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Abstract

Son yıllarda yapılan birçok çalışmada mantarlarda bulunan faydalı doğal bileşenlerin çeşitli hastalıkları iyileştirmede ve hastalık etkenini ortadan kaldırmada çok önemli olduğu bulunmuştur. Farklı ülkelerde yayılış gösteren mantarların biyolojik aktivitelerinin olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de Entoloma sinuatum (Bull.) P. Kumm’un antioksidan seviyesi, oksidan seviyesi ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesi belirlendi. Mantarın etanol özütü soxhlet cihazında çıkarıldı. Antioksidan ve oksidan seviyeleri Rel Assay TAS ve TOS kitleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Ayrıca antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktivite agar dilüsyon metodu kullanılarak bakteri ve fungus suşlarına karşı test edildi. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda mantarın TAS değeri 2.64±0.15, TOS değeri 6.58±0.23 ve OSI (Oksidatif stres indeksi) değeri 0.25±0.02 olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca mantarın etanol özütünün bakterilere karşı 200 ve 400 μg/mL, funguslara karşı 50 μg/mL konsantrasyonlarda etkili olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak E. sinuatum'un doğal antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal ajan olduğu belirlendi.
KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg 25 (1): 83-87, 2022
KSU J. Agric Nat 25 (1): 83-87, 2022
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.880151
Biological Activities of Wild Poisonous Mushroom
Entoloma sinuatum
(Bull.) P. Kumm
(Boletales)
Celal BAL1 , Hayri BABA2, Ilgaz AKATA3, Mustafa SEVINDIK4, Zeliha SELAMOGLU5, Hasan AKGÜL6
1Gaziantep University, Oguzeli Vocational School, Gaziantep, Turkey, 2Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Science and Literature,
Department of Biology, Hatay, Turkey, 3Ankara University, Science Faculty Department, Biology, Ankara, Turkey, 4Department of Food
Processing, Bahçe Vocational School, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey, 5Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of
Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Nigde, Turkey, 6Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Antalya, Turkey.
1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6856-3254, 2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-4321, 3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-1302
4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-2220, 5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-6435, 6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8514-9776
: bal@gantep.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
In many studies conducted in recent years, it has been found that the
beneficial natural ingredients found in mushrooms are very important
in curing various diseases and eliminating disease factors. It has been
reported that fungi that spread in different countries have biological
activities. In this study, antioxidant level (TAS), oxidant level (TOS),
and antibacterial and antifungalactivity of
Entoloma sinuatum
(Bull.)
P. Kumm were determined. Ethanol extract of the mushroom was
extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus. Antioxidant and oxidant levels were
determined using Rel Assay TAS and TOS kits. Also, antimicrobial
activity was tested against bacterial and fungal strains using the agar
dilution method. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of the
mushroom was determined 2.64±0.15, the TOS value was 6.58±0.23,
and the OSI (Oxidative stress index) value was 0.25±0.02. In addition,
it was determined that the ethanol extract of the mushroom was
effective against bacteria at 200 and 400 μg/mL, and against fungi at
50 μg/mL concentrations. As a result, it was determined that
E.
sinuatum
is a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.
Research Article
Yabani Zehirli Mantar
Entoloma sinuatum
(Bull.) P. Kumm 'un (Boletales) Biyolojik Aktiviteleri
ÖZET
Son yıllarda yapılan birçok çalışmada mantarlarda bulunan faydalı
doğal bileşenlerin çeşitli hastalıkları iyileştirmede ve hastalık
etkenini ortadan kaldırmada çok önemli olduğu bulunmuştur. Farklı
ülkelerde yayılış gösteren mantarların biyolojik aktivitelerinin olduğu
bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de Entoloma sinuatum (Bull.) P.
Kumm’un antioksidan seviyesi, oksidan seviyesi ve antimikrobiyal
aktivitesi belirlendi. Mantarın etanol özütü soxhlet cihazında
çıkarıldı. Antioksidan ve oksidan seviyeleri Rel Assay TAS ve TOS
kitleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Ayrıca antibakteriyel ve antifungal
aktivite agar dilüsyon metodu kullanılarak bakteri ve fungus
suşlarına karşı test edildi. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda mantarın
TAS değeri 2.64±0.15, TOS değeri 6.58±0.23 ve OSI (Oksidatif stres
indeksi) değeri 0.25±0.02 olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca mantarın etanol
özütünün bakterilere karşı 200 ve 400 μg/mL, funguslara karşı 50
μg/mL konsantrasyonlarda etkili olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak E.
sinuatum'un doğal antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal ajan olduğu
belirlendi.
Araştırma Makalesi
To Cite :
Bal C, Baba H, Akata I, Sevindik M, Selamoğlu Z, Akgül H 2022. Biological Activities of Wild Poisonous
Mushroom
Entoloma sinuatum
(Boletales). KSU J. Agric Nat 25 (1): 83-87. https://doi.org/10.18016/
ksutarimdoga.vi.880151.
INTRODUCTION
In terms of nutritional values of mushrooms, it has
been utilized in the treatment of cancer, cholesterol-
lowering, stress, insomnia, asthma, allergies, and
diabetes, and it has been included in studies that it is
effective. Besides, mushrooms contain various
KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg 25 (1): 83-87, 2022
KSU J. Agric Nat 25 (1): 83-87, 2022
Araştırma Makalesi
Research Article
84
secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds,
polyketides, terpenes, and steroids that act as
antioxidants (Ahmed et al., 2015; İnci and Kırbağ,
2018; Krupodorova and Sevindik, 2020). In studies on
natural mushrooms in different parts of the world, it
has been reported that mushrooms have different
biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anticancer, antitumor, antiproliferative, anti-
inflamatuvar, DNA protective, anti-aging, and
antiallergic (Bae et al., 2007; Bal et al., 2017; Garcia-
Lafuentea, et al., 2010; Osman and Toliba, 2019;
Sevindik et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019; Umaña et al.,
2020). In this context, the discovery of new natural
products has been inevitable, especially in recent
years, due to the interest of people in natural products
and the possible side effects of synthetic drugs. In this
study, wild poisonous mushroom
Entoloma sinuatum
(Bull.) P. Kumm was used as a material.
E. sinuatum
(livid entoloma, livid agaric, livid pinkgill,
leaden entoloma, and lead poisoner) is a poisonous
fungus that has been detected in many regions of the
world. Fruiting bodies of the mushroom appear in late
summer and autumn (Zeitlmayr, 1976). It is seen in
deciduous woodlands covered with clay and calcareous
soils, usually Oak and Beech, rarely in birch or in
nearby park areas. Sometimes it meets in the form of
a fairy ring. It can be seen alone or in groups and most
members of the genus are saprotrophic. In young form,
it can be mixed with the edible
Calocybe gambosa
or
Clitopilus prunulus
. Also, an ordinary observer might
confuse
E. sinuatum
with the meadow mushroom
Agaricus campestris
(Lamaison and Polese, 2005). For
this reason, it has played a leading role in many
mushroom poisoning cases in Europe.
E. sinuatum
poisoning is generally not fatal. Following
consumption of mushrooms, the gastrointestinal
syndrome is observed. Depression and delirium are
rare sequelae (Bastida et al., 1987). In this study, the
antioxidant, oxidant, and antimicrobial activities of
wild poisonous mushroom
E. sinuatum
were
determined.
MATERIALS and METHODS
Sample extraction
Mushroom samples were collected from the Belgrad
forest (41°10'56.63"N- 28°59'5.91"E, 145m)
(Istanbul/Turkey). After the samples were collected,
they were dried in a dryer (Profilo, PFD2350W) for
about 12 hours at 45 °C and 10 g of each mushroom
sample was taken and ground into powder
(WANXINGBO, Grinder). Powder samples were
extracted with 200 mL of ethanol for 6 h in the Soxhlet
apparatus then obtained by filtration through filter
paper (ISOLAB, 125mm) and the solvent was removed
on a rotary evaporator (Heidolph Laborota 4000
Rotary Evaporator) at 40 °C. Crude extracts were
stored at + 4 ° C until further conducting experiments.
Antibacterial activities
The antimicrobial activity tests of ethanol extract of
the mushroom sample were determined by the agar
dilution method. The lowest concentration of the
extract preventing the growth of microorganisms was
determined as the MIC (Minimum Inhibitor
Concentration) value. Extract concentrations were set
at 6.25 to800 µg/mL in distilled water (CLSI, 2002;
CLSI, 2003).
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 29213),
Enterococcus faecalis
(ATCC 29212),
Escherichia coli
(ATCC 25922) and
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
(ATCC
27853) were used as test bacteria. Bacteria were pre-
cultured in Muller Hinton Broth medium. Amikacin,
Ampicillin, and Ciprofloxacin were used as positive
controls (Hindler et al., 1992).
Antifungal activities
Candida
albicans
(ATCC 10231) and
C. tropicalis
(ATCC 13803) were used as test fungi. Fungi were pre-
cultured in RPMI 1640 Broth medium. Fluconazole
and Amphotericin B were used as positive controls
(Hindler et al., 1992).
Antioxidant activities
The total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and
oxidative stress index of ethanol extracts of
mushrooms were evaluated using Rel Assay TAS and
TOS kits. Trolox was utilized as a calibrator in
antioxidant studies. Hydrogen peroxide was used as a
calibrator in oxidant studies (Erel, 2004; Erel, 2005).
The OSI (Oxidative stress index) value is determined
by proportioning the TAS value to the TOS value. The
following formula was used for the OSI value
(Sevindik, 2018).
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Antibacterial and Antifungal activities
Antibacterial and antifungal drugs used today are
inadequate due to the antibiotic resistance that
microorganisms have gained in recent years.
Moreover, people turned to natural products due to the
possible side effects of antibacterial and antifungal
drugs (Liu et al., 2017; Abdalla et al., 2020). This trend
has made the discovery of new antibacterial and
antifungal natural products. In this study, the
antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ethanol
extract of
E. sinuatum
was determined. The findings
obtained were shown in Table1.
In previous studies on
Entoloma
species, the methanol
extract of
Entoloma speculum
was reported to be
effective against
Xanthomonas campestris,
Pseudomonas syringae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherihia coli, Salmonella
typhi, P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptomyces pneumoneae, Candida albicans,
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Research Article
85
Chrysosporium merdarium, Trichophyton rubrum,
Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Fusarium solani,
Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus
and
A.
niger
in different concentrations (Kodiyalmath and
Krishnappa, 2018). In another study, ethanol extract
of
Entoloma
nubigenum
was reported to be effective
against
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia faecalis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Penicillium notatum,
and
Ceratocistys pilifera
(Reinoso et al., 2013). In our
study, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of
ethanol extract of
E. sinuatum
was determined. As a
result of this, it has been determined to be effective
against
S. aureus
and
P. aeruginosa
in 400 µg/mL
concentration,
E. faecalis
and
E. coli
at 200 µg/mL
concentration,
C. albicans
and
C.
tropicalis
at 50
µg/mL concentration. In other words, the antifungal
activity of the mushroom extract appears to be higher.
It was also determined that the fungus can be used as
a natural antibacterial and antifungal source.
Table 1. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of ethanol extract of
E. sinuatum
Çizelge 1. E. sinuatum'un etanol ekstresinin antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktiviteleri
Sample
Antibacterial (µg/mL)
Antifungal (µg/mL)
S. aureus
E. faecalis
E. coli
P. aeruginosa
C. albicans
C. tropicalis
Entoloma sinuatum
400
200
200
400
50
50
Flukonazole
-
-
-
-
1.56
3.12
Ampicillin
3.12
1.56
3.12
-
-
-
Ciprofloxacin
0.78
0.78
1.56
3.12
-
-
Antioxidant activities
Antioxidant compounds are found in many natural
products including mushrooms that spread in many
different ecosystems. Mushrooms are very vital
sources of antioxidants with their numerous
antioxidant-effective enzymes and phenolic
compounds (Lu et al., 2018; İnci et al., 2019).
Table 2. TAS, TOS and OSI Values of ethanol extract of
E.
sinuatum
Çizelge 2. E. sinuatum'un etanol ekstresinin TAS, TOS ve
OSI Değerleri
Sample
TAS (mmol/L)
TOS (µmol/L)
OSI
E. sinuatum
2.64±0.15
6.58±0.23
0.25±0.02
Values are presented as mean±S.D
Many studies have shown that mushrooms have high
antioxidant activities. The total antioxidant and total
oxidant status of used in our study were determined
for the first time. In previous TAS and TOS studies on
wild mushrooms, TAS value of
Tricholoma
virgatum
was reported as 3.754, TOS value was 8.362 and OSI
value was 0.223 (Selamoğlu et al., 2020). The TAS
value of
Cerioporus varius
was reported as 2.312, TOS
value was 14.358 and OSI value was 0.627 (Sevindik,
2019). TAS value of
Suillus granulatus
was reported as
3.143, TOS value was 18.933 and OSI value was 0.603
(Mushtaq et al., 2020). The TAS value of
Lactifluus
rugatus
was reported as 3.237, the TOS value was
8.178 and the OSI value was 0.254 (Sevindik, 2020).
The TAS value of
Infundibulicybe geotropa
was
reported as 1.854, TOS value was 30.385 and OSI
value was 1.639 (Sevindik et al., 2020). The TAS value
of
Lepista nuda
was reported as 3.102, the TOS value
was 36.920, and the OSI value was 1.190 (Bal et al.,
2019). Compared to these studies, the TAS value of
E.
sinuatum
was found to be higher than
I. geotropa
and
C. varius
, lower than
L. rugatus, L. nuda, S.
granulatus
and
T. virgatum
. TAS value shows the
whole of the antioxidant compounds produced within
the mushroom (Krupodorova and Sevindik, 2020). The
difference in TAS values determined in studies on
different mushrooms draws attention. The difference
in TAS value between species is due to the difference
in the potential of fungi to produce compounds with
antioxidant properties.
When TOS values were examined,
E. sinuatum
was
determined to be lower than
C. varius, L. rugatus, I.
geotropa, L. nuda
and
T. virgatum
. The TOS value
indicates the whole of the oxidant compounds produced
by the fungus as a result of environmental effects
metabolic activities (Krupodorova and Sevindik, 2020).
TOS value of
E. sinuatum
used in our study was
generally found to be low. In addition, the OSI value
shows how much the oxidant compounds produced in
the mushroom's body are suppressed by the
endogenous antioxidants (Krupodorova and Sevindik,
2020).
E. sinuatum
suppressed better than
I. geotropa,
L. rugatus, S. granulatus, L. nuda,
and
C. varius
, less
than
T. virgatum
. Determining the oxidative stress
index is important in determining the antioxidant
potential of the mushroom. The OSI value shows the
success of suppressing the oxidant compounds
produced by the fungus by the antioxidant defence
system. In this context, it is seen that the antioxidant
defence system of
E. sinuatum
is successful in
suppressing oxidant compounds. As a result, it was
determined that
E. sinuatum
has antioxidant
potential.
CONCLUSION
In this study, the antioxidant, oxidant, and
antimicrobial potential of wild poisonous mushroom
E.
sinuatum
was determined. As a result, it was found
that the antioxidant potential of the mushroom was at
KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg 25 (1): 83-87, 2022
KSU J. Agric Nat 25 (1): 83-87, 2022
Araştırma Makalesi
Research Article
86
normal levels. It was also found that the oxidant level
was low, yet, fungi were more effective against fungi.
Besides, it was determined that
E. sinuatum
could be
a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thanks to Osmaniye Korkut Ata University,
Central Research Laboratory for their support.
Researchers Contribution Rate Declaration Summary
The authors declare that they have contributed equally
to the article.
Conflicts of Interest Statement
The article authors declare that they do not have any
conflict of interest.
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... Mushrooms occupy an important position in the diet because they contain high levels of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals and protein [5][6][7]. Numerous studies in the scientific literature have documented the diverse biological activities exhibited by mushrooms, including but not limited to anticancer, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antioxidant, DNA protective, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immune system regulatory properties [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The assessment of the biological activities of fungi holds significance in relation to their potential applications, owing to the diverse range of effects they exhibit [16]. ...
... The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) required to inhibit the growth of the bacterial and fungal strains utilized in the study was determined. Stock solutions were prepared using the mushroom extract, with concentrations: 12 ...
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Mushrooms, regarded as a significant component of the ecosystem, are utilised by individuals for various purposes. The present study aimed to investigate the biological activities of Agrocybe praecox (Pers.) Fayod, commonly referred to as the Spring Fieldcap mushroom. The ethanol extract of the mushroom was obtained with the Soxhlet apparatus. Subsequently, the quantification of total antioxidant, total oxidant, and oxidative stress index of the mushroom extract was conducted utilizing Rel Assay kits. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The agar dilution method was employed to assess the antimicrobial activity of the mushroom extract. The antiproliferative activity of the compound was assessed using A549 lung cancer cells. Elemental levels of the fungus were measured using the wet digestion method. The findings of the study revealed that the levels of the elements fell within the range reported in the existing literature. In addition, it was determined that the total antioxidant value was 2.97±0.08, the total oxidant value was 7.63±0.16, the oxidative stress index was 0.26±0.01, and the total phenolic content was 49.7±3.0 mg/g. It was found to be effective against microorganisms at concentrations between 50-200 µg/mL. Furthermore, it was ascertained that this mushroom exhibited antiproliferative activity, with the degree of activity being contingent upon the concentration of the extract. Consequently, it was determined that Agrocybe praecox exhibits potential as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent.
... Pholiota adiposa, Pholiota lubrica, and Pholiota squarrosa mushroom EtOH extracts were subjected to an oxidative stress (OSI) index and total oxidant status study by Sevindik et al. [52]. Total antioxidant capacity (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS), and OSI activity of different species of mushrooms were assessed by different researchers [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. ...
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In many areas of human life, including food, health, culture, and religion, mushrooms have had a significant impact. Most people eat mushrooms for their flavor and texture. Recently, they have gained popularity as a protein source and a drug research tool. According to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, mushrooms are fungi that produce spongy fruiting bodies, particularly those that possess a stalk and an envelope top. Mushrooms are composed of 90% water and 10% dry material. Additionally, it has a physicochemical composition that is important for nutrition. Edible mushrooms have been shown to offer therapeutic benefits, including anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic actions. Mushrooms are a fantastic source of nourishment since they are rich in proteins, minerals, complex sugars, unsaturated fatty acids, and secondary metabolites. The composition and nutritional benefits of edible mushrooms have been carefully investigated in this review. Edible mushrooms have been used as potential therapeutic stand-ins, and bioactive components present in edible mushrooms, such as polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, have also been studied. This review article may also help scientists, researchers, and medical professionals slow the advancement of some lifestyle diseases, neurological disorders, along autoimmune disorders.
... The TAS value of Candolleomyces candolleanus has been reported as 5.547 mmol/L, the TOS value as 8.572 µmol/L, and the OSI value as 0.155 [43]. The TAS value of Entoloma sinuatum was recorded as 2.64 mmol/L, the TOS value as 6.58 µmol/L, and the OSI value as 0.25 [44]. In this investigation, we observed that the TAS value of H. erinaceus was higher than those of A. praecox and E. sinuatum but lower than that of C. candolleanus. ...
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Mushrooms are one of the indispensable elements of human diets. Edible mushrooms stand out with their aroma and nutritional properties. In this study, some biological activities of the wild edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus were determined. In this context, firstly, the most suitable extraction conditions of the fungus in terms of biological activity were determined. First, 64 different experiments were performed with the Soxhlet device under 40–70 °C extraction temperature, 3–9 h extraction time, and 0.5–2 mg/mL extraction conditions. As a result, a total antioxidant status (TAS) analysis was performed, and the extraction conditions were optimized so that the objective function was the maximum TAS value. The data obtained from the experimental study were modeled with artificial neural networks (ANNs), one of the artificial intelligence methods, and optimized with a genetic algorithm (GA). All subsequent tests were performed using the extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions. The antioxidant capacity of the mushroom was assessed using Rel assay kits and the DPPH and FRAP techniques. The agar dilution method was used to measure the antimicrobial activity. The anti-Alzheimer activity was assessed based on the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The antiproliferative activity was assessed against the A549 cancer cell line. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The measurement of total flavonoids was conducted using the aluminum chloride test. LC-MS/MS equipment was used to screen for the presence of standard chemicals. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be a 60.667 °C temperature, 7.833 h, and 1.98 mg/mL. It was determined that the mushroom has high antioxidant potential. It was determined that the substance was successful at combating common bacterial and fungal strains when used at dosages ranging from 25 to 200 µg/mL. The high antiproliferative effect of the substance was attributed to its heightened concentration. The anti-AChE value was found to be 13.85 μg/mL, while the anti-BChE value was confirmed to be 28.00 μg/mL. The phenolic analysis of the mushroom revealed the presence of 13 chemicals. This investigation found that H. erinaceus exhibits robust biological activity when extracted under appropriate circumstances.
... High levels of these compounds cause serious cellular and tissue damage. The antioxidant defense system functions in suppressing oxidant compounds or reducing their effects [24,25]. When the antioxidant defense system is inadequate, oxidative stress occurs. ...
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Mushrooms are natural products with many biological activities. In this study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase activities and element levels of Lycoperdon pratense Pers. were determined. In this context, the mushroom was extracted with ethanol in a soxhlet device. Antioxidant potential was determined using Rel assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar dilution method. Antialzheimer activity was determined by acetyl-(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) potentials. The levels of elements accumulated in the mushroom were scanned using the wet digestion method. As a result of the analysis, the TAS value of the mushroom was measured as 2.589 ± 0.118 mmol Trolox equiv./L, the TOS value was 10.360 ± 0.197 µmol H2O2 equiv./L and the OSI value was 0.401±0.013. The mushroom extract was found to have high activity against bacteria. It was determined that the extract had an effect against microorganisms at concentrations between 50-400 μg/mL. It was determined that the anti-AChE IC50 value of the mushroom extract was 14.48 ± 0.80 μg/mL and the anti-BChE IC50 value was 23.10±1.21 μg/mL. It is also thought that it can be used as an indicator in terms of element levels within the mushroom. As a result, it was determined that the mushroom has antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiallergic potential.
... The antioxidant defense system plays a role in suppressing these oxidant compounds [27]. However, in some cases, the antioxidant defense system is inadequate against oxidant compounds [28]. In such cases, oxidative stress occurs. ...
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Mushrooms are cosmopolitan living groups. They stand out with their nutritional and aromatic properties. Apart from these features, they are also medically important natural materials. In this study, the biological activities of Trametes versicolor reported in the literature were compiled. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the mushroom attracts attention with its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. In this context, it is thought to be an important natural material to be used in pharmacological designs.
... A wide range of devastating human illnesses, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders, may develop in response to elevated levels of oxidative stress. When antioxidant levels inside the body are inadequate, it may be essential to consume more antioxidants from outside sources to alleviate oxidative stress [89,90]. Numerous mushrooms displaying antioxidant potential are discussed in Figure 6 [91] whereas various mechanisms for the antioxidant potential of mushrooms are as mentioned in Figure 7 [92]. ...
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Mushrooms, due to their many medical, preventive, and nutraceutical purposes, as well as their reputation as a folk remedy, have long been an integral part of traditional cuisines. The therapeutic advantages of mushrooms may be attributed to their bioactive components, including polysaccharides (both low and high molecular weight), terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, lectins, and glucans. The bioactive components have been discovered to possess various health advantages, including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, radical scavenging, cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and anti-diabetic effects. These effects have gained worldwide attention and stimulated interest in further investigating their potential applications. Functional foods have the dual purpose of serving as both nourishment and medication. They may assist in the management and prevention of health disorders that are not functioning optimally, as well as mitigate some adverse effects of life-threatening diseases. Further evaluation is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms via which mushrooms operate and improve their therapeutic properties. This review delves into the possible medicinal potential of mushrooms and the advantages they may provide to human health.
... The TAS value of Candolleomyces candolleanus was reported as 5.547, TOS 10 value as 8.572 and OSI value as 0.155 [33]. The TAS value of Entoloma sinuatum was reported as 2.64, TOS value 6.58 and OSI value 0.25 [34]. Compared to these studies, the TAS value of H. erinaceus used in our study was Found to be higher than Agrocybe praecox and Entoloma sinuatum, but lower than Candolleomyces candolleanus. ...
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Biological Activities of ethanol extracts of Hericium erinaceus obtained as a result of optimization analysis
... However, some toxic species are frequently confused with edible species because of their morphological similarities. Previous studies have reported that poisonous E. clypeatum has been mistaken for A. vaginata and E. aprile (Işiloğlu et al., 2011), E. subsinuatum for Tricholoma magnivelare (Public Health Ontario, 2019), E. rhodopolium for E. sarcopum (Kondo et al., 2017), and E. sinuatum for Calocybe gambosa, Clitopilus prunulus, and Agaricus campestris (Bal et al., 2022). The ingestion of these poisonous wild mushrooms can lead to GI syndromes, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. ...
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The frequency of mushroom poisoning has increased worldwide. In Thailand, reports on mycetism between 2013 and 2021 included 18 cases of Entoloma poisoning. Incorrect identification of toxic Entoloma species occurs during wild mushroom foraging, and their consumption results in gastrointestinal irritation. Morphological distinction of mushroom leftovers is difficult; however, we aimed to characterize 40 clinical samples to the genus level using macroscopic and microscopic analyses. Furthermore, species identification of the poisonous Entoloma was performed based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region, nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods demonstrated that forty samples of mushroom remnants formed eight robust clades with six identified species. The findings confirmed the taxonomic identity of E. griseolazulinum as a new record of species causing gastrointestinal poisoning. The use of molecular annotation provided a foundation for the development of accurate methods for identification of toxic mushrooms.
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Plants are natural products used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. In this study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Tagetes patula L. samples collected from Iraq were determined. In this context, the aerial parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol in a soxhlet device. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was measured with Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar dilution method against standard bacterial and fungal strains. Acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitions were tested for anticholinesterase activity. The quantification of the total phenolic content of the samples were carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The quantification of flavonoids was conducted through the use of an aluminum chloride assay. As a result of the analyses, the total antioxidant value of the plant extract was determined as 5.386±0.142, the total oxidant value was 8.287±0.146 and the oxidative stress index was determined as 0.154±0.003. Plant extracts showed the highest activity against Candica species. It was also found to be effective against bacterial and fungal strains at concentrations between 50-400 µg/mL. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the plant extract was determined as 24.97±0.98, butyrylcholinesterase activity was determined as 35.65±0.94. Additionally, its total phenolic content was determined as 63.64±0.74 and its total flavonoid content was 108.9±1.55. In this context, it has been determined that the plant has antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiallergic potential.
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Mushrooms are invariable components of natural ecosystems. Today, they are used by humans for different purposes. In this study, some biological activities of wild mushroom Suillus bellinii (Inzenga) Kuntze were determined. In this regard, ethanol and methanol extracts of the mushroom were obtained using Soxhlet apparatus. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by determining acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase activities. Antimicrobial activity was determined by agar dilution method using standard bacterial and fungal strains. Total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the mushroom were determined using Rel Assay kits According to the results obtained, it was observed that methanol extract of mushroom had higher acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase activity than ethanol extract. The mushroom extracts were found to be effective against microorganisms at concentrations between 100-400 μg/Ml. In addition, It was determined that the methanol extract of the mushroom had higher TAS and TOS values than the ethanol extract. OSI value was found to be higher in ethanol extract. In conclusion, it was determined that Suillus bellinii has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities and can be used as natural material in this concept.
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In the present study, the antioxidant, antimicrobial potential and antiproliferative activity of Lactifluus rugatus mushroom were determined. Thus, extracts of the mushroom were obtained using a Soxhlet device. Antioxidant and oxidant potentials were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial potential was tested on 9 microorganisms using the modified agar dilution method. MTT test was conducted on A549 cells to determine the anti-proliferative activity. As a result, high level of antioxidant activity was determined in L. rugatus. Furthermore, it was determined that the mushroom had antimicrobial properties on tested bacteria and fungi and strong anti-proliferative activity on A549 cells. In conclusion, it was considered that L. rugatus had pharmacological potential and it can be utilized as a natural pharmacological agent.
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People have used mushrooms for many different diseases for thousands of years. Although mushrooms are considered as nutrients for the first time, it has been determined by researches that they have medicinal properties. In this study, antioxidant status, oxidant status and some mineral contents of wild edible mushroom Ramaria stricta (Pers.) Quél were determined. The antioxidant and oxidant states of the mushroom were measured using Rel Assay kits. Element contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. In this study, the antioxidant potential of R. stricta mushroom used in our study has been evaluated to be high in term of total antioxidant status (TAS) values (4.223 ± 0.054 mmol/l), total oxidant status (TOS) values (8.201 ± 0.095 µmol/l), and oxidative stress index (OSI) value (0.194 ± 0.001). Fruitbodies of R. stricta contains essential mineral elements which are of immense health benefit. The highest Fe content (451.21 ± 5.56 mg.kg-1) was found in mushroom samples. It was established high Cu content (95.54 ± 2.06 mg.kg-1), and Zn content (39.19 ± 1.07 mg.kg-1). Ni content was 7.17 ± 0.32 mg.kg-1. A lower content (2.18 ± 0.10 mg.kg-1) was recorded for Pb. In addition, element contents were found to be at normal levels. As a result, R. stricta mushroom is thought to be a natural antioxidant source.
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Tricholoma is one of the famous genera of Basidiomycota division. Although some species of this genus have been used as culinary mushrooms, very negligible investigations have been conducted on Tricholoma genus phenolic contents and their biological activities. In the present study, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and DNA protection properties of total phenolic contents of Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. (54% methanolic extract) were assessed. T. virgatum phenolic content was determined by an analytic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based on compression with standard phenolic compounds including gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and coumaric acid. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values were determined using Rel Assay kits. For DNA protective potential assay, pBR322 supercoiled DNA method was used. The antimicrobial activity assay was done based on the agar dilution method on six different microorganisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis. The total phenolic contents of this mushroom lied within range of 2.02-56.85 ppm based on coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid as standards. TAS, TOS, and OSI values were determined as 3.754±0.088 mmol/L, 8.362 ±0.085 μmol/L, and 0.223 ±0.007, respectively. T. virgatum methanol extract could exhibit a protective effect on DNA against the hydroxyl radical at 100 μg/mL concentration. Although T. virgatum is not recommended as an edible mushroom, according to our results, this mushroom could be considered as valuable source for phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant/antimicrobial effects.
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Mushrooms are important natural resources in natural ecosystems. They have been used for centuries as a means of food, medicine and religious rituals for humans. In this study, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn contents of edible mushroom Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel were determined. Mushroom samples were collected from Hatay-Antakya (Turkey). Ethanol extracts of mushroom samples were obtained. TAS, TOS and OSI values were measured using Rel Assay kits. Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. As a result of the study, TAS value of S. granulatus was 3.143 ± 0.068 mmol/L, TOS value was 18.933 ± 0.195 µmol/L and OSI value was 0.603 ± 0.007. Cr content of S. granulatus was found to be high. As a result, wild edible mushroom S. granulatus had antioxidant potential.
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Hybrid nanoparticles designed to exert multiple mechanisms of antibacterial action offer a new approach to the fight against pathogenic resistant bacteria. In this study, nanomaterials with the dual actions of antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities were developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) functionalized with either lactoferrin (LTF) or graphene oxide (GO). AgNPs were synthesized using mushroom waste as a reducing agent and chitosan (CS) as a stabilizing agent, prior to their surface functionalization with either GO (AgGO) or LTF (Ag-LTF). The AgNPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 430 nm, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy, whereas the absorption of AgGO and Ag-LTF occurred at 402 and 441 nm, respectively. Particle size analysis of AgNPs, AgGO, and Ag-LTF revealed sizes of 121.5 ± 10.5, 354.0 ± 1.6, and 130.8 ± 1.2 nm, respectively. All AgNPs, Ag-LTF, and AgGO inhibited selected Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria with comparable antibacterial performance, as determined by the agar diffusion method. Despite the absence of antibacterial activity by GO and LTF, a synergistic effect of AgGO and Ag-LTF was observed as they had a greater activity against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, Ag-LTF did not affect cell viability and migration rate of cells, suggesting the non-toxicity of Ag-LTF. In conclusion, AgNPs, Ag-LTF, and AgGO possess antibacterial activity, which may offer an alternative for future antibacterial agents.
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Mantarlar içerdikleri aktif bileşenler sayesinde besleyici bir gıda olarak tüketilmelerinin yanı sıra tıbbi ve tedavi edici özelliklerinden dolayı uzun yıllardır halk tarafından kullanılmaktadırlar. Mantarların immünolojik ve antikanser özelliklerinin yanı sıra antioksidan, antihipertensif, kolesterol düşürücü, karaciğer koruyucu, antifibriotik, antiinflamasyon, antidiyabetik, antiviral ve antimikrobiyal etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Yenilebilir olan mantarlardan Helvella leucomelaena (Pers.) Nannf. Ascomycota’ nın Helvellaceae’ye ait bir mantar türüdür. Bu çalışmada H. leucomelaena’nın metanol, etanol ve hekzan gibi çözücülerden elde edilen ekstraklarının farklı konsantrasyonları kullanılarak antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan aktivitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktivitesi disk difüzyon metoduna göre tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma için Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC700603, Escherichia coli ATCC25322 ve Bacillus megaterium DSM32 gibi bakteriler, fungus olarak Candida albicans FMC17 mikroorganizmaları kullanılmıştır. Antioksidan aktivitesi ise 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) yöntemine göre radikal süpürücü kapasite tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçta H. leucomelaena en yüksek inhibisyon zonunu C. albicans’a karşı (16 mm) 750 µg konsantrasyonda etanol ekstresinde gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. DPPH radikalini süpürücü etkisi ise artan konsantrasyonlara bağlı olarak arttığı gözlemlenmiştir.
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The present study aimed to determine the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and antimicro-bial activity of Cerioporus varius (Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko mushrooms collected in Gaziantep province , Turkey. The TAS, TOS and OSI of the mushroom were analyzed with Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. Antimicrobial activity of the mushroom was tested on 6 bacteria and 3 fungus strains with the modified agar dilution method. It was determined that the TAS of C. varius was 2.312±0.137, the TOS was 14.358±0.174 and the OSI was 0.627±0.047. Furthermore, it was determined that EtOH, MeOH and DCM mushroom extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against the tested bacterial and fungal strains. In conclusion, it was determined that C. varius can be used as a natural anti-oxidant and antimicrobial source.
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Revalorization of mushroom by-product (stalks of A. bisporus) by extracting its components is proposed. The extraction kinetics at 25 °C of ergosterol, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by mechanical agitation (at 130 rpm) and ultrasound assistance (at 182 and 321 W/L) in 70 and 96% v/v ethanol/water solutions during 30 min were evaluated and satisfactorily modelled, using the Weibull model (mean relative error ≤7.8%). The effect of the ethanol concentration was high in the ergosterol extraction yield (2 times higher yields in 96% than in 70%) but slight in those of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Ultrasound assistance promoted considerable yield increases (up to 2 times higher in ergosterol, 46% in phenolic compounds and 25% in antioxidant activity) depending on the ethanol concentration and ultrasound power density. The residues after extraction were characterized and constituted a potential source of high value polysaccharides as β-glucans (average 12.2 ± 1.7g/100 g dm).