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Morphology and DNA barcode confirm three new records of gobies (Gobiiformes: Gobiidae) from Bangladesh
Abstract
This paper deals with three new distributional records of gobies viz. Amblyeleotris downingi Randall, 1994, Psammogobius biocellatus (Valenciennes, 1837), and Valenciennea muralis (Valenciennes, 1837) from Bangladeshi waters in the northernmost part of the Bay of Bengal. The examined specimens are identified and described by morphomeristic characteristics in addition to DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial COI gene. The COI barcode sequence of Amblyeleotris downingi is submitted for the first time in the GenBank. In addition, an updated checklist of gobies of the country is also compiled in this paper.
... All of these numbers were counted based on photographic records. In the last few years, several reef fish species have been added to the country's marine fish inventory (Akash et al., 2021;Fuad et al., 2021;Habib, Islam, Nahar, Neiogi, & Fraser, 2021;Habib, Islam, Nahar, Rashed, et al., 2021;Habib, Neogi, Islam, & Nahar, 2019;Islam et al., , 2021Saha et al., 2018Saha et al., , 2021Sharifuzzaman, Fuad, et al., 2021;Siddiqueki et al., 2021). All of these species were identified based on morphological analysis. ...
... All of these species were identified based on morphological analysis. However, only a few studies used DNA barcoding tools for identification such as Saha et al. (2018Saha et al. ( , 2021, ;; Habib, Islam, Nahar, Rashed, et al. (2021); Habib, Islam, Nahar, Neiogi, and Fraser (2021), and Islam et al. (2021). ...
... Currently, the mitochondrial genes coding COI and 16S rRNA are considered reliable DNA barcodes for the identification of marine species (Habib, Neogi, Rahman, Oh, et al., 2021 Saha et al. (2018), Habib, Islam, Nahar, Rashed, et al. (2021, Habib, Islam, Nahar, Neiogi, and Fraser (2021), , Islam et al. (2021), andSarkar et al. (2021). ...
This study employs the DNA barcoding approach to make a molecular taxonomic catalog of reef fishes of Saint Martin's Island (SMI), an ecologically critical area (ECA), and Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Bangladesh. DNA barcoding, along with morphological analysis, confirmed 84 reef-associated fish species in SMI belonging to 16 orders, 39 families, and 67 genera. A total of 184 sequences were obtained in this study where 151 sequences (534–604 bp) of 81 species were identified from the COI barcode gene and 33 sequences (609 bp) of 19 species from the 16S rRNA gene region which were submitted to the GenBank and Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). Among these sequences, 70 sequences of the COI gene and 16 sequences of 16S rRNA gene region from 41 species were submitted for the first time into the GenBank from Bangladesh. For molecular characterization analysis, another 37 sequences of 15 reef fish species of SMI were added from previous studies, making a total of 221 DNA sequences which comprised 179 sequences of 96 species for the COI gene and 42 sequences of 26 species for the 16S rRNA gene region. The COI sequences contain 145 haplotypes with 337 polymorphic sites, and the mean genetic distances within species, genera, and families were calculated as 0.34%, 12.26%, and 19.03%, respectively. On the contrary, 16S rRNA sequences comprised 31 haplotypes with 241 polymorphic sites, and the mean genetic divergences within species, genera, and families were 0.94%, 4.72%, and 12.43%, respectively. This study is a significant contribution to the marine biodiversity of Bangladesh which would facilitate the assessment of species diversity for strategizing management action. It is also an important input to the DNA barcode library of reef fishes of the northern Bay of Bengal.
... In Indonesia, DNA barcoding with COI mitochondrial gene has been used to identify freshwater and marine fish species (Dahruddin et al. 2016;Fadli et al. 2020;Aji and Arisuryanti 2021;Rhaifa et al. 2021;). A hybrid technique of genetic and morphological characteristics has been widely employed and verified for the taxonomic categorization of various fish species, with special emphasis on Gobiiformes (Islam et al. 2021;Kovačić et al. 2022;Thacker et al. 2022). ...
Shabrina FN, Wibowo K, Arisuryanti T. 2024. Cryptic diversity of mudskipper genus Boleophthalmus (Gobiiformes: Oxudercidae) from the north coast of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 412-420. Mudskippers of genus Boleophthalmus are commonly found in the Indo-Pacific area. This study aimed to examine the diversity of the genus Boleophthalmus from the north coast of East Java Province, Indonesia by employing the mitochondrial COI gene for DNA barcoding and morphological characterization. Ten individuals of this genus were analyzed. According to the similarity percentage evaluated using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) identification engines, all the individuals were identified as Boleophthalmus boddarti Pallas, 1770. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that three of the individuals were identified as B. boddarti, and seven were identified as Boleophthalmus pectinirostris Linnaeus, 1758 originated from East Java, which is separated from the clade of B. pectinirostris from East Asia population. These results were supported by the genetic distance of 8.93%-13.81% and the morphological characteristics determined by principal component analysis (PCA). PCA revealed that B. boddarti and B. pectinirostris are primarily distinguished by the number of (longitudinal) scales (69-75 versus 113-123), length of second dorsal fin base (42.3-43.9 versus 38.1-49.0), and caudal fin length (18.1-22.4 versus 17.5-21.6). Further detailed studies are needed to clarify whether the seven individuals belonging to B. pectinirostris complex should be regarded as a new species or a new subspecies.
This article provides information on the taxonomy and distribution of the poorly known gobioid genus Butis from a tropical Ramsar site, Vembanad-Kole in Kerala state, India. The results of integrative taxonomy confirm the presence of B. gymnopomus in Kerala. Identity of the other two species – B . butis and B. koilomatodon in the study area was also confirmed through morphology and mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 gene. Butis gymnopomus is distinguished from B. butis by the absence of scales on the interorbital region and the absence of axillary scales. The interorbital region is narrow in B. gymnopomus compared to B. butis . The overall K2P genetic distance between the species was found to be 14%. The study highlights the necessity of a detailed study on systematics of gobioids based on large regional sampling.
The family Plesiopidae is reported for the first time from the marine waters of Saint Martin’s Island, Bay of Bengal Bangladesh coast based on the record of the species Plesiops coralicora (Bleeker, 1853). The findings added a new distributional range for this kingfish (roundhead family) from the Northern Bay of Bengal and the important addition of ichthyofauna to marine fishes of Bangladesh.
The study was conducted to know the diversity of coral associated fishes of the Saint Martin Island from December 2017 to April 2019. A total of 46 coral associated marine fish species were recorded, among them 12 species; sunajtuL iughcliug , Lutjanus russellii, Parupeneus indicus, Siganus sutor, Thalassoma lunare, Gazza achlamys, Pomadasys andamanensis, Pomadasys kaakan, Lethrinus crocineus, Argyrosomus regius, Istigobius ornatus and Cryptocentrus cyanotaenia under six family were newly recorded from this Island. We assume that there are more species to be explored and need proper management strategy for conservation of coral reef and its associated biodiversity.
This study describes the molecular characterization of marine and coastal fishes of Bangladesh based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as a marker. A total of 376 mitochondrial COI barcode sequences were obtained from 185 species belonging to 146 genera, 74 families, 21 orders, and two classes of fishes. The mean length of the sequences was 652 base pairs. In Elasmobranchii (Sharks and rays), the average Kimura two parameter (K2P) distances within species, genera, families, and orders were 1.20%, 6.07%, 11.08%, and 14.68%, respectively, and for Actinopterygii, the average K2P distances within species, genera, families, and orders were 0.40%, 6.36%, 14.10%, and 24.07%, respectively. The mean interspecies distance was 16‐fold higher than the mean intraspecies distance. The K2P neighbor‐joining (NJ) trees based on the sequences generally clustered species in accordance with their taxonomic position. A total of 21 species were newly recorded in Bangladesh. High efficiency and fidelity in species identification and discrimination were demonstrated in the present study by DNA barcoding, and we conclude that COI sequencing can be used as an authentic identification marker for Bangladesh marine fish species.
We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which contains many sophisticated
methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, MEGA has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing
systems for analyzing bigger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in MEGA. The
new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict
gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit MEGA is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line.
The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OSX. The command
line MEGA is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. They are intended for use in high-throughput
and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest of the world is located in Bangladesh and India. Studies done on the diversity of fish fauna in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh are sparse and patchy. Here we take the opportunity to provide an updated checklist of the fishes of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh based on primary and secondary data. Field surveys were undertaken in the aquatic habitat of Sundarbans core area along with its adjacent marine habitat from June 2015 to July 2017. Based on published information and primary observations the updated list of fishes covers a total of 322 species belonging to 217 genera, 96 families, and 22 orders. Additionally, four species of fishes, are newly reported in Bangladesh waters, viz., Mustelus mosis Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899; Lagocephalus guentheri Miranda Ribeiro, 1915; Carangoides hedlandensis Whitley, 1934; Uranoscopus cognatus Cantor, 1849. The global IUCN Red List status of each species has been enlisted. The updated checklist will constitute the reference inventory of fish biodiversity for the Sundarbans, a natural world heritage site.
This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic researches on the Persian Gulf ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of C. Niebuhr, a Danish biologist in the 18th century, the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of fishes of Persian Gulf based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. The total confirmed fish species of Persian Gulf comprise 744 species, 131 families, 445 genera and 27 orders. In the class Chondrichthyes, the most diverse family is Charcharhinidae with 23 species (41.89%), followed by Dasyatidae with 15 species (31.08%). Within the class Actinopterygii, Gobiidae with 65 species (9.70%), Carangidae with 45 species (6.27%), Serranidae with 25 species (3.73%), Apogonidae with 25 species (3.73%), Lutjanidae with 23 species (3.43%) and Blenniidae with 23 species (3.43%) are the most diverse families in the Persian Gulf.
Didogobius janetarum sp. nov. is described from five specimens collected from small caves and rock crevices between 12 and 20 m depth off two locations of Santiago Island, Cape Verde Islands. The species differs from all currently described congeners by the combination of the following characters: (1) 27 vertebrae, (2) second dorsal fin I + 10, (3) posterior quarter of predorsal region in front of first dorsal fin origin scaled, with several rows of cycloid scales, (4) body squamation cycloid anteriorly and ctenoid posteriorly, (5) scales in the lateral series 30-32, (6) anterior oculoscapular canal present, (7) preopercular head canal absent, (8) suborbital row 7 each a single papilla, (9) suborbital rows 2 and 4 close to orbit, and by (10) branchiostegal membranes uniformely black below preopercle, forming a V-shaped mark. Definitions for all used meristic counts are presented to serve as a reference for gobioid meristic studies. The genus is rediagnosed to accommodate recently described Didogobius species.
This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens. The most diverse order is Cypriniformes (171 species, 59.40%), followed by Gobiiformes (42 species, 14.60%), Cyprinodontiformes (17 species, 5.90%), and Clupeiformes (11 species, 3.82%). Eighty-eight endemic species (30.56%) in 7 families and 26 exotic species (9.03%) in 9 families are listed here. Among 288 reported species, 163 (56.6%) species are Not Evaluated (NE), 93 (32.3%) Least Concern (LC), 11 (3.8%) Vulnerable (VU), 8 (2.8%) Data Deficient (DD), 7 (2.4%) Critically Endangered (CR), 3 (1%) Near Threatened (NT), 1 (0.3%) is Endangered (EN) and 1 (0.3%) Extinct in the Wild (EW) of the red list of IUCN. The only reason for this high number of not listed and least concern species in the IUCN Red List is lack of information about the species at national and global levels. This shows the necessity of reconsideration of global categories and application of the IUCN Red List criteria at the national level. Considering the number of endemic fishes (88, 30.56%) in Iran, the first step should be preparing an endemic national assessment for inclusion on the IUCN Red List. Over the last ten years, some native and exotic fishes have been translocated or introduced into natural water bodies. Aquaculture, sport fishing, control of malaria, ornamental purposes, research activities, demonstration in national fairs and accidental introduction are the main reasons for these introductions. Here, we report presence of the Alligator gar, Atractosteus spatula, as an introduced predatory fish from Marivan Lake which seems to have been released from an aquarium. In this checklist, additional, problematic species are also listed, the English/common name of each species is provided, the etymology of each genus is given, the conservation status of each species is given and the bibliographic list of most of published literature on the systematics of inland fishes is mentioned. The provided information will be necessary for the development of competent and pragmatic management plans and effective conservation policies.
This article presents W-IQ-TREE, an intuitive and user-friendly web interface and server for IQ-TREE, an efficient phylogenetic
software for maximum likelihood analysis. W-IQ-TREE supports multiple sequence types (DNA, protein, codon, binary and morphology)
in common alignment formats and a wide range of evolutionary models including mixture and partition models. W-IQ-TREE performs
fast model selection, partition scheme finding, efficient tree reconstruction, ultrafast bootstrapping, branch tests, and
tree topology tests. All computations are conducted on a dedicated computer cluster and the users receive the results via
URL or email. W-IQ-TREE is available at http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at. It is free and open to all users and there is no login requirement.
Morales beach is one of the beaches located in the coastal town of Glan, Sarangani Province and noted for its quite enormous coral reef which is continuously degrading. This study was conducted to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystem and to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the area. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was used to monitor live coral condition and the supporting fauna at a coral reef ecosystem. Physico-chemical parameters were obtained in situ using a thermometer, refractometer, and a pH meter. The result of the study showed a very low percentage cover of hard corals, no cover percentage of soft corals and high cover percentage of other biota or substrate. The reef areas exhibited poor coral cover with an average of 15 percent live hard corals having family Acropora as the most dominant species (Shannon diversity index of 1.653). Water samples obtained were within the DENR (1990) standards suitable for the optimum growth of coral reefs. The health status of the coral reefs in Morales beach showed a partially disturbed reef due to human intervention. It is greatly recommended to constantly monitor the coral conditions in order to effectively manage and protect the increasing number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA).
Large phylogenomics data sets require fast tree inference methods, especially for maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenies. Fast
programs exist, but due to inherent heuristics to find optimal trees, it is not clear whether the best tree is found. Thus,
there is need for additional approaches that employ different search strategies to find ML trees and that are at the same
time as fast as currently available ML programs. We show that a combination of hill-climbing approaches and a stochastic perturbation
method can be time-efficiently implemented. If we allow the same CPU time as RAxML and PhyML, then our software IQ-TREE found
higher likelihoods between 62.2% and 87.1% of the studied alignments, thus efficiently exploring the tree-space. If we use
the IQ-TREE stopping rule, RAxML and PhyML are faster in 75.7% and 47.1% of the DNA alignments and 42.2% and 100% of the protein
alignments, respectively. However, the range of obtaining higher likelihoods with IQ-TREE improves to 73.3–97.1%. IQ-TREE
is freely available at http://www.cibiv.at/software/iqtree.
Motivation: DnaSP is a software package for a comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Version 5 implements a number of new features
and analytical methods allowing extensive DNA polymorphism analyses on large datasets. Among other features, the newly implemented
methods allow for: (i) analyses on multiple data files; (ii) haplotype phasing; (iii) analyses on insertion/deletion polymorphism
data; (iv) visualizing sliding window results integrated with available genome annotations in the UCSC browser.
Availability: Freely available to academic users from: http://www.ub.edu/dnasp
Contact: jrozas{at}ub.edu
Two hundred and seven species of fish, mostly Australian marine fish, were sequenced (barcoded) for a 655 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (cox1). Most species were represented by multiple specimens, and 754 sequences were generated. The GC content of the 143 species of teleosts was higher than the 61 species of sharks and rays (47.1% versus 42.2%), largely due to a higher GC content of codon position 3 in the former (41.1% versus 29.9%). Rays had higher GC than sharks (44.7% versus 41.0%), again largely due to higher GC in the 3rd codon position in the former (36.3% versus 26.8%). Average within-species, genus, family, order and class Kimura two parameter (K2P) distances were 0.39%, 9.93%, 15.46%, 22.18% and 23.27%, respectively. All species could be differentiated by their cox1 sequence, although single individuals of each of two species had haplotypes characteristic of a congener. Although DNA barcoding aims to develop species identification systems, some phylogenetic signal was apparent in the data. In the neighbour-joining tree for all 754 sequences, four major clusters were apparent: chimaerids, rays, sharks and teleosts. Species within genera invariably clustered, and generally so did genera within families. Three taxonomic groups-dogfishes of the genus Squalus, flatheads of the family Platycephalidae, and tunas of the genus Thunnus-were examined more closely. The clades revealed after bootstrapping generally corresponded well with expectations. Individuals from operational taxonomic units designated as Squalus species B through F formed individual clades, supporting morphological evidence for each of these being separate species. We conclude that cox1 sequencing, or 'barcoding', can be used to identify fish species.
Tidepools are one of the intertidal habitats providing homes to many marine species. This study investigated the diversity and abundance of tidepool fishes on a rocky shore from Bangladesh. Fish samples were collected from the east and west coasts of St. Martin’s Island between November 2018 and March 2019. There were 441 specimens distributed in 23 species belonging to 20 genera and 14 families. Among those, 11 species represented new records for Bangladesh, namely Allenbatrachus reticulatus, Bathygobius coalitus, Bathygobius curacao, Callogobius hasseltii, Crenimugil crenilabis, Halichoeres nigrescens, Istigobius decoratus, Istigobius ornatus, Ostorhinchus cookii, Siganus sutor and Yongeichthys nebulosus. The most speciose families were Gobiidae (6 species), Pomacentridae (3 species) and Blenniidae (2 species), and in terms of number of individuals, Gobiidae (42%) and Blenniidae (38%) were abundant. The mean abundance of fish in tidepools was decreasing with increasing intertidal elevations (i.e. lower > middle > upper intertidal zones), although the differences were not significant. Moreover, fish abundance and diversity were positively correlated with the surface area of tidepool. Six species were common in the sampling sites, and the east coast of St. Martin’s Island had higher species richness and diversity than the west coast. Temperature (31.8 ± 2.9°C), salinity (31.8 ± 2.1‰) and pH (8.3 ± 0.1) of the tidepool waters were comparable to those reported for a range of rocky/reef environments across the Asia-Pacific region. This is the first report on tidepool fishes from the northern Bay of Bengal that can be useful for understanding the ecological importance of intertidal zones, and further expanding the knowledge of marine biodiversity and natural history in data-poor regions.
A checklist of the marine fishes of Bangladesh is presented with their scientific, common and Bangla or local names. The global IUCN Red List catagories of these species are also provided. This inventory of the marine fish species is compiled from different major and valid published scientific papers, reports and books published within last 50 years from 1970 to 2020. The directory covers a total of 740 species belonging to 389 Genera of 145 Families and 30 Orders. Among the fish species, 53.38% are exclusively marine and 46.62% are found in both brackish and marine water. Besides, 296 species of fishes are reef associated and 204 of these are recorded from the Saint Martin's Island. Further, 271 species of brakishwater and/or marine fishes are commonly observed in the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem and its adjacent sea area. About 7% of the total marine fishes of Bangladesh are identified as threatened as per global IUCN Red List. However, the conservation status of the marine fish species of Bangladesh has not yet been assessed locally by IUCN which is essential. The updated checklist will constitute the reference inventory of marine fishes of the coastal and maritime area of the country.
Available online under
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp
Among all vertebrates, gobies are second in diversity only to the teleost family Cyprinidae. The Gobiidae consists of more than 200 genera and nearly 2,000 species and make up the largest family of marine fishes. Gobies account for as much as 50% of the energy flow in coral reef communities. Their small size, ability to adapt to numerous ecological.
Model-based molecular phylogenetics plays an important role in comparisons of genomic data, and model selection is a key step in all such analyses. We present ModelFinder, a fast model-selection method that greatly improves the accuracy of phylogenetic estimates by incorporating a model of rate heterogeneity across sites not previously considered in this context and by allowing concurrent searches of model space and tree space.
The osteology of Favonigobius suppositus and Favonigobius tamarensis are described and compared with that of Favonigobius lateralis, the type species for the genus. Osteological comparisons are also made with members of Papi/logobius and Glossogobius, genera that are closely related to Favonigobius. These comparisons, together with data on body proportions, the distribution of the papillae of the cephalic lateral-line system, meristic counts and larval development provide strong evidence that Favonigobius suppositus and Favonigobius tamarensis should not be placed in the genus Favonigobius. Therefore a new genus, Afurcagobius is proposed for these species and A. suppositus is designated as the type species. A key is provided for these two species and for other Australian genera and species with which, during recent years, they have been associated. Introduction The family Gobiidae, which comprises approximately 2000 species, is the second most diverse of all teleost families (Hoese 1984). The large size of the group and a tendency to evolve by reduction have led to difficulties in classifying many of the members of this family (Birdsong et al. 1988; Gill et al. 1992). These difficulties have often been compounded when genera have been erected with merely a reference to the type species, the descriptions of which themselves are often inadequate and without figures (Hoese an~ Lubbock 1982; Gill and Miller 1990;' Gill et al. 1992). The taxonomic status of Favonigobius was recently investigated by Gill and Miller (1990) and this resulted in the transfer of three species from this genus to a new genus, Papillogobius. A subsequent study of the morphology and osteology of Favonigobius, Papillogobius and Glossogobius, which incorporated a detailed analysis of morphometric and papillae pattern data, indicated that two of the four remaining species assigned to Favonigobius were more closely related to the last of these genera (Gill et al. 1992). Although Whitley (1934) and Koumans (1953) placed Favonigobius suppositus (Sauvage, 1880) in Glossogobius, there is now clear evidence that this species, and also Favonigobius tamarensis (Johnston, 1883), should be assigned to a new genus (Gill et al. 1992). This paper describes a new genus of goby, which is endemic to southern Australia, and incorporates species previously referred to as Favonigobius suppositus and Favonigobius tamarensis.
The teleost family Gobiidae includes at least 1120 described species of fishes, distributed worldwide in both tropical and temperate habitats. The majority of gobies inhabit marine environments, in particular Old World coral reefs. However, a radiation of gobiids inhabits the rivers and near-shore habitats of Europe and Asia, and a variety of genera are also found in the seas of the New World. This study builds on previous work in which gobiids were placed among their gobioid relatives by adding additional taxa as well as additional markers, providing a much more comprehensive portrait of gobiid intrarelationships and including all major lineages of gobies. We used DNA sequences from both mitochondrial (ND1, ND2, COI) and nuclear (RAG2, Rhodopsin, RNF213) genes to infer phylogeny among 127 representatives of 100 species of gobies, using two gobionellid species as outgroups. We delineated 13 lineages within Gobiidae, including one clade of shrimp-associated gobies represented by the genera Cryptocentrus, Mahidolia and Stonogobiops and a second separate shrimp-associated goby clade including Amblyeleotris, Ctenogobiops and Vanderhorstia. The Mediterranean, Ponto-Caspian and Eastern Atlantic gobies are resolved in a clade along with two genera known from the Western Indian Ocean. Invasion of the New World is shown to have occurred multiple times among the sampled taxa, in the American seven-spined gobies, the Coryphopterus, Lophogobius and Rhinogobiops radiation (sister to Fusigobius) and separately in the wormfishes Cerdale and Microdesmus, resolved in a clade alongside the Indo-Pacific Gunnellichthys, Ptereleotris and Nemateleotris. The cosmopolitan genera Bathygobius and Priolepis represent further separate radiations, and Lythrypnus shows complex relationships with both Priolepis and Trimma.
The reef fish assemblage at Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef, was examined using visual censuses and the ichthyocide rotenone. Small 3.5 m2 quantitative rotenone samples, using a fine-mesh net to enclose the site, were compared with visual-point censuses (prior to the placement of the net), random-point censuses and strip censuses. Furthermore, the fishes collected inside and outside the net were examined to determine the relative efficiency of enclosed versus open rotenone samples. Rotenone samples comprised 128 species in 28 families. Of these, only 49% of the species overlapped between the enclosed (inside net) and open (outside net) samples. Only 17.7% of the species in the enclosed rotenone sample were seen prior to collection. Rotenone samples reveal that visual censuses underestimated the abundance of small taxa. Overall, rotenone samples increased the estimated number of species by 40.4 % and the total fish abundance by 50.1% (75.3 % for fishes ≤50 mm). Biomass increased by less than 1.0%. However, through relatively high energetic demands, high turnover rates and their role as potential prey, small fish taxa may play a greater role in reef processes than previously assumed. The limits of visual censusing techniques are highlighted, emphasising the value of small, enclosed, intensive rotenone samples for providing reliable quantitative samples of small taxa.
endowed with the worlds richest coral reef fauna. Although this claim has been confirmed by recent studies of several families and genera, there has been no comprehensive study of the Indonesian reef fish fauna in recent times. The present work, which includes a checklist, provides a detailed analysis. The current reef fauna con- sists of 2057 species belonging to 113 families. The 10 most-speciose groups, which account for approximate- ly 56% of the fauna, are the Gobiidae (272 species), Labridae (178), Pomacentridae (152), Apogonidae (114), Blenniidae (107), Serranidae (102), Muraenidae (61), Syngnathidae (61), Chaetodontidae (59), and Lutjanidae (43). A zoogeographic analysis reveals that the majority (about 39%) of species are widely distributed either in the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-West and central Pacific, 23% are primarily distributed in the western and central Pacific, 15% (excluding endemics) range across the Indo-Australian Archipelago or portions of this region, 5% have primarily Indian Ocean ranges, and 4.7% are endemic to Indonesia. Analysis of current distributions indi- cates the presence of at least 4 regional"hotspots"or centers of endemism including the West Nusa Tenggara Is., East Nusa Tengara Is., northeastern Sulawesi (and offshore islands), and Papua (formerly Irian Jaya). In addition, there are 8 localized centers within these 4 regions: Flores, Togean Is., western and northern Sumatra, Komodo, Raja Ampat Is., Molucca Is., Java Sea, and Banggai Is. Most of the endemics (about 75%) are included in only 8 families: Pseudochromidae, Blenniidae, Pomacentridae, Apogonidae, Labridae,
Rapid industrialization and large-scale infrastructural projects in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta in recent years have placed an extraordinarily heavy burden on coastal environments. The magnitude of the problem will increase as sewage discharge, ocean dredging/disposal, and land reclamation continue to expand in the next few years. Fundamentals of marine environmental impact assessment are based upon a good understanding of biodiversity that allow us to monitor environmental changes. However, there is no baseline data on marine fauna that allow evaluation of the damage from various large-scale infrastructural projects to aquatic environments. A comprehensive database on local fish fauna is, therefore, urgently necessary for the planning and implementation of conservation strategies in Hong Kong. This paper is the 1st systematic report on marine fish fauna in Hong Kong waters. From years of opportunistic fishing surveys and a thorough literature review, a total of 25 orders, 124 families, 390 genera, and 834 fish species in Hong Kong waters were identified. There are 97 fish species listed herein as new records to the area.
Examination of daily increment rings in the saccular otoliths of 91 specimens of the small goby, Trimma benjamini, reveal a maximum age of 140days with an average pelagic larval duration of 33.9 ± 4.3days (SD), or 24.2% of the maximum
lifespan. Estimates of daily mortality rate ranged from 2.9% to 6.3%. Comparisons of these results with those for T. nasa suggest that 1) the growth rate of T. benjamini males does not decrease with age as it does for T. nasa; 2) T. benjamini has a longer lifespan and lower daily mortality rate than T. nasa; and 3) T. nasa has a faster growth rate than T. benjamini. These results reinforce the potentially important role of small, planktivorous, outer reef fishes in reef trophodynamics,
as well as highlight the need for further research on small reef fishes.
KeywordsLife history–Gobiidae–
Trimma benjamini
–Otoliths–Pelagic larval duration–Age–Growth–Mortality–Cryptobenthic fishes
Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or "transition" type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or "transversion" type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = -(1/2) ln [(1-2P-Q) square root of 1-2Q]. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = -(1/2) ln (1-2P-Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
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