No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Association between Air Pollutants and Outdoor Patients with Asthma and COPD Disease in Dhaka
Abstract
The mortality and morbidity rates of patients with Asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually increase due to elevated levels of air pollution. As the air quality in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is very poor, respiratory diseases, including asthma and COPD, pose threat to city-dwellers. In this study, we investigated the association between air quality of Dhaka recorded at Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAMS) in Darussalam, Dhaka and hospital visits due to asthma and COPD in National Asthma Centre of National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka. Since National Asthma Centre is a specialized health center only for asthma and COPD patients, daily hospital visit count there could be an indication of asthma and COPD cases in Dhaka. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to find the association. A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.432 for PM2.5 and r = 0.448 for PM10) was observed between particulate matters recorded at Darussalam and asthma and COPD-related hospital visits. Regression model is obtained by lagging the hospital visit count with varying number of days. Highest strength for the model of asthma and COPD related hospital visit was observed when air pollution data is lagged by 7 days (R 2 = 0.21). This result show that, asthma and COPD diseases are associated with air pollution and it may take up to 0 to 7 days to manifest the symptom leading to hospital visit. Among the pollutants, PM10 and PM2.5 are positively associated with asthma and COPD disease indicated by their positive coefficients in this model. High level of air pollution may lead to high number asthma and COPD patient leading to more morbidity as well as mortality effect. Further investigation with data from more hospitals would help to get a better estimate.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Dhaka city with a population density of around 20,000 per square kilometer faces the risk of large adverse health impacts due to poor air quality. Government decisions aimed at curbing air pollution are usually taken on ad-hoc basis, primarily due to limited monitoring and limited capacity for analysis of options. There are currently only two continuous air monitoring stations (CAMS) in Dhaka. However, in order to assess the impact of a particular pollution control strategy, it is important to predict pollutant concentration over the entire city in response to the control strategy. This study presents an source-receptor model (SRM) for prediction of particulate matters (PM) in the atmosphere of Dhaka. The grid-based SRM has been developed using an established atmospheric dispersion model, considering weather parameters round the year. The developed SRM has been used to estimate the contribution of vehicles and brick kilns to ambient PM concentrations, using a grid-based emission inventory that considers temporal variations in emissions. Over Dhaka, the PM10 in dry season has been estimated to vary from less than 50 μg/m3 to about 150 μg/m3; PM2.5 varied from 25 μg/m3 and 65 μg/m3. Near the National Parliament Building, where one of the CAMS is located, brick kiln has been found to account for 29% of PM10 and 17% of PM2.5; traffic pollution accounts for 7% to PM10 and 11% to PM2.5. The developed SRM could be easily utilized to predict ambient PM concentrations as new sources are added/ removed from the domain. Results of a few case studies have been reported in the paper to show the impact of emission redistribution on ambient concentration. The model still has a large uncertainty, and future efforts to fine-tune the model should primarily focus on reducing the uncertainties around the emissions inventory.
Air pollution is a global health threat and causes millions of human deaths annually. The late onset of respiratory diseases in children and adults due to prenatal or perinatal exposure to air pollutants is emerging as a critical concern in human health. Pregnancy and fetal development stages are highly susceptible to environmental exposure and tend to develop a long-term impact in later life. In this review, we briefly glance at the direct impact of outdoor and indoor air pollutants on lung diseases and pregnancy disorders. We further focus on lung complications in later life with early exposure to air pollutants. Epidemiological evidence is provided to show the association of prenatal or perinatal exposure to air pollutants with various adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth, lower birth weight, and lung developmental defects, which further associate with respiratory diseases and reduced lung function in children and adults. Mechanistic evidence is also discussed to support that air pollutants impact various cellular and molecular targets at early life, which link to the pathogenesis and altered immune responses related to abnormal respiratory functions and lung diseases in later life. Keywords: Air pollutants, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Particulate matter, Early disease origin, Respiratory diseases
Background
Household air pollution (HAP) from cooking with solid fuels has become a leading cause of death and disability in many developing countries including Bangladesh. We assess the association between HAP and risk of selected adverse birth and maternal health outcomes.
Methods
Data for this study were extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey conducted during 2007–2014. Selected adverse birth outcomes were acute respiratory infection (ARI) among children, stillbirth, low birth weight (LBW), under-five mortality, neonatal mortality and infant mortality. Maternal pregnancy complications and cesarean delivery were considered as the adverse maternal health outcomes. Place of cooking, use of solid fuel within the house boundary and in living room were the exposure variables. To examine the association between exposure and outcome variables, we used a series of multiple logistic regression models accounted for complex survey design.
Results
Around 90% of the respondents used solid fuel within the house boundary, 11% of them used solid fuel within the living room. Results of multiple regression indicated that cooking inside the house increased the risk of neonatal mortality (aOR,1.25; 95% CI, 1.02–1.52), infant mortality (aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.00–1.40), ARI (aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08–1.33), LBW (aOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10–1.43), and cesarean delivery (aOR,1.18; 95% CI, 1.01–1.29). Use of solid fuel, irrespective of cooking places, increased the risk of pregnancy complications (aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.19–1.55). Compared to participants who reported cooking outside the house, the risk of ARI, LBW were significantly high among those who performed cooking within the house, irrespective of type of cooking fuel.
Conclusion
Indoor cooking and use of solid fuel in household increase the risk of ARI, LBW, cesarean delivery, and pregnancy complication. These relationships need further investigation using more direct measures of smoke exposure and clinical measures of health outcomes. The use of clean fuels and structural improvement in household design such as provision of stove ventilation should be encouraged to reduce such adverse health consequences.
Background:
Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined.
Objective:
We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter ≤10μm (PM10) and PM2.5] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations.
Methods:
Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed.
Results:
After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O3: RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO2: RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO2: RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM10: RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM2.5: RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater.
Conclusion:
Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
In Dhaka, Bangladesh, particular matter (PM) is the air pollutant that is most harmful to public health and the environment when compared to other measured criteria pollutants. During recent years, the Government of Bangladesh has tried to control PM emissions coming from anthropogenic sources. About 30-50% of the PM10 mass in Dhaka (depending on location) is in fine particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.2 mu m. These particles are mainly of anthropogenic origin and predominately from transport-related sources. However, the combination of meteorological conditions, long-range transport during the winter and local sources results in PM concentrations remaining much higher than the Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS). It has been found that black carbon accounted for about 50% of the total fine PM mass before the adoption of control policies. As a result, the PM emission as well as BC has not increased in proportion to the increase in the number of combustion sources like motor vehicles, diesel power generator or brick kiln. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to fine particle composition data from January 2007 to February 2009. It was found that motor vehicles contribute less BC with respect to brick kiln industry. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of the government's policy interventions since previously vehicles represented the major contributors of BC. BC is also transported over long distances, mixing with other particles along the way as demonstrated by a potential source contribution function analysis. Transboundary transport of air pollution in the South Asian region has become an issue of increasing importance over the past several decades. The relative amounts of local and long-range transported pollutants are currently unknown.
Short-term effects of air pollutants on respiratory mortality and morbidity have been consistently reported but usually studied separately.To more completely assess air pollution effects, we studied hospitalisations for respiratory diseases together with out-of hospital respiratory deaths.A "time-stratified" case-crossover study was carried out in six Italian cities from 2001-2005. Associations between daily particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and hospitalisations for respiratory diseases (n. 100,690), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n. 38,577), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) among COPD patients (n. 9,886) and out-of-hospital respiratory deaths (n 5,490) were estimated for 35+year-old residents.For 10 μg·m(-3) PM10, we found an immediate 0.59% (lag 0-1) increase in hospitalisations for respiratory diseases and a 0.67% increase for COPD; the 1.91% increase in LRTI hospitalisations lasted longer (lag 0-3) and the 3.95% increase in respiratory mortality lasted six days. Effects of NO2 were stronger and lasted longer (lag 0-5). Age, gender, and previous ischemic heart disease acted as effect modifiers for different outcomes.Analysing multiple more than single respiratory events shows stronger air pollution effects. The temporal relationship between the pollutants' increases and hospitalizations or mortality for respiratory diseases differs.
The paper explores the susceptibility of the urban population of Bangladesh to air pollution, recommend measures to be adopted for prevention of air pollution. The large number of children, street children, local streetwalkers, and rickshaw pullers in Dhaka City are at particular risk from this air pollution. Young children are mostly exposed to cadmium (Cd) through inhalation of smokes and contaminated soils and dust from industrial emissions and sewage sludge. The high lead (Pb) in the environment from gasoline, paints, ceramics, batteries, etc., has also been factor to increase the risk of polluted air. The study was done through internet, seminar and literature survey on global and regional information on Environment, analysis of the existing situation in Bangladesh. Air pollution kills 15,000 Bangladeshis each year, according to a World Bank report released recently. The report says Bangladesh could save between $200 million and $800 million per year, about 0.7 to 3.0% of its gross national product, if air pollution in the country's four major cities was reduced. The report adds that 6.5 million people in those cities suffer each year. Vehicular air pollution is a major cause of respiratory distress in urban Bangladesh. According to the National Institute of Diseases of Chest and Hospital (NIDCH), nearly seven million people in Bangladesh suffer from asthma, more than half of them are children. Air pollution kills an estimated 2.7 to 3.0 million people every year throughout the world, and 6% of all annual deaths. About 9 deaths in every 10 due to air pollution take place in the developing world, where about 80% of all people live. In 1995, the average ozone concentration in Mexico City was about 0.15 parts per million, 10 times the natural atmospheric concentration and twice the maximum permitted in Japan or the US. The density of lead in the air of Dhaka is 463 nanograms per cubic metre, which is ten times more than the acceptable standard and several times more than the aforementioned cities, even than the most polluted city of Mexico. The level of lead poisoning is a major factor responsible for decreasing the mental abilities of the children as a result of which the country will have acute shortage of intellectuals in the long run. Let us make all possible steps to make people understand the environmental situation of the country and make them swear to vote for those who will swear to save the environment of our country for us as well as for our next generations. The only way to enhance the ethical accountability of public administration is that Bangladesh Government should immediately translate its National Environmental Policy, transport policy into action to b en efi t th e p eo p l e o f th i s cou n try.
Indoor air pollution levels are reported to be higher with biomass fuel, and a number of respiratory diseases in children are associated with pollution from burning such fuel. However, little is known about the situation in developing countries. The aim of the study was to compare indoor air pollution levels and prevalence of symptoms in children between biomass- and fossil-fuel-using households in different seasons in Bangladesh.
We conducted a cross-sectional study among biomass- (n = 42) and fossil-fuel (n = 66) users having children <5 years in Moulvibazar and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Health-related information of one child from each family was retrieved once in winter (January 2008) and once in summer (June 2008). The measured pollutants were carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), dust particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen dioxide.
Mean concentration of dust particles and geometric mean concentrations of VOCs such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, which were significantly higher in biomass- than fossil-fuel-users' kitchens (p < 0.05), were significantly higher in winter than in summer (p < 0.05). Levels of CO and CO(2), which were significantly higher in biomass than fossil-fuel users (p < 0.05), were significantly higher in summer than winter (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the occurrence of symptoms between biomass- and fossil-fuel users either in winter or in summer.
It was suggested that the measured indoor air pollution did not directly result in symptoms among children. Other factors may be involved.
Relatively few studies have been conducted of the association between air pollution and emergency department (ED) visits, and most of these have been based on a small number of visits, for a limited number of health conditions and pollutants, and only daily measures of exposure and response.
A time-series analysis was conducted on nearly 400,000 ED visits to 14 hospitals in seven Canadian cities during the 1990 s and early 2000s. Associations were examined between carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM 10 and PM2.5), and visits for angina/myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmia/conduction disturbance, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infections. Daily and 3-hourly visit counts were modeled as quasi-Poisson and analyses controlled for effects of temporal cycles, weather, day of week and holidays.
24-hour average concentrations of CO and NO2 lag 0 days exhibited the most consistent associations with cardiac conditions (2.1% (95% CI, 0.0-4.2%) and 2.6% (95% CI, 0.2-5.0%) increase in visits for myocardial infarction/angina per 0.7 ppm CO and 18.4 ppb NO2 respectively; 3.8% (95% CI, 0.7-6.9%) and 4.7% (95% CI, 1.2-8.4%) increase in visits for heart failure). Ozone (lag 2 days) was most consistently associated with respiratory visits (3.2% (95% CI, 0.3-6.2%), and 3.7% (95% CI, -0.5-7.9%) increases in asthma and COPD visits respectively per 18.4 ppb). Associations tended to be of greater magnitude during the warm season (April - September). In particular, the associations of PM 10 and PM2.5 with asthma visits were respectively nearly three- and over fourfold larger vs. all year analyses (14.4% increase in visits, 95% CI, 0.2-30.7, per 20.6 microg/m3 PM 10 and 7.6% increase in visits, 95% CI, 5.1-10.1, per 8.2 microg/m3 PM2.5). No consistent associations were observed between three hour average pollutant concentrations and same-day three hour averages of ED visits.
In this large multicenter analysis, daily average concentrations of CO and NO2 exhibited the most consistent associations with ED visits for cardiac conditions, while ozone exhibited the most consistent associations with visits for respiratory conditions. PM 10 and PM2.5 were strongly associated with asthma visits during the warm season.
We investigated the short-term effects of air pollution on hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Europe. As part of a European project (Air Pollution and Health, a European Approach (APHEA)), we analysed data from the cities of Amsterdam, Barcelona, London, Milan, Paris and Rotterdam, using a standardized approach to data eligibility and statistical analysis. Relative risks for daily COPD admissions were obtained using Poisson regression, controlling for: seasonal and other cycles; influenza epidemics; day of the week; temperature; humidity and autocorrelation. Summary effects for each pollutant were estimated as the mean of each city's regression coefficients weighted by the inverse of the variance, allowing for additional between-cities variance, as necessary. For all ages, the relative risks (95% confidence limits (95% CL)) for a 50 microg x m(-3) increase in daily mean level of pollutant (lagged 1-3 days) were (95% CL): sulphur dioxide 1.02 (0.98, 1.06); black smoke 1.04 (1.01, 1.06); total suspended particulates 1.02 (1.00, 1.05), nitrogen dioxide 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) and ozone (8 h) 1.04 (1.02, 1.07). The results confirm that air pollution is associated with daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in European cities with widely varying climates. The results for particles and ozone are broadly consistent with those from North America, though the coefficients for particles are substantially smaller. Overall, the evidence points to a causal relationship but the mechanisms of action, exposure response relationships and pollutant interactions remain unclear.
To assess any relationship between the levels of ambient air pollutants and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Hong Kong.
A retrospective ecological study was undertaken. Data of daily emergency hospital admissions to 15 major hospitals in Hong Kong for COPD and indices of air pollutants (sulphur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone (O(3)), particulates with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 microm (PM(10)) and 2.5 microm (PM(2.5))) and meteorological variables from January 2000 to December 2004 were obtained from several government departments. Analysis was performed using generalised additive models with Poisson distribution, adjusted for the effects of time trend, season, other cyclical factors, temperature and humidity. Autocorrelation and overdispersion were corrected.
Significant associations were found between hospital admissions for COPD with all five air pollutants. Relative risks for admission for every 10 microg/m(3) increase in SO(2), NO(2), O(3), PM(10) and PM(2.5) were 1.007, 1.026, 1.034, 1.024 and 1.031, respectively, at a lag day ranging from lag 0 to cumulative lag 0-5. In a multipollutant model, O(3), SO(2) and PM(2.5) were significantly associated with increased admissions for COPD. SO(2), NO(2) and O(3) had a greater effect on COPD admissions in the cold season (December to March) than during the warm season.
Ambient concentrations of air pollutants have an adverse effect on hospital admissions for COPD in Hong Kong, especially during the winter season. This might be due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollution through open windows as central heating is not required in the mild winter. Measures to improve air quality are urgently needed.
While accumulating evidence shows that air pollution exposure is an important risk factor to influenza prevalence, their association has been inadequately investigated in mountainous regions with dense populations and high humidity. We aim to estimate the association and exposure-outcome effects between exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and influenza prevalence in a mountainous region with a dense population and high humidity. We investigated 14,993 patients with confirmed influenza cases from January 2013 to December 2017 in Chongqing, a mountainous city in southwest China. We developed distributed lag non-linear models with quasi-Poisson link to take into account the lag and non-linear effects of NO2 exposure on influenza prevalence. We estimated that the cumulative effect of a 10 μg/m³ increase in NO2 with seven-day lag (i.e., summing all the contributions up to seven days) corresponded to relative risk of 1.24 (95% CI: 1.17-1.31) in daily influenza prevalence. Comparing to annual mean of the World Health Organization air quality guidelines of 40 μg/m³ for NO2, we estimated that 14.01% (95% CI: 10.69-17.08%) of the influenza cases were attributable to excessive NO2 exposure. Our results suggest that NO2 exposure could worsen the risk of influenza infection in this mountainous city, filling the gap of relevant researches in densely populated and mountainous cities. Our findings provide evidence for developing influenza surveillance and early warning systems.
Previous studies have shown that ambient air pollution is associated with respiratory morbidity. However, the effects of air pollutants on health have rarely been studied in China. Our study aimed to estimate the short-term effects of particulate air pollutants on hospitalizations for three types of respiratory disease: pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma. We collected data on daily admissions for patients with each disease from the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS) in Hefei, China. Daily records of air pollutants and meteorological data from January 2014 to March 2016 were also obtained. Distributed lag nonlinear models were employed in the analysis to evaluate the association between daily air pollutants and admissions. The highest effect of each pollutant on COPD hospital admission was observed with PM2.5 at lag 12 (RR = 1.068, 95% CI 1.017 to 1.121) and PM10 at lag 10 (RR = 1.031, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.060), for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in concentrations of the pollutants. The short-term effects of PM10 on asthma hospital admissions peaked at lag 12 (RR = 1.057, 95% CI 1.010 to 1.107). According to our stratified analysis, we found that the effects on COPD admission were more pronounced in the warm season than in the cold season, and the elderly (≥ 65 years) and females were more vulnerable to air pollution.
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has a population density of around 20,000 per square kilometer and faces the risk of large adverse health impacts due to poor air quality, particularly high particulate matter (PM) concentration. Government decisions aimed at curbing air pollution are usually taken on ad-hoc basis, primarily due to limited capacity for analysis of options. To assess the impact of a particular pollution control strategy, it is important to predict pollutant concentration in response to the control strategy. The present study focuses on development of a grid-based emission inventory for Dhaka considering major emission sources including vehicles, brick kiln as an industrial source, and road dust; and subsequently using the emission inventory to predict PM concentration, using a grid-based source-receptor model (SRM). The SRM has been developed using an atmospheric dispersion model ATMoS-4.0. The grid-based emission inventory has been developed considering spatial and temporal (e.g., brick kilns operating only during dry season) variations in emissions. The emission inventory and SRM are being used to estimate contribution of the major sources to ambient PM. Model predictions show that brick kilns, road dust and traffic emissions-all contribute significantly to ambient PM 10 and PM 2.5 in Dhaka. Comparison of predicted PM with the monitored PM at a CAMS location in Dhaka provides some confidence in the developed emission inventory and S-R model. Such a model, when fully developed and calibrated, could become a very useful policy analysis tool for air quality management.
This new volume was prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry. It brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is known - and not known - about the human health risks of automotive emissions. Although the volume's primary focus is automotive emissions, much of the information will be applicable to other air pollutants and even to other sources of exposure to toxic substances. -from Publisher
We examined the associations between the daily variations of air pollutants and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in İstanbul, the largest city of Turkey. A time series analysis of counts of daily hospital admissions and outdoor air pollutants was performed using single-pollutant Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) while controlling for time trends and meteorological factors over a 3-year period (2013–2015) at different time lags (0–9 days). Effects of the pollutants (Excess Risk, ER) on current-day (lag 0) hospital admissions to the first ten days (lag 9) were determined. Data on hospital admissions, daily mean concentrations of air pollutants of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 and daily mean concentrations of temperature and humidity of İstanbul were used in the study. The analysis was conducted among people of all ages, but also focused on different sexes and different age groups including children (0–14 years), adults (35–44 years) and elderly (≥65 years). We found significant associations between air pollution and respiratory related hospital admissions in the city. Our findings showed that the relative magnitude of risks for an association of the pollutants with the total respiratory hospital admissions was in the order of: PM2.5, NO2, and PM10. The highest association of each pollutant with total hospital admission was observed with PM2.5 at lag 4 (ER = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.09–1.99), NO2 at lag 4 (ER = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.02–1.53) and PM10 at lag 0 (ER = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.33–0.89) for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in concentrations of the pollutants. In conclusion, our study showed that short-term exposure to air pollution was positively associated with increased respiratory hospital admissions in İstanbul during 2013–2015. As the first air pollution hospital admission study using GLM in İstanbul, these findings may have implications for local environmental and social policies.
A systematic literature review was performed to identify all peer-reviewed literature quantifying the association between short-term exposures of particulate matter <2.5 microns (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and COPD-related emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions (HA), and mortality. These results were then pooled for each pollutant through meta-analyses with a random effects model. Subgroup meta-analyses were explored to study the effects of selected lag/averaging times and health outcomes. A total of 37 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria, contributing to a total of approximately 1,115,000 COPD-related acute events (950,000 HAs, 80,000 EDs, and 130,000 deaths) to our meta-estimates. An increase in PM2.5 of 10 ug/m³ was associated with a 2.5% (95% CI: 1.6–3.4%) increased risk of COPD-related ED and HA, an increase of 10 ug/m³ in NO2 was associated with a 4.2% (2.5–6.0%) increase, and an increase of 10 ug/m³ in SO2 was associated with a 2.1% (0.7–3.5%) increase. The strength of these pooled effect estimates, however, varied depending on the selected lag/averaging time between exposure and outcome. Similar pooled effects were estimated for each pollutant and COPD-related mortality. These results suggest an ongoing threat to the health of COPD patients from both outdoor particulates and gaseous pollutants. Ambient outdoor concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 were significantly and positively associated with both COPD-related morbidity and mortality.
Many studies have shown relationships between air pollution and the rate of hospital admissions for asthma. A few studies have controlled for age-specific effects by adding separate smoothing functions for each age group. However, it has not yet been reported whether air pollution effects are significantly different for different age groups. This lack of information is the motivation for this study, which tests the hypothesis that air pollution effects on asthmatic hospital admissions are significantly different by age groups. Each air pollutant's effect on asthmatic hospital admissions by age groups was estimated separately. In this study, daily time-series data for hospital admission rates from seven cities in Korea from June 1999 through 2003 were analyzed. The outcome variable, daily hospital admission rates for asthma, was related to five air pollutants which were used as the independent variables, namely particulate matter
Evidence on the health risks associated with short-term exposure to fine particles (particulate matter < or =2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5]) is limited. Results from the new national monitoring network for PM2.5 make possible systematic research on health risks at national and regional scales.
To estimate risks of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5 for Medicare enrollees and to explore heterogeneity of the variation of risks across regions.
A national database comprising daily time-series data daily for 1999 through 2002 on hospital admission rates (constructed from the Medicare National Claims History Files) for cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes and injuries, ambient PM2.5 levels, and temperature and dew-point temperature for 204 US urban counties (population >200,000) with 11.5 million Medicare enrollees (aged >65 years) living an average of 5.9 miles from a PM2.5 monitor.
Daily counts of county-wide hospital admissions for primary diagnosis of cerebrovascular, peripheral, and ischemic heart diseases, heart rhythm, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infection, and injuries as a control outcome.
There was a short-term increase in hospital admission rates associated with PM2.5 for all of the health outcomes except injuries. The largest association was for heart failure, which had a 1.28% (95% confidence interval, 0.78%-1.78%) increase in risk per 10-microg/m3 increase in same-day PM2.5. Cardiovascular risks tended to be higher in counties located in the Eastern region of the United States, which included the Northeast, the Southeast, the Midwest, and the South.
Short-term exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk for hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
European cities: results from the APHEA project
European cities: results from the APHEA project," Eur. Respir. J., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1064-1071, May 1997.
Bangladesh air world's worst in 2019
- M A B Devnath
M. A. & B. Devnath, "Bangladesh air world's worst in 2019," 2020.
Air pollution:Deaths from asthma, COPD rise alarmingly in 5 years
- T Tajmim
T. Tajmim, "Air pollution:Deaths from asthma, COPD rise alarmingly in 5 years," 2019.