soluble polymer. The acid hydrolysis
released various monosaccharides, whereas enzymatic hy-
drolysis released one peak of oligosaccharides. These results
indicate that banana cell walls could be a suitable source of
natural antioxidants and that they could be bioaccessible in
the human gut.63
Hepatoprotective and Antiulcer activity
Plant‐based natural remedies remain the treatment of choice
as they are deemed effective, safe, and with minimal adverse
side effects. the Natural Products Discovery Laboratory at the
Institute of Bio‐IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia
carried out studies on the hepatoprotective, antiulcerogenic,
antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Musa acuminata. The
results showed that under certain conditions, the methanolic
extracts of unripe Musa acuminata showed equivalent activ-
ity to the commercial hepatoprotective drug silymarin and
anti‐ulcer drug omeprazole as demonstrated in the animal
model. The extracts were not cytotoxic and exhibited low
to moderate antioxidant activity. These ameliorative effects
could be related to the saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenes
in the peel and pulp extracts, and the tannins present in the
peel extract. Further investigations are required to optimize
the extraction of bioactive compounds that work synergis-
tically to produce the ameliorative or protective effects de-
scribed in our studies.64
Anticancer activity
The total phenols and flavonoids, anticancer and antioxidant
activities ethanol extracts of three plants Phoenix dactylifera,
Musa acuminata, and Cucurbita maxima were determined.
The total phenolic contents were computed to be 342 µg/
mL gallic acid equivalents in ethanol extract of banana fruit
while the highest total flavonoids were in ethanol extract of
molasses date 1424 µM as rutin equivalent. In vitro anti-
cancer activity was determined using EACC and HeLa cell
lines. In vitro anticancer activity against EACC revealed that
the maximum inhibition was observed in ethanol extract of
pumpkin seeds 100% at 100µg/ml while the maximum inhi-
bition against the HeLa cell line was observed in ethanol ex-
tract of date seeds 90% at 100µg/ml. The antioxidant activity
was determined using three different methods DPPH, ABTS
scavenging activity, and reducing power. DPPH scavenging
activity was found to be 85 and 84 % in ethanol extracts of
date seed and banana fruit, respectively. ABTS scavenging
activity was found to be 98, 98, 95, and 95 % in ethanol ex-
tracts of seeds, molasses of date, fruit, and peel of a banana,
respectively. The reducing power was 873, 833, and 871 µg/
mL GAE in the ethanol extracts of molasses, seeds, and fruit
of date. Four different formulas were prepared from tested
plants and the sensory evaluation of these formulas showed
that prepared formulas were judged as highly accepted. The
results showed that ethanol extracts of date parts, banana
peel pumpkin seeds are promising new antioxidant and anti-
cancer agents and prepared formulas could be used as a daily
health supplement.65
Another study was performed to evaluate the radioprotec-
tive and anticancer effect of banana peels extract on male
mice. Sixty male mice weighed 18- were used, the animals
divided equally into six groups as follow first group act as
normal, second group Tumor control implanted with Ehrlich
tumour, third group, the irradiated group exposed to a single
dose of 3.0 GY of gamma rays, fourth group banana peels
extract 300 mg/kg/day orally for 3weeks, fifth group tumour
implanted + banana peels extract 300 mg/kg/day orally for
3weeks, sixth group irradiated with dose 3.0 GY gamma+

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Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
300 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. At the end of the experimental
mice were sacrificed by anaesthesia and the blood was col-
lected to evaluate biochemical parameters Complete Blood
Count, Carcinoembryonic antigen, Malonaldehyde, Molecu-
lar study, electrophoretic assayed. The results showed that
banana peels extract ameliorate the alteration in irradiated
and tumour group, and significantly decrease p≤0.05 the el-
evation of Carcinoembryonic antigen in tumour implanted
group, significantly decrease the elevation of Malonaldehyde
in tumor implanted group and irradiated group. According to
protein fractions and western blotting data, it could be con-
cluded that addition banana peels extract consider a crucial
impact for Irradiation dose which is cleared through a huge
increase of Polymorphism % for addition banana peels ex-
tract 20% comparing with to Irradiation treatment which
didn’t reflect polymorphism. Furthermore, noticeable stimu-
lation for P53 expression level was detected for applying ba-
nana peels extract and Irradiation as a Compound dosage.66
Inhibitory Activity
Musa species is a traditional Indian medicinal plant used
for the management and treatment of many diseases. The
current study was compared the anticholinesterase, anti‐in-
flammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of Musa
acuminata Simili rajah, ABB fruits and leaves fractions fol-
lowed by characterization of the phytoconstituents using
HPTLC‐HRMS and NMR. Leaf fractions exhibit a remark-
able pharmacological activity than the fruit. Ethyl acetate
fraction of the leaf contains a major concentration of total
phenolic content 911.9 ± 1.7 mg GAE/g and gives signifi-
cant DPPH· scavenging activity with IC50, 9.0 ± 0.4 µg/
ml. It also exhibits the remarkable inhibition of acetyl-
cholinesterase IC50, 404.4 ± 8.0 µg/ml and α‐glucosidase
IC50, 4.9 ± 1.6 µg/ml, but a moderate α‐amylase inhibition
IC50, 444.3 ± 4.0 µg/ml. The anti‐inflammatory activity of n‐
butanol IC50, 34.1 ± 2.6 µg/ml and ethyl acetate fractions IC50,
43.1 ± 11.3 µg/ml of the leaf were higher than the positive
control, quercetin IC50, 54.8 ± 17.1 µg/ml. Kaempferol‐3‐O‐
rutinoside and quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside rutin were identified
as the novel medicinal agent with potent antioxidant and an-
tidiabetic activities from the ethyl acetate fraction of Musa
acuminata leaf.67
Immunomodulatory activity
To explore the feasibility of Musa acuminata banana peels
as a feed additive, the effects of banana peel flour BPF on
the growth and immune functions of Labeo rohita were
evaluated. Diets containing five different concentrations
of BPF 0% basal diet, 1% B1, 3% B3, 5% B5, and 7% B7
were fed to the fish average weight: 15.3 g for 60 days. The
final weight gain and specific growth rate were higher in
the B5 group. The most significant improvements in im-
mune parameters such as lysozyme, alternative complement
pathway, leukocyte phagocytic, superoxide dismutase, and
catalase activities were observed in the B5 group. However,
the B5 group exhibited the lowest malondialdehyde activity.
IgM and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly
elevated in the treatment groups, except in B1, after only 30
days of feeding. Of the examined cytokine-related genes, IL-
1β, TNF-α, and HSP70 were upregulated in the head kidney
and hepatopancreas, and expressions were generally higher
in the B3 and B5 groups. Moreover, the B5 group challenged
with Aeromonas hydrophila 60 days after feeding exhibited
the highest survival rate of 70%. These results suggest that
dietary BPF at 5% could promote growth performance and
strengthen immunity in L. rohita.68
Wound healing activity
Banana Musa acuminata peel is a rich source of many nutri-
ents and is considered high in carbohydrates. It has been tra-
ditionally used to treat diarrhoea, anaemia, and ulcers. Some
studies have shown that banana peels possess antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was performed
to evaluate the wound healing activity of banana peels ex-
tract BPE in the rabbit. For inducing full-thickness wound
in rabbits, the excisional wound model was used. The ani-
mals were randomly divided into six experimental groups.
Negative control, standard and vehicle control groups, and
treatment groups. All the treatment was applied topically
twice daily. Healing was assessed by wound contraction
and re-epithelialization rate and the tensile strength of the
wound tissue sample. Histopathological studies also showed
the wound healing activity of BPE. The results of this study
indicated that the hydroalcoholic extract of banana peels has
a strong potential for wound healing and it can be used for
different types of wounds in human beings to.69
Antibacterial activity
An in vitro test was carried out to assess qualitatively the
antibacterial activity of the Musa acuminata leaf metha-
nol extract coated sample against Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 6538, a gram-positive microorganism, and Escheri-
chia coli, a gram-negative microorganism, using nutrient
agar, purchased from M/s T. Stanes & Company Limited,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Nutrient agar plates were pre-
pared by pouring 15 ml of nutrient agar medium into ster-
ile Petri dishes. The dishes were allowed to solidify for 5
min, and 0.1% inoculum suspension was smeared uniform-
ly and the inoculum was left to dry for 5 min. The Musa
acuminata leaf methanol extract-finished fabric of 2.0 cm
diameter was placed on the surface of the medium, and the
plates were incubated at 37.5°C for 24 h AATCC Technical
Manual, 2007. After completion of incubation, the fabric
sample was taken out and the zone of inhibition formed
in the fabric was measured in millimetres and the readings
were recorded.70

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Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
The ethanolic 96%, acetone and petroleum ether extracts of
Musa acuminata leaf showed excellent antifungal activities
against two pathogenic fungi Aspergillus terreus and Peni-
cillium solitum with up to 5.7 cm inhibition zone diameter
at 20 mg/mL of the extract. 71 A formulated gel preparation
containing 4% Musa acuminata leaf acetone extract was re-
ported to show an inhibition zone diameter of 27 mm against
C. albicans, which was comparable to Nystatin cream used
as control.72
Antidiabetic activity
In an investigation the antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic
extract of inner peels of Musa acuminata fruit 100- 400 mg/
Kg p.o. along with control 1% gum acacia, 1 mL/Kg p.o.
and standard drug Glimepiride, 0.09 mg/Kg p.o. using oral
glucose tolerance test in normoglycemic Wistar rats. The
extract-treated group showed a dose-dependent antihyper-
glycemic effect, but no significant p<0.05 change in blood
glucose levels was observed among control, extract-treated
and drug-treated groups in normoglycemic rats; however,
extracts at 200 and 400 mg kg p.o. level showed a signifi-
cant decrease in p<0.01 in the blood glucose levels in glu-
cose loaded normoglycemic rats, which was almost similar
to the standard drug. These observations validate the use of
Musa acuminata fruits for diabetic patients in the traditional
practice in Mauritius, and other plant parts for the control of
diabetes in India and Bangladesh.73
Leishmanicidal activity
A study found that the leishmanicidal activity of phytoalex-
ins from M. acuminata. The antifungal phenyl-phenalenone
phytoalexin REF20 and Anigorufone compounds from the
rhizomes of Musa acuminate was target the mitochondria of
Leishmania donovani Promastigotes and Leishmania infan-
tum Amastigotes. The REF20 had a slightly better inhibitory
effect on proliferation of L. donovani and L. infantum LC50 of
10.3 and 10.5 μg/mL than the Anigorufone LC50 of 12.0 and
13.3 μg/mL. The extracts also inhibited the mitochondrial
fractions with a reduction in succinate dehydrogenase activ-
ity SDH and fumarate reductase FRD activity. The REF20
showed higher EC50 value 59.6 μg/mL for SDH than An-
igorufone 33.5 μg/mL; however, FRD 47.8 and 53.1 μg/mL
and purified-FRD 77.2 and 89.0 μg/mL values were lower
for REF20 than Anigorufone. These results indicate that the
phenylphenalenone phytoalexins have the potential to be
used as a new structural motif for leishmanicidal activity,
and they can be used for the development of leishmanicidal
drugs.74
TOXICOLOGY
The available information regarding the uses of Musa acumi-
nata fruit and other parts by local and tribal people suggests
that it is non-toxic. Although not very popular, fruit and other
plant part are consumed by tribal populations throughout the
world. The Musa acuminata blossom is a popular Sri Lan-
kan dish consumed as a curry, boiled, or used as a deep-fried
salad for ages.75 The animal models used in various studies
have concluded that there were no adverse effects from the
administration of Musa acuminata extracts.76-79 The flower-
ing stalk of Musa acuminata was found to be non-toxic to the
murine monocytic macrophages cell line.80 and brine shrimp
toxicity test performed on Artemia salina showed that Musa
acuminata flower extract was not toxic as it showed the
LC50 value of 9.97 mg/mL, which was much above the cut-
off point of toxicity level of 1.0 mg/mL.81 The use of Musa
acuminata peel as a major ingredient in food products sug-
gests that it is considered safe for consumption.82,83 Addition-
ally, the National Cancer Standard Institute declared that the
banana peel is non-toxic to human cells.84
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
All the available information on Musa acuminata was col-
lected via electronic search using Pubmed, Scopus, Web
of Science, Science Direct, J-Gate, Google Scholar, and a
library search for articles published in peer-reviewed jour-
nals, local magazines, unpublished materials, theses, and
ethnobotanical textbooks were done. The Plant List www.
theplantlist.org, Promusa www.promusa.org, Musalit www.
musalit.org, and the Integrated Taxonomic Information Sys-
tem ITIS www.itis.gov name databases were used to vali-
date the scientific names and also provide information on
the subspecies and cultivars of M. acuminata. This review
thus may provide the scientific basis for future research
work on Musa acuminata for the development of phytomed-
icines as well as edible products with functional properties.
The proximate analysis of Musa acuminata fruits reveals
that its contents can contribute to the recommended daily
requirements of Vitamin C and minerals such as Potassium
and Magnesium, and it can be used as an ingredient in func-
tional foods. The rich diversity of phytochemicals present in
Musa acuminata plant parts may be responsible for health
beneficial effects and justify their use against various diseas-
es in traditional medicine. Some studies on animal models
against selected pathological conditions provide evidence of
the efficacy of the Musa acuminata plant as a therapeutic
agent and acclaim the use of Musa acuminata by various
tribes and ethnic groups across the geographical boundaries
of the world. Musa acuminata plant parts have been con-
sumed in varying quantities and forms by many populations
across the globe over a long period, and no toxicity has been
reported. However, the major edible part of M. acuminata;
the fruits, which provides energy, vitamins, and minerals in
good amounts are rarely consumed; and food application of
other plant parts also is still unknown, which opens the door

Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 13 • Issue 09 • May 2021 122
Kumar et al.: A comprehensive review on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic importance of Musa acuminate
for the development of food products with potential health
benefits from M. acuminata.
Musa acuminata has been traditionally used to treat vari-
ous diseases and ailments such as fever, bronchitis, allergic
reactions, sexually transmitted infections, and some non-
communicable diseases. All parts of the plant including fruit,
stem, pseudostem, flower, leaf, sap, inner trunk, inner core,
and root have found their use in traditional medicine. The
compounds isolated from
Musa acuminata have been used as anti-hypertensive, anti-
diabetic, anthelmintic, and anti-HIV; and have proven use-
ful against tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases tra-
ditionally. Musa acuminata has been used in antimicrobial
gel formulations, and the curative effect of Musa acuminata
in combination with western medicine has been shown in a
clinical study, however, the potential of some of the parts of
this plant in disease prevention is not known, which needs
further study. There are promising phytochemicals present
in M. acuminata, such as S-+-6- methoxy-α-methyl-2-
naphthaleneacetic acid anti-inflammatory activity, BanLec
anti-HIV-1 activity, and others that show promising wound
healing, anti-tuberculosis and Leishmanicidal activity, which
needs to be taken to clinical trials for the possible devel-
opment of drugs. Another bioactive constituent s of Musa
acuminata also need further investigations for validation
of various pharmacological claims, and to explore their po-
tential use in the development of drugs and as a functional
food ingredient. Investigations are also required to character-
ize various phytochemicals present in Musa acuminata that
work individually or synergistically with other compounds
or known drugs to provide the ameliorative or protective ef-
fects against various diseases.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABTS, 2,2’-azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid; CHD, Coronary artery disease; DPPH, 2 ‐di-
phenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl; FRD, fumarate reductase; ITIS,
Integrated Taxonomic Information System; ROS, Reactive
oxygen species; SDH, Succinate dehydrogenase; WHO, The
World Health Organization.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: Not appli-
cable.
Human and Animal Rights: No Animals/Humans were
used for studies that are the basis of this research.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no
conflict of interest
Financial Support: Nil
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to CSIR-National Botanical Re-
search Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India for providing
the library facilities to the compilation of the current review.
The authors are also grateful to publishers of all those arti-
cles, journals and books from where the literature for this
article has been reviewed and discussed.
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