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FWU Journal of Social Sciences, Spring 2021, Vol.15, No.1, 1-10
DOI: http://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/spring2021/15-1
Challenges of Emerging Adulthood among Youth out of
Foster Care
Tengiz Verulava and Beka Dangadze
Caucasus University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Youth out of foster care can face various problems related to
finding a housing, unemployment, low educational attainment or
lack of interpersonal relationships. The aim of the research was to
study the problems of youth out of foster care in Georgia. Within
the qualitative study semi-structured in-depth interviews were
conducted. The findings indicated that youth out of foster care felt
unprepared for life and face some financial, social and
psychological challenges which make the transition to adulthood
more problematic. They have a problem of unstable housing,
employment and community integration. In this critical period of
transition, social workers are responsible for supporting
adolescence. The study identified very low involvement of the
social worker during preparation to age out of foster care. Social
workers must continue to work with young people, help them build
relationships and positive support network. It's recommended to
expand foster care services to the youth with the aims of growing
learning and accommodation stability, and employment services.
Policy makers should consider housing opportunities for youth out
of foster care. Youngsters out of foster care require protective
preparation and planning, which will help adolescents make this
transition into adulthood more flexible.
Keywords: social work, foster care, adolescence, transition-aged
foster youth, Social support network
Emerging adulthood is a period of adult identity formation (Verulava et al., 2020, Mukeria et
al., 2020). During these period many youth depends on their families for financial support as they
pursue opportunities for employment and education (Saleem et al., 2019; Zareen et al., 2019;
Verulava et al., 2020; Arif et al., 2019). However, this reliance on relatives may not be an option for
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tengiz Verulava, Professor, School of Medicine
and Healthcare Management, Caucasus University, Tbilisi, Georgia, Email: tengiz.verulava@gmail.com
Authors’ contributions
1. Tengiz Verulava primarily focused on literature review, theoretical analysis of the data and overall writing of
this research paper.
2. Beka Dangadze initiated the research and collected data, including the primary works, and contributed in
analysis of data and editing.
Verulava, Dangadze
2
youth aging out of foster care. Foster care is a temporary service provided by state for children who
cannot live with their families and was identified as in need of care and protection. youth will age out
of the foster care when they turn 18 years old.
Youth out of foster care experience significant problems transitioning into independent
living. These individuals are found to have overall poorer outcomes in the domains of housing (Fowler
et al., 2009), employment (Naccarato et al., 2010), education (Hernandez & Naccarato), justice
system involvement (Courtney et al., 2010), mental health, substance abuse (Braciszewski & Stout,
2012), physical health and early parenting (Kushel et al., 2007; Courtney, 2006; Courtney et al., 2007;
Shaw, Steyn & Simeon, 2020). Experts define the following key factors that are necessary for the
functioning of young people after leaving the shelter: employment, education, living conditions,
supporting networks, health care, safety, legal engagement, and willingness to live in society (Mech,
1994). Young people after leaving the shelter did not return to their families and instantly become
homeless (Rosenberg & Kim, 2018; Cochrane and Szabo-Kubitz, 2009).
According to researches, homelessness increases the risk for lack of education, employment,
discrimination, substance abuse, and imprisonment (Dworsky, Napolitano & Courtney, 2013;
Shagufta, 2020; Rosenberg & Kim, 2018). According to studies, former foster care youth more likely
to leave university before earning a degree (Day et al., 2011; Courtney et al., 2010). Reduced
academic performance likely effect in a low level of employment (Levin-Epstein & Greenberg, 2003;
Cunningham & Diversi, 2012; Gillum et al., 2016; Thompson et al., 2002). Psychological health and
communication difficulties are more common among former foster care youth (Merdinger et al.,
2005).
According to statistical data in Georgia the number of children without care in 2015 was
1643, out of which 1205 children were involved in the fostering program, while 335 children lived in
family type children homes (Social Service Agency of Georgia, 2020). In 2010 the Ministry of Health
and Social Affairs of Georgia developed a National Action Plan for Children without Family Care
(GCCYW, 2016). The main emphasis was made on the closure of large children institutions, the so-
called “orphanages” and instead development of the fostering system and small family-type
children’s homes (Law of Georgia, 2017).
The age of deprivation of the state care of persons without family care varies in different
countries. USA and some European countries enable youngsters until the age of 21 or 27 to use the
government support. Many statutory and private child-serving agencies continue efforts to develop
services to meet the needs of this group (Collinsa & Ward, 2011). For instance, in Austria it is possible
to continue to provide assistance to youngsters without family care until the age of 21, and this
assistance is terminated when they find a job and have the appropriate living conditions (Sidery,
2019). In Germany, it is possible to continue the care for such children until the age of 27 years. In
Norway, the state provides care up to 18 years, after that the individual must make his or her
decision to leave the shelter or to remain under the state care. They can extend the period of stay for
12 months or become involved in the next stage of care and stay under the state care up to the age
of 23 years. In this case they should plan their life for the next years in a written form. In a case of
approval of the plan, they are allowed to implement it and stay under the state care (Oterholm,
2009).
EMERGING ADULTHOOD OF FOSTER CARE
3
Georgia have high rates of poverty and unemployment (Papava, 2013; Silagadze, 2017;
Asatiani & Verulava, 2017). Foster youth in the Georgia face significant barriers in a transition to
independence. The aim of the research was to study the problems of youth out of foster care in
Georgia.
Method
Within the framework of qualitative research, the in-depth interviews were conducted in the
time period of December 2019 in Georgia.
A nonprobability sampling method and its most convenient type – a snowball sampling was
used to identify and recruit the main participants of the study. In total, 15 youngsters without family
care, who have attained 18 years of age and left the shelter, were selected for the survey. Their age
did not exceed 25 years. A gift was given to all the individuals who were recruited in the study. Having
communication problems was the only exclusion criteria for the study. Also, 3 social workers working
in governmental (1 social worker) and non-governmental (2 social workers) sectors were selected.
The survey tool is a semi-structured questionnaire, which allows each respondent to change
questions as needed. The interviews were digitally recorded using voice recorders and later
transcribed for the data analyses purposes. Data entry, editing, and analysis were done using NVivo
software. To analyse the interviews, a case-centered narrative approach was used. The interviews
were transcribed and checked carefully. The next step was to describe interviews thematically, this
was, a structural element of narratives identified to get the main points of the stories. The
respondents’ names and any aspects that might reveal their circumstances were omitted to preserve
their confidentiality.
Prior to the interviews, each participant was informed about the purpose of the study and
written informed consent was obtained. We informed participants that they had the right to refuse
participation and could retract their responses at any time during and after participation. Research
was carried out in accordance to ethical principles of scientific research, the Declaration of Helsinki
and has been approved by the Research Ethics Board of Health Policy Institute.
Results and Discussion
According to the study most of the respondents came to the shelter after the death of their
parents. Their lives before the shelter had never been easy, because they lived in poverty.
Respondent 1: “I was born in Tbilisi; I am ethnic Kurd... I was raised in a traditional Kurdish family... I
spoke Kurdish, everything was Kurdish ... Then, at about age 4, I went to shelter for some problems.
My mother and I lived in this shelter; while my father lived in Tbilisi and sometimes visited us. Now
both of them are dead”.
Respondent 2: “My father died early. I was eight years old when my mother died. My uncle and my
aunt should have grown me up, but since they also had children and lived in extreme poverty at that
time, they decided to send me to the ‘children’s home’. They thought that I would get a better care
there. They wanted me to go to a place like a monastery ... they’ve heard about shelter and so they
took me there”.
Verulava, Dangadze
4
The respondents stayed at the shelter for early childhood because of their parents’ death. However,
some respondents lived in the children’s home with family members, or with parents and siblings.
According to them, they had to go to the children’s home due to economic problems. In that time
children could live in shelters with their families.
Respondent 4: “There was a mess in shelter with a little space only; the elders abused youngers ...
Another children’s center was a family type, small cottages, 2-3 children and one tutor, all are well
disposed”.
We asked the respondents to describe one day or one week of life in the shelter:
Respondent 7: “One of my usual days was like this: I woke up in the morning at about 8 o’clock. I did
not wake up myself, they were awakening me and sending to school. The school was not of the
children’s center but a public. The village was small, very lovely, and beautiful. We communicated not
only with children of the children’s center, but also with the village children and not only with
Georgians, but with Armenians and Azeri’s. It was an international village. I went to school, attended
classes and then came back and studied; usually teachers helped me. I normally studied, had normal
meals and so on. No difference from a family”.
Respondents say that educational projects (excursions, visits to museums) were frequently
implemented, in which they were actively involved.
Respondent 5: “We were friends with public schools, where I got many friends too. They came to us,
sometimes we went to museums and we attended the performances. We went to the excursions very
often. I have hiked a whole Georgia; once I flew by a paraglider... So I can say that I’ve missed nothing
in my childhood. Thanks to those people I’ve really got everything I need”.
Respondent 4: “There was a project, I do not remember its name, but the purpose was that every
week one of the schools visited us and we made some educational projects together. I remember from
my childhood that foreign guests visited us from France, Holland, they made their own projects and
we were actively involved in them. We had joint summer camps with foreign schools...”.
Respondent 8: “At least once in two weeks we have excursions, we visited cinemas, museums,
factory... concerts. The motion theater was our friend; they invited us often and came here”.
The participants were asked how they felt when the foster care was terminated. Each person
perceives their termination differently. Some respondents were aware that they could not stay in the
shelter until their end of life, so they were psychologically prepared and had no particular stress.
However, there was some fear. The gravest thought was the feeling of uncertainty; they did not know
where or how to start work.
Respondent 9: “After foster care you have nothing. I struggled to get a job, and nobody supported
me. The social worker just told me I’m no longer in foster care”.
Respondent 11: “I was not prepared for life after foster care”.
However, some have had positive relationships or receiving support from the foster centers after
leaving care.
Respondent 3: “The children’s home helps you to find a job. So, they used to help you until you
become independent, and many have already found their way and started families and started work
EMERGING ADULTHOOD OF FOSTER CARE
5
and the children’s home has supported us from the beginning to the end... They used to say: “Go, but
any time you will need us call, and we will be with you”, and so on. I personally graduated from Ilia
State University with the bachelor’s degree and from Tbilisi State University with the master’s degree
and during all this period, the shelter paid my rental and tuition fees”.
We asked respondents about how they lived after the shelter, whether they continued contacts with
shelter dwellers, what challenges they face. One of the respondents is now renting the apartment
and working with cousins, but says that it was not always so.
Respondent 6: “I was preparing for a while and then graduated from the college. Throughout this
period, I was financially helped by the children’s home, and then I started to work in the Carrefour
bakery and worked for half a year. Now I live with my cousins and I work in the bakery again, but
elsewhere”.
Another respondent notes that the staff in the shelter has relations with them as with family
members.
Respondent 4: “I cannot call them the staff; because they are my family ... They are all my friends...
We still are together... Now I have not been there for a long time but we call each other”.
The participants were asked about challenges after foster care. All of the participants mentioned
challenges that they struggled with while aging out of foster care. They have a lack of adequate
emotional, social and financial support.
Respondent 2: “The most challenging aspect for me now is to survive on my own; I don’t have a job,
family or supports. I don’t know where to go.”
Respondent 5: “One thing I’ve realized that life without education will be difficult, so I decided to go
at the university, but a lot of things are unclear, I need a supporter who will help me. I have no such
friend”.
According to respondents, unemployment is high amongst the youth who have aged out of care. Only
four are employed and the rest are still unemployed. Finding jobs has been a struggle for the youth
who have aged out of care. As a result, the most challenging thing for them was the financial difficulty
that they faced. Unemployment among young people is relatively high in Georgia, which in turn
exacerbates challenges amongst the youth who have aged out of care.
The next question was about the help they got from the state after the shelter. Respondents
unanimously admitted that they did not even hear about such a state program. According to the
respondents, the role of the social worker is important during preparation to age out of care. The
involvement of the social worker in this process is very low. Most of the respondents have not seen
the social worker after the foster care.
Respondent 9: “I do not have any idea if the state is doing something; no one has ever contacted me. I
do not know about social workers, no one has done anything in my case. I do not know what they are
doing and nobody has told me anything”.
Respondent 13: “It would be good if youth people have an opportunity to be acquainted with the
living outside of the shelter. The youth should know that there is a different reality outside of the
Verulava, Dangadze
6
shelter, because when you are in the shelter and everyone take care of you, you think that it is life and
it will be so in future, but the reality is quite different when you have to go out and see that the life is
quite the other world”.
Respondent 14: “Social workers should encourage us; they must give us the advice on what we should
do about our life”.
And finally, we talked about future plans. It turned out that their plans are great. One of the
respondents is going to connect her future with the shelter because he thinks it is the best and most
beneficial thing to do. He thinks that his knowledge and experience can create better and more
diverse living conditions to other children.
One of the respondents is going to start the own business, but still with the assistance of the
children’s home. Others are going to use the money that have been accrued on their accounts by the
state to their adulthood and that they have not spent.
We have interviewed three social workers. The main topic of the conversation with them
was the problems facing the youngsters without family care after leaving the shelter upon their full
age.
Every social worker admits that the lack of housing remains the most important problem for young
people who have left the state care system.
Social worker 1: “The problem of housing is the most acute. After leaving the state care system, some
youngsters return to their biological families, from which they have come. Some youngsters have no
place to go, nor they have had it or will have it in future. Such children are about 30-40%. We may ask
a question whether the state expenditure, which is spent on the children without family care until the
age of 18 years is effective, if it is not continued”.
According to the social workers, the settling of the housing problem together with the
central government bodies, as well as involvement of local self-governments can be more effective
and efficient.
Social worker 2: “Each year, about 50 young people leave small family-type homes and fostering
families in Georgia. Young people are scattered across Georgia and in each municipality 4-6 young
people may be concentrated. It is possible to deduct funds from local self-government budget for the
housing, transportation and utility payments of these young people”.
Social workers consider one of the best ways to solve the problems arising out of leaving the
shelter by the youngsters without family care is to develop the skills needed for independent living
and to give them adequate professional education. Psychologists' surveillance and work with young
people will assist them to make the period of the use of state funds as short as possible and to quickly
become independent. In addition, NGOs conduct various professional trainings for them.
Social worker 3: “By trainings we provide them the necessary skills that will be helpful for them,
provide qualified information on various aspects of reproductive health, about the STD protection
remedies, human rights, etc. That is, we provide them with what they need.”
According to social workers, despite such activities, vocational trainings are inadequate. The
problem is particularly acute in the regions. In regard to this, the state aid in improving the conditions
of life of young people is much lower.
EMERGING ADULTHOOD OF FOSTER CARE
7
Despite the fact that the state fully funds the cost of Bachelor’s Degree studies until the age
of 21 years, the majority still do not have the desire to pursue studies in higher education
institutions.Social workers believe that youngsters above the age of 18 years who have left the state
care system should have been covered with appropriate state programs. It should be taken into
consideration that in many European countries, young people are supported by the state until the
age of 21-24 years. It is desirable for Georgia to share this model.
Social worker 1: “The Social Service Agency has signed Memorandums of Cooperation with several
organizations that work on issues of children without family care after adulthood. Of course, this is
not the way to solve the problem globally, so it is better that the state develops a relevant state
program”.
Discussion
Youth out of foster care can face various problems related to finding a housing,
unemployment, poverty, low educational attainment, substance abuse, lack of interpersonal
relationships, health and mental health problems, and victimization. Stable housing is fundamental
for youth out of foster care to ensure health and pursue investment in education and profession.
The study showed higher jobless rates among youth out of foster care compared to young
people of a related age. They have restricted work histories or may find only occupations with lesser
reimbursing salaries. This result is compatible with other studies (Curry & Abrams, 2015; Tanur,
2012).
The participants did not experience ageing out of foster care positively. The participants
specified that they were not prepared for life after foster care and recognized a lack of economic,
societal and emotional support after ageing out of foster care. Youths expressed nervousness about
their personal experiences, including financial challenges and accommodation uncertainty, loss of
social support. Our study results correspond with other studies (Bender et al., 2015; Fowler et al.,
2009). In this case, it is important that youth are not only equipped with the essential resources to
succeed independently, but also directly involved in the development of their transition strategy
(Mitchell et al., 2014).
Social workers must continue to work with young people, help them build relationships and
positive support network
The study identified very low involvement of the social worker during preparation to age out
of foster care. Most of the participants have not seen the social worker after the placement was
finalized. Development of a transition plan can contribute to an adolescence’s positive future
(Mitchell et al., 2014). Foster youth should be discharged from the care system only if they have
stable housing. Policy makers should consider developing alternate housing opportunities for
university students. Also, they could be discouraged from university due to financial problems. Social
workers should work closely with youth to deliver available information.
Verulava, Dangadze
8
Conclusion
The study identified very low involvement of the social worker during preparation to age out
of foster care. Social workers must continue to work with young people, help them build relationships
and positive support network. It's recommended to expand foster care services to the youth with the
aims of growing learning and accommodation stability, and employment services. Policy makers
should consider housing opportunities for youth out of foster care. Youngsters out of foster care
require protective preparation and planning, which will help adolescents make this transition into
adulthood more flexible.
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