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A Critique of Anti-Bullying Campaigns: How Neoliberalism, Ostracism, and Dissimilar Definitions Distort Campaign Rhetoric
... There is such a large body of studies that use Cyberball (see Hartgerink, van Beest, Wicherts, & Williams, 2015) that some argue the method has created a sort of research bubble, where the study of ostracism is inextricably tied to the field of psychology (Boykina & Chirkina, 2020). Although there are studies that have examined ostracism through other methods and perspectives (see Pelliccio & Nickell, 2018;Waldeck, 2017), there is currently a need for the modern construct of ostracism to be examined through other fields, perspectives, and methodologies. In particular, examining ostracism as an interpersonal communication phenomenon will help us understand more about the meaning making process that targets of ostracism go through to interpret the many cues they receive during an interaction and to conclude that they are being ostracized (Kerr & Levine, 2008). ...
Research on ostracism overwhelmingly suggests that being ostracized is a painful experience. Much of this research comes from the field of psychology and uses various adaptations of the Cyberball experiment to specifically examine the effects of being ostracized through the Temporal Model of ostracism. As a result, there is much less understanding about how ostracism is communicated interpersonally, the interpretive process of receiving an ostracism message, or the antecedent communication conditions that allow someone to recognize various cues as ostracism. Thus, the purpose of this manuscript was twofold. The first goal was to conduct an extensive review of literature to reveal the discrepancies, variations, and disunity of the operationalization and conceptualization of ostracism related terminology across disciplines and to show how such a landscape has made it difficult for communication scholars to study ostracism as communication. The second goal was to propose a new terminology, interpersonal ostracism messages (IOMs), and to define it in order to fill this gap. By using Expectancy Violations Theory and Relational Dialectics Theory, we further shape the definition of IOMs so that communication researchers can begin focusing on ostracism as an interpersonal communication phenomenon and begin looking beyond the psychological effects of being ostracized.
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