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A Review on Application of Shape Memory Alloys

Authors:
  • KLE Techonological University

Abstract

SMA has drawn massive interest and hobby in today’s years in a great form of an extensive sort of commercial applications, due to their precise and superior properties, this concern improvement has been bearing with the useful resource of way of improvement and carried out research studies. SMA can heal its original shape at a certain temperature even under maximum loads applied and huge inelastic deformation. In this overview, we describe the primary functions of SMAs, their constitutive models, and their features. We also explained various properties that help to build a device/system. These devices help in cueing health issues such as heart treatment emptying urine so on. SMA has important in reducing the vibration of structures by increasing damping of the materials and this has effective in energy dissipating comparing with other materials. In the aerospace industry wing aircraft, rotorcraft, spacecraft, and micro-electromechanical systems are made up of SMA. In the automobile sector, fuel injectors and thermal valves are constructed with SMA materials. Current work focuses on various applications and properties of SMA, in the field of Medical, Civil structure, Automobile, and Aerospace industry.
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-9 Issue-6, March 2021
111
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
and Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.F5438039621
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.F5438.039621
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org
Abstract: SMA has drawn massive interest and hobby in
today’s years in a great form of an extensive sort of commercial
applications, due to their precise and superior properties, this
concern improvement has been bearing with the useful resource
of way of improvement and carried out research studies. SMA can
heal its original shape at a certain temperature even under
maximum loads applied and huge inelastic deformation. In this
overview, we describe the primary functions of SMAs, their
constitutive models, and their features. We also explained various
properties that help to build a device/system. These devices help in
cueing health issues such as heart treatment emptying urine so
on. SMA has important in reducing the vibration of structures by
increasing damping of the materials and this has effective in
energy dissipating comparing with other materials. In the
aerospace industry wing aircraft, rotorcraft, spacecraft, and
micro-electromechanical systems are made up of SMA. In the
automobile sector, fuel injectors and thermal valves are
constructed with SMA materials. Current work focuses on various
applications and properties of SMA, in the field of Medical, Civil
structure, Automobile, and Aerospace industry.
Keywords: Shape memory, pseudoelasticity, Stents, Catheter,
Isolator, Hydroxyapatite, multi-functionality, Energy dissipation.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the recent modern world, biomaterials play a vital role,
any matter or surface that interacts with biological systems are
known as biomaterials. Every material available can’t be a
biomaterial. Biomaterials should be bio-compatible and
bio-functional. Bio-functionality means material should
perform bio-material functions like restoring feature and
facilitating restoration for people after damage or disorder
and to assist, enhance, or update damaged tissue or a
biological feature. Whereas, biocompatibility is the property
Manuscript received on February 25, 2021.
Revised Manuscript received on March 05, 2021.
Manuscript published on March 30, 2021.
* Correspondence Author
Sadashiva M*, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, PES College of Engineering, Mandya (Karnataka), India.
Email: sadashivam@pesce.ac.in
M Yunus Sheikh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PES College
of Engineering, Mandya (Karnataka), India. Email:
msyunus1999@gmail.com
Nouman Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, PES College of Engineering, Mandya (Karnataka), India.
Email: noumank11nk@gmail.com
Ramesh Kurbet, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, PES College of Engineering, Mandya (Karnataka), India.
Email: rameshkurbet@pesce.ac.in
T.M.Deve Gowda, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, PES College of Engineering, Mandya (Karnataka), India.
Email: tmdgowda9@gmail.com
© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and
Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
of material being compatible with living tissue i.e. it shouldn’t
be poisonous or produce immunological reaction while
exposed to the body or bodily fluids (1). Titanium is
diagnosed to be one of the maximum biocompatible
substances because of the capacity to shape a strong titanium
oxide layer on its floor. In a mast appropriate situation, it
smiles able to supper osteointegration with the bone and it
could shape a calcium phosphate-rich layer on its floor, which
could be very like hydroxyapatite and also
corrosion-resistant. A spare effective asset is that in case of
unfavorable the protecting layer of the titanium oxides and
calcium phosphate layer is regenerated. Nitinol poses bio
functionality and biocompatibility which allow the flexibility
to use in biomedical applications. Nitinol is a Shape memory
alloy [SMA] that can memorize their previous state(2).
Nitinol poses a low modulus of elasticity which is equal to
natural bone material(3). Along with biomedical applications
Shaper memory alloys[SMA] are mainly used in different
sectors like Automobile (49), Aerospace(1015) and
construction filed(1619) The SMA is characterized by
two solid phases, namely Austenite and other is the
martensite. Austenite is secure at high temperatures and
proportions where martensite is secure at low temperatures
and symmetry. Martensite exits in two configurations, one as
a twinned multivariate crystallographic structure that is not
associated with macroscopic deformation. The second form is
identifying by detwinned configuration. This is a single
variant form and is associated with macroscopic deformation.
When there is temperature addition or increase in temperature
martensite will act as twinned martensite consisting of
twenty-four variants further these twenty-four variants consist
of six different crystallographic structures [20]. These
different crystallographic structures can be either in
monoclinic conditions or orthorhombic conditions. The
variation which is taking place between the austenite and
martensite region is called Thermoelastic martensite
transformation [TMT][21-24].
A Review on Application of Shape Memory
Alloys
Sadashiva M, M. Yunus Sheikh, Nouman Khan, Ramesh Kurbet, T.M.Deve Gowda
A Review on Application of Shape Memory Alloys
112
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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.F5438.039621
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org
When the temperature of the material is greater than the
austenite final temperature (Af) then there will be the
conversion of new austenite to single variant martensite and
when the load is removed it returns to its original stage. The
same process repeats concerning the starting temperature of
martensite (Ms). This occurrence is known as two-way shape
memory effects. This process whatever is explained above
forms a hysteresis loop [25-27]. The stress hysteresis along
with high utility in the martensite phase, high privation
corrosion to resistance, and fatigue are the main
characteristics of Ni-Ti-based shape memory alloys [28].
SMA has a wide range of family including AgCd, Aud,
CuAlNi, CuAlBe, CuZn, InTi, NiAl, FePt, FePd, MnCu,
FeMnSi. Among these materials Ni-Ti based alloys consisting
of 48-52%weight of Ni is widely used and has large
applications in aerospace, automobile, biomedical and
construction field, etc., Some of the listed fields are discussed
in detail in the present paper.
II. EXPERIMENTAL/COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS
Bio-Medical
Since SMA has features like Bio-compatibility and
Bio-functionality and it will not create any allergic reactions
to the host surface that i.e., skin. This is the main reason to use
in the field of the medical sector. SMA-based material like
Ni-Ti is widely used in medical treatment [29]. Ni-Ti
materials-based devices/instruments are used to cure few
diseases. The composition of nickel and titanium elements
existing around uniform atomic percentage this composition
form Nitinol. This Nitinol alloys show unique properties that
are similar to SMA. It has special characteristics like
corrosion resistivity. The corrosion resistivities are explained
as follows. The human body is fully electrochemical deice.
This body constitutes aggressive corrosion due to surrounded
by bodily fluids like aerated solution(hold point nine
percentage sodium chloride), serum(blood), salts ions, amino
acid, enolsuper molecule, alkaloid hydrocarbon, aldol, acid
anhydrides nitric ester nucleus, and proteins. These may all
alter nearby corrosion impact to a body if the steel is on the
plant in a body to cure a disease this may steel creates
corrosion and allergic reaction due to presence of excessive
acidic fluids in the body. Acidity can rumble near the steel in
plants because of inflammatory reactions of local tissue
conciliating with hydrogen peroxide reactive oxygen and
nitrogen compounds in the human body. A small change in
local Ph value may create infected till use or close to
hematomas in a small quantity these may change can redesign
biological procedures and also alter the chemistry across the
implant. Implant material should have better surface
roughness and surface finish these are the most important
factors to enhance the corrosion preventing and hence
biocompatibility of medical instruments or devices (30 -31)
for SMA corrosion preventing study has made in vivo on
animals and plants. Stents have been inserted into sheep and
dogs for a few months. The corrosion tests have been
observed with help of a microscope then the stents have been
removed on suitable pitting is installed. As a result, has been
observed and improvement of corrosion-resistant is made by
coatings and in some cases, pitting is resized from 100µm to
10µm in diameter. Hydroxyapatite naturally occurs in the
form of the phosphorus apatite calcium, mineral calcium, and
oxygen that’s structure is hexagonal. Pure hydroxyapatite is a
white color it does not have any different color.
Hydroxyapatite is used to make human bone shape and builds
tooth enamel. Even though scientists have studying to current
developments of hydroxyapatite in the field of material
science and nanotechnology for the utilization of medical
uses.
Among the bioactive material, Hydroxyapatite is an
extraordinary fabric so it is one of the few lab-made materials
on the way to assets bones and enamel grow.
Modified Nitinol surfaces are used in the Analysis of in
vitro/in vivo plasma protein adsorption and platelets adhesion
pertinent, It is also used for self-expanding in plate
devices(32) like stents which are used in treatment for
blockages in veins, mainly in the heat treatment.
The stunts are inserted into veins through leg or hands and
then they are guided to the particular location and at the
particular location and are expanded by applying load/heat.
Once they expand then the remaining stent part is removed
from the location.
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
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The catheter is a tender hole tube, which is passed into the
bladder to empty urine. Catheters are now and then vital for
folks that for an expansion of reasons cannot empty their
bladder in the standard Mainer, i.e. passing urine right into a
restroom or urinal. Catheters are normally required as a
quick-term for some weeks or months, while non-stop bladder
drainage is wanted, but once in a while, they may be required
for lengthy-term use. For this, we want a fabric that should be
biocompatible and bio-function able.
Septal is inserted in the body through a guidewire
using X-ray imaging techniques and magnetic resonance
imaging [MRI]. Insertion of septal avoids blue baby
condensations where impure blood mixes with pure blood in
the atrial. Thus atrial hole is sewn through SMA and is used
because these wires are the waterproof film of
polyurethane[33-36]. Septal occlusion a ventricular septal
disorder is a not unusual coronary heart defect most usually
present at delivery, but it can arise in adults after a surgical
operation or coronary heart assets. It entails a hollow within
the wall between the heart's lower chambers. Signs may
additionally consist of a bluish tint on the pores and skin, lips,
and fingernails, together with negative feeding, poor weight
gain, and rapid breathing. Maximum holes near on their
personal, even many of them want surgical treatments or a
catheter-primary based system to close the hole. Surgery
materials and miniature surgery materials which are
convenient to insert into the body are made up of Ni-Ti-based
SMA, for their bio-compatibility and bio-function ability.
Other usages of SMA in medical applications are open heart
stabilizers i.e., whenever arteries cannot supply enough blood
to the heart, one needs to go through coronary artery bypass
graft (CABG) surgery. Bypass surgical strategies are
achieved on the heart while it’s for beating. The heart will no
longer be stopped duration of the surgical procedure. For this
mechanism, the person is no need for the heart-lung machine.
Coronary Heart and lungs will keep forming in the course of
surgical treatment. Surgeons will use a tissue stabilization
device to immobilize the region of the heart in which they
want to work.
Guidewires are bio-compatible and bio-functional and they
are made up of SMA. The function of these guide wires is to
direct the biological equipment like septal or catheter or stunts
to their host location inside the human body. [37] dilatator is a
surgical instrument or medical implement which is used to
induce dilation, that is to expand an opening or passage such
as the cervix, urethra, esophagus, or vaginal introits. The
tissue spreader allows the accurate and Atraumatic
mobilization of tissue. Whenever operations are about to be
performed, the upper skin layer should be moved apart as
much as possible to insert tools and medical equipment. Using
this instrument we can nearly eliminate injuries of nerves,
muscles, and ligaments. Since bone and Nitinol have
homogeneous stress-strain attributes, Nitinol acts as a
replacement material for bone and it perfectly suits for trauma
surgery in orthopedics [38-40]. Metals and metal alloys,
bio-stable plastics, bioabsorbable polymers, bio-composite
polymers/ceramics, bio-ceramics, collagen, and extracellular
matrices are some of the materials used in orthopedic
surgeries. But these materials have their limitations
concerning the human body. Mainly the materials should be
biofunctional and biocompatible. A device like SMA
embracing fixation can heal the fractures at a faster rate by
applying necessary constant force because its structure
consists of saw tooth arms and body. This device will apply
constant axial stress to fracture bone [41-44] SMA has pores
that enable the transport of body process, thus heals the pain
quickly.
This property helps in the fixation of fractured bones Staple
shaped compression device is used for internal bone fixation
in spine fractures of vertebra [45-46]
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Devices like dental drills which are used for root canal
treatments are made up of Nitinol-based SMA because they
can bend to a large scale and can accommodate for high cycle
rotations [47]. The advantage of using Nitinol-based SMA
Materials will overcome the kink resistance and have the
same diameter compared to other materials, kink resistance
means resistance developed in wire-like materials [48], these
sharp twists are bend to avoid breakage of materials. SMA
can also be used in the manufacturing of new surgical tools
because of their superelasticity. These new surgical tools are
miniatures [49] and these materials are extremely successful
because of their properties like the possibility and
performance of invasive surgeries and their biocompatibility
[50].
That means these materials can enter the body easily
compared to traditional materials, [51-53].
Gloves that are made up of shape memory wires [SMW]
near the finger region can reproduce the activity of muscles in
hand movement. Two-way shape memory effect property
plays a key role in this particular thing, when gloves are
heated wire length decreases and vice versa. Thus exhibits
muscle activity.[54] One more important application of
Ni-Ti-based SMA is the rods utilized in the treatment of
scoliosis, which means that bones will grow indifferent rather
than in a particular direction.
A special type of belt is used to prevent further growth in
the unwanted direction [56-58]. Baskets made up of SMA are
help to remove kidney bladder and bile duct stones. On
supplying heat, these baskets open up for their function [59].
Shape memory alloys gaining attraction because of these
features like recovery of regain its initial shape after large
deformation and maintaining the shaper up to the point till the
heat is in the materials [60-61]. Along with above mentioned
medical applications, some more applications in the field are
emerging as listed below in the treatment of bleary
obstruction [62-64]a type of careers and tracheal stenosis
[65-66] esophageal [67-69], rectosigmoid [70], prostatic[71],
urethral [72-73], strictures.
III. CONSTRUCTION FIELD [CIVIL
ENGINEERING]
SMA has great potential to enhance civil Engineering
structures. Vibration suspension in civil engineering can be
achieved by utilizing active control, semi-active control, and
passive control. Passive control mode does not require an
external power source where active control requires a power
source and semi-active control requires less power. [74]
There are mainly three classifications in SMA-based structure
controls. They are
1. Passive structure control.
2. Active frequency turning
3. Active damage control.
SMA or passive control
Advantages of the SMA damping property are reduced
response and consequently, it reduces the plastic deformation
of the structure which are under severe loading. This vibration
reduction can be carried out by two methods i.e., ground
isolation system and energy dissipation system. Ground
isolation system is inserted between ground and structure
which filters the
seismic energy transferring from ground to structure
so that the structure should not receive any sort of severe
loading, foil and in energy dissipation system, Martian site or
austenite SMA materials attached with structure
observesvibration energy is depending on the hysteretic
stress-strain relationship and these devices provide variable
stiffness.
Isolation devices:-
The isolator is used in high-way bridges, re-centering
devices, and a spring isolation system. The study is made on
the investigation of isolation systems for highway bridges
with superelastic SMA bars. Dolce et. has implemented and
tested wide range for SMA based material are Nitinol wire is
utilized for isolation system for the new seismic isolation and
energy dissipation which feasible the study on Nitinol wire
vibration isolation [75-77]
A study on SMA isolation at convention isolation is carried
out at 3 excitation levels. SMA forms links by pier and deck.
Results showed that the SMA isolation system provides
variable responses for small excitation values. For medium
excitation, SMA undergoes stress included Martian site
transformation, and at drastic loading on SMA moves elastic
range of martensite.
SMA wires are wounded around stub, so whenever there is a
reciprocal moment between ground ad structure, the wire
elongates and the vibration magnitude
is damped. Based on this
principle energy dissipation
device works.[78]
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
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Energy dissipation devices
1, SMA based support for frame structure:- this support is
arranged diagonally in the structure as the frame undergoes
deformation and dissipates energy Han.et.et have made a
study on energy dissipation and developed eight damped
instruments by utilizing the SMW and steel wires. These
materials are installed diagonally as shown below figure. The
test has made by 2 methods experimental analysis and
numerical analysis methods to find the effectiveness of SMW
dampers to reduce the vibrations [79]
Damping elements for bridge
In damping elements, SMA features like martensite super
elastic are used as a damper for bridges.
Li. It has made studies on vibration mitigation including cable
SMA damper system which can be utilized to stay Cable
Bridge.
SMA connectors
Usually, these are connections between two links in a
structure these links or connectors will be stable at stable
condition, but whenever there are rapid changes in the
situation like earthquake normal connectors fails and the
structure will collapse easily. This deficiency will be
overcome by using SMA connectors. Tamai and coauthors
prepared a model consisting of a base made up of SMA which
has seismic resistance. This SMA is made up of Ni-Ti of
20-30mm diameter and steel bars. These are effective in
dissipating energy and reduce vibration and save the
structure.
This SMA is also known as smart materials because of its
pearlier properties. In today’s life, one needs to have slender,
wide-spanned structures with adapting capacity to changes
while using and one needs to have the low structural mass to
reduce economy. SMA will answer all these factors alone.
SMA consisting of iron-manganese silicon-chromium is used
to strengthen the bridge girder to prevent the suffering of
cracks cause inadequate shear resistance [80]. The use of
SMA to fix and strengthen architectural heritage structure and
the use of nickel-titanium in SMA has developed a device.
These devices were mounted within the structure to avoid
large deformation of slender structures. SMA takes advantage
over are its unique properties, this helps to decrease the
response and ensuing plastic deformation of the structure
concerned with severe loading. SMA’s application like
vibration control for civil structures has been investigated by
many researchers [81]. SMA can be effectively used via two
verities of devices like vibration isolation system and energy
dissipation device. A vibration isolation system is fixed in the
upper structure and foundation this reduces the transmission
of vibration energy. Energy dissipation device is utilized to
grasp or consume a portion of the input energy from
earthquake and wind which reduces the structural actions and
protects structural members. SMA-based energy dissipation
devices are capable of dissipating vibration energy and
reducing the dynamic response of structural. Properties of
SMA depend on alloys composition and thermomechanical
treatment [82-85]. SMA is used in the seismic device, this
device is designed to protect the structural elements of bridges
during extreme hazards like earthquakes by engrossing or
dissipating input from external energy [86], SMA possessions
like damping capacity and this help passive of civil structures
by severing dynamic loading caused by the earthquake, wind,
external impact [87].
Temperature vibration frequency range and stress mode for
wire bar and rod materials [88].
A Review on Application of Shape Memory Alloys
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IV. AEROSPACE
These are necessary for the increase in reliability and
multi-functionality of the materials used in the aerospace
industry. So engineers and scientists throughout the world
looking for one such material which can compensate both the
said/specified qualities, active materials like SMA are gaining
attention in this field in recent years[89]. The new era
scientists are trying to utilize SMA in other fields apart from
biomechanical, in such case aerospace industry stood in the
first place. The aerospace industry is actively adopting the
changes that are taking place in the development of SMA. The
application of SMA is increasing in the aerospace industry.
Since they have good structural material and these materials
can effectively decrease the difficulty of the system. This
simple structure leads to reliability at a lower cycle.
The denser arrangement can be accomplished with
the integration of actuators and structures. The result of high
energy density due to the high actuation strain and stress by
this we can obtain the dense arrangement. This arrangement
of an SMA attractively active materials applicant in the
aerospace industry to achieve the intelligent and smart
structure of a system.
Initially engineers and other designers inventing
another way to transform heat energy into mechanical work
align the crystallography phase transform of SMA [90].
Since earlier times designers have to carry with
utilizing both the pseudoelastic and shape memory effect of
SMA. In solving engineering difficulties in the aerospace
industries the characteristics of SMA helps to connect the area
of rotorcraft, spacecraft, fixed wings aircraft, and
microelectromechanical system.
V. FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT AND ROTORCRAFT
APPLICATION
In the propulsion system and structural configuration of
fixed wings now a day’s smart wing are used, these smarts
wings are made up of active materials like SMA. These are
used to develop and demonstrate the optimized performance
of lifting bodies, these SMA or SME are used as actuators by
using shape recovery which occurs at non-zero stress. SMA
can provide satisfactory results at a sixteen percent scale it
was found that as we go on increasing the SMA percentage in
torque tube it is possible to provide full-scale actuation. The
experiment was conducted by Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) and the monitored by Air Force
Research Lab (AFRL).
Percent scale, it was found that as we go on
increasing the SMA percentage in torque tube it is possible to
provide full-scale activation. The experiment was conducted
by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
with monitored by the Air Force Research Lab (AFRL)
SMA cables are wrapped around the aft section in the jet
engine to change the region of the fan nozzle in the individual
region of the flight regime. During take-off and arrival
exhaust is at a high temperature which converts SMA
materials to austenite. This aids maximum opening of the
nozzle which optimizes the performance at altitudes.
VI. MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM
Nitinol-based SMA has the greatest applications in the area of
Micro-Electro-Mechanical system (MEMS), which are
mechanical elements along with integrated sensors, actuators
electronic devices on regular silicon-based through silicon
microfabrication. Using micromachining technology every
component is mounted on a common IC (Integrated circuits).
MEM enables the development of smart materials which are
nothing but SMA’s.
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The microactuators and microsensors are the key components
in any MEMS, where micro-sensors collect the details from
the environment through measuring mechanical, chemical,
optical, thermal, magnetic, and biological phenomena
microelectronics collect the details from sensors and through
decision-making capacity direct the system/micro actuators to
respond to the action [91]. The crucial applications of these
SMA and particular MEMS are listed here they are
microvalves [92-94]. Micro pumps[95-97], Optical switches
[98], imaging display [99-100] micro relays [101]i.e., all the
devices listed here used any one of the actuator mechanism
based on the phenomena listed as follows electrostatic,
magnetic, piezoelectric, bimetallic or thermo pneumatic. The
primary application of these devices is antenna actuator for
British satellite system [102]. It also includes promising
applications like nozzles used in aero-engines which reduces
the noise level generated [103]. Application within gas
turbine is to magnitude heavier due to additional robust
requirement and higher temperature [104]. Engineers who are
developing SMA for aerospace applications are now a day’s
using a bunch of wires instead of a single wire. From
individual material to blend with hydraulic technology and
electronic SME are used everywhere in the area of aerospace.
SMA can integrate control, sensing, and drive in a single body
because of energy density and unique memory effect. SMA
can gain the exchange of electro-mechanical using servo
control. It controls flexibility and can reduce vibration and
noise. SMA can actively control the material damage, healing
of material and structure when sensors and actuators are made
from SMA.
VII. AUTOMOBILE
SMA things help many recent vehicles at combative market
prices. The SMA leads the actuators to do not require the
bulky and complex mechanical design to function.
Traditional automobiles are associated with some problems
in the modern automobile system and we are trying to
overcome these limitations. Along with these things engineers
are trying to incorporate safety, more comfort, and trying to
improve performance. To get these qualities one needs to
have sensors more electronic systems and electric actuators
but if one installs these materials, the overweight of the
vehicle increases which affects adversely [105]. So one need
to get these things when a change needs to adopt is to replace
existing electronic equipment with microsensors,
microelectronic, microactuators which are made up of SMA
[106-108].
These are three types of automotive actuators namely. They
are.
1) Low power actuators for comfort and bodywork function.
2) High power vehicle control actuator.
3) High-frequency engine control actuators.
SMA is mainly suitable for low-power actuators and
high-power actuators and not suitable for high-frequency
actuators due to small operations frequency and narrow
bandwidth. Due to flexibility, SMA has the potential to
expand in various fields of automobile especially they can be
used in an application with lower bandwidth and moderate
temperature operation like bodywork and comfort. SMA suits
very well the current trend of automobile drive-by-wire while
choosing an SMA one needs to look after certain things like
operating temperate range performance (like force, stroke,
and bandwidth), durability, and reliability. Based on listed
things engineers need to choose materials like shape, design,
size loading configuration and cooling techniques and type of
sensor and controller smart sensing and self-healing are two
major areas where SMA can be effectively used as they are
suitable for adaptive operations (smart types and airbags).
In the thermal valve, SMA materials like Ni-Ti springs are
used while the temperature is above the high-quality fee
Ni-Ti spring enlarge and thrust on metallic spring which
opens a secondary valve to permute added cool water to glide
and vice versa. The benefit of the usage of this form of the
actuator is that it doesn’t require additional
One of the recent applications is the warmness-to-get better
Ni-TiNb plug for sealing excessive-force fuel entrance in
diesel flue injectors. A regular heavy-duty diesel fuel injector
consists of a solenoid manipulate valve, a plunger cylinder,
and a fuel motion that links the initial two elements. Via this
progress fuel communiqué is mounted, in which the fuel is
brought into the plunger cylinder thru the manage valve.
You can use color figures as per the requirement but
fonts should be in black. Authors can use any number of the
color diagram, chart, picture, screenshots, and any snap which
is required for the research of the title.
A Review on Application of Shape Memory Alloys
118
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VIII. CONCLUSION
This article immediately a review of the basic properties of
shape memory alloys (SMA) and their applications in the field
of Medical, Civil structures, Automobile, and Aerospace
industries.
The unique behavior of SMA materials is shape memory
effect, Biocompatibility, Biofunctionality and friendly with a
human body this feature helps in medical treatments. SMA
materials such as Atrial, Septal, Orthodontic wires,
Orthopedic staple, and hand glove play a vital role in the
medical sector. In the scope of civil structures, SMA
materials-based devices like ground isolation system, energy
dissipation system, re-centering devices, and Seismic
isolation reduces the vibration prevents large deformation of
the slender structures and they are effective in dissipating
energy. The functions like reliability and multi-functionality
are required in the Aero-space industry. These functions are
including in SMA materials and these SMA materials play a
crucial part in the Aero-space industry to reduce the
complexity of the system and leads to reliability at a lower
cycle. Even though shape memory actuation can provide
significant advantages over the traditional gadgets in the
Automobile region, SMAs are mainly suitable for low-power
actuators and high-power actuators. Ni-Ti spring is used in the
thermal valve which will reduce the additional device. In
almost all the sectors SMA is used, SMA gives better
replacement for other materials.
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Dr. Sadashiva. M, the corresponding author received
his Ph.d in Mechanical Engineering from JNTU
Ananthpuram,Andrapradesh (2019) and
M.E(Manufacturing science and Engg.)from UVCE.,
Bengaluru Univrsity(2011). He has nine years of teaching
experience. Author awarded with “RULA International
Award-2018” for his reseach work. He is currently working as an Assistant
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering at PESCE (Govt. Aided
Institution), Mandya, Karnataka. In his research activities, he is focusing on
hybrid composite materials, Processing, and Friction stir welding technique.
M Yunus Sheikh co-author pursuing a bachelor of
engineering in PES college of engineering, Mandya.
Worked on the design and fabricated of a racing car and
Participated in a national level go-kart event organized
by ISNEE.
Nouman Khan co-author completed M.Tech(Machine
Design) from P.E.S. College of Engineering,
Mandya(2019) and Bachelor of engineering from
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore.(2017). He is
currently working as an Assistant Professor, Department
of Mechanical Engineering at PESCE (Govt. Aided
Institution), Mandya, Karnataka. He is currently focusing on vibration and
noise signal analysis of gear materials.
Ramesh Kurbet co-author completed
M.Tech(Machine Design) from P.E.S. College of
Engineering, Mandya(2019) and Bachelor of
engineering from Jain college of engineering, Belagavi.
He is currently working as an Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering at PESCE (Govt. Aided Institution),
Mandya, Karnataka. He is currently carrying research in the field of
vibration signal analysis of gears of composite material and bearings.
T.M. Devegowda co-author completed PG (Dip. in
Sugar Engg.) and Bachelor of engineering from P.E.S.
College of Engineering, Mandya. He is currently
working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering and Student welfare officer at
PESCE (Govt. Aided Institution), Mandya, Karnataka.
... The first practical applications of shape memory alloys were in the field of aerospace, where the materials were used in actuators and other components that required precise control. In the 1980s, SMAs began to be used in medical devices, such as stents and orthodontic wires, due to their biocompatibility and unique mechanical properties [10]. ...
... Since then, researchers have continued to explore the potential applications of SMAs in reinforced concrete structures. One of the main benefits of using SMAs in this context is their ability to undergo large deformations without permanent damage, which can help to improve the overall durability and resilience of the structure [10]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the potential application of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in reinforced concrete structures. It delves into the historical progression of SMAs and elaborates on the various types available. The distinct properties of SMAs, such as super elasticity and shape memory effect, render them highly appealing for utilization in reinforced concrete structures. An extensive review of experimental studies employing SMAs in diverse reinforced concrete applications is presented, encompassing the repair and fortification of damaged beams, deflection control, and self-healing concrete. Experimental findings indicate that SMAs have the capacity to partially rebound from deformations, mitigating residual displacements. However, their diminished yield stress and elastic modulus compared to steel may result in reduced strength and energy dissipation in RC beams. To address these issues, researchers suggest strategies like shifting the plastic hinge region away from the beam end using SMA rebars. The article also discusses the potential advantages and obstacles associated with incorporating SMAs in reinforced concrete structures. In conclusion, SMAs exhibit potential for application in reinforced concrete structures, although more research is required to thoroughly comprehend their behaviour and maximize their effectiveness.
... Spring actuators based on SMAs, which are also components of other devices, can be used in many fields of engineering and other disciplines, such as medicine. Also, due to other properties like the superelasticity and high capacity of energy dissipation, SMAs are applied in civil engineering including buildings and other infrastructure (Alam et al., 2005;Chang & Araki, 2016;Fang et al., 2023;Sadashiva et al., 2021). Of great interest today is the development and implementation of smart systems, especially for sustainable civil engineering. ...
... NiTi alloys are increasingly playing an important role in aerospace applications, surgical instruments, and medical fields [7]. For instance, the shape memory effect of NiTi provides an excellent opportunity to replace heavy electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic actuators in aerospace [8]. ...
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Nickel–titanium (NiTi) is a versatile material with unique inherent properties, such as shape recovery, superelasticity, and biocompatibility, that makes it suitable for various engineering applications. While NiTi can be additively manufactured using powder bed fusion for metals (PBF-LB/M), challenges arise due to the material sensitivity to process parameters and the challenge of achieving desired mechanical and functional properties. Mechanical and functional properties of NiTi are highly influenced by the alloy composition which in turn is affected by the process parameters. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of tailoring the properties of NiTi to manufacture functionally graded structures. Promising shape recovery strains of 4.16%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document} and superelastic strains of 7%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document} under compression are achieved with cycling stability outperforming the conventional manufactured NiTi. By varying the process parameters, the austenite finish temperature could be shifted between 29 ± 5 ∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ$$\end{document}C and 72 ± 5 ∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ$$\end{document}C, while achieving a maximum relative material density of 99.4%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}. Finally, the study demonstrates the potential of powder bed fusion to manufacture complex and functional graded structures, enabling spatial control. This potential is showcased through the sequential actuation of a demonstrator structure. The findings of this research highlight the promising capabilities of powder bed fusion in producing functional graded NiTi structures, with potential applications in robotics, aerospace, and biomedical fields.
... The potential application of hydroxyapatite in material science and nanotechnology, particularly for medical purposes, is a subject of ongoing investigation. Hydroxyapatite's bioactivity is renowned; it is one of the few synthetic materials capable of fostering the growth of bone and teeth [6,7]. Despite its biological compatibility, which mirrors that of human bone, HA is impeded by inadequate mechanical properties, curtailing its standalone application [8,9]. ...
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NiTi is a versatile material with a broad range of functional properties such as shape memory effect and superelasticity in combination with high internal damping capabilities and biocompatibility. Processing NiTi with powder bed fusion for metals (PBF-LB/M) enables new potential to solve engineering problems. Due to the layerwise manufacturing technique associated with additive manufacturing, complex shaped geometries can be realized, which are not possible with conventional manufacturing methods. Hence, the combination of functional material characteristics with powder bed fusion has high potential for novel applications and complex structures. In this work, potential and performance of manufacturing complex NiTi structures is demonstrated.
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