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Foraging Assemblages
Volume 1
Edited by Dušan Borić,
Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Foraging Assemblages Volume 1
Foraging Assemblages is the publicaon of the proceedings
of the Ninth Internaonal Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held
in Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings
gather 121 contribuons on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost
every corner of the connent. The book presents a cross-secon of recent
Mesolithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean
to Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the
volumes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 themac secons,
each with an introducon wrien by prominent Mesolithic experts. The
reader will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonizaon
of new territories at the end of the Ice
Age and the beginning of the Holocene
warming; the use of diverse landscapes
and resources; climac instabilies
that inuenced paerns of selement
and subsistence; the organizaon of
selements and dwelling spaces; the
formaon of regional idenes expressed
through various aspects of material culture
and technologies of artefact producon,
use, and discard; aspects of social relaons
and mobility; symbolic, ritual, and mortuary
pracces; diverse ways in which Mesolithic
communies of Europe were transformed
into or superseded by Neolithic ways
of being; and how we have researched,
represented, and discussed the Mesolithic.
Volume 1
Transions – Beginnings
Colonizaon
Landscapes
Selement
Regional Idenes
People in Their Environment
Volume 2
Technology
Social Relaons,
Communicaon, Mobility
Rites and Symbols
Transions – Endings
Represenng and Narrang
the Mesolithic
Foraging Assemblages
Volume 1
Edited by Dušan Borić,
Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Serbian Archaeological Society
The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University
Belgrade & New York
e NOMIS Foundation provided a grant in support of preparation and publication of this book
Publishers
Serbian Archaeological Society, Belgrade, Republic od Serbia
e Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, USA
For Publishers
Adam Crnobrnja
David Freedberg
Edited by
© Dušan Borić, Dragana Antonović, Bojana Mihailović 2021
is publication is in copyright. No reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the authors.
First published 2021
Peer-reviewed by
Pablo Arias
Nuno Bicho
Clive Bonsall
Dušan Borić
Chantal Conneller
Emanuela Cristiani
Vesna Dimitrijević
Federica Fontana
Ole Grøn
Judith Grünberg
Lars Larsson
Dušan Mihailović
Nicky Millner
T. Douglas Price
Rick Schulting
Robert Whallon
Copy-editing and proof-reading
Hannah Elmer
Dušan Borić
Design
Dušan Pavlić
Index compiled by
Mia Borić
Dušan Borić
Desktop publishing
Marko Huber
Print run 400
Printed by Publikum
ISBN
978-86-80094-14-4
978-86-80094-16-8
A CIP record of this book is available from the National Library of Serbia, Belgrade
Front Cover Illustration: Sculpted sandstone boulder named ‘Chronos’ (inv. no. 5) from Lepenski Vir (National Museum in Belgrade)
Back Cover Illustration: Lepenski Vir during excavations (Photograph courtesy of Alan McPherron)
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
903(4)"632/633"(082)
902.2(4)(082)
FORAGING Assemblages. Vol. 1 / edited by Dušan Borić, Dragana
Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović. - Belgrade : Serbian Archaeological Society
; New York : The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia
University, 2021 (Belgrade : Publikum). - XLII, 351 str. : ilustr. ; 29 cm
"Foraging Assemblages represents the publication of the proceedings of the
Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held in Belgrade
in September 14- 18, 2015." --> Preface. - Tekst štampan dvostubačno. - Tiraž
400. - Preface: str. XXV-XXX. - Napomene i bibliografske reference uz tekst. -
Bibliograja uz svaki rad.
ISBN 978-86-80094-14-4 (SAS)
ISBN 978-86-80094-16-8 (niz)
1. Borić, Dušan, 1973- [уредник] 2. Antonović, Dragana, 1960- [уредник]
3.Mihailović, Bojana, 1963- [уредник]
а) Археолошка налазишта, праисторијска -- Европа -- Мезолит -- Зборници
б) Археолошка истраживања -- Европа -- Зборници
COBISS.SR-ID 34449929
Colonization
11. The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter
(Vilafranca, eastern Mediterranean Iberia) and the last
hunters-gatherers of northern Valencian country
Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal
This paper presents preliminary data about a new site, Fontanella ravine rockshelter (Vilafranca, northern
Valencian country, Spain), which preserves several archaeological layers that correspond to dierent periods
of Mesolithic and Neolithic occupation. The site was excavated in the course of four eld seasons between
2011 and 2015, resulting in the identication of two Mesolithic and two Neolithic levels. The lower level
is dated to the Early Mesolithic (Notches and Denticulate Mesolithic), providing the rst reference to this
techno-complex in the north of the Valencian region. The second archaeological level dates to the Geometric
Mesolithic, a period likewise nearly unknown in the area. The upper levels preserve various Neolithic
occupation strata (starting with the nal Early Neolithic). Considering the data recovered to date and their
analysis in this regional context, one could say that the site is of major interest for advancing our knowledge
of the transition between the last hunter-gatherers and the rst farmers in the Iberian Mediterranean region.
The site is located in a high-altitude mountainous environment (1150 masl) but not far from the Mediterranean
coast (around 50 km as the crow ies), thus providing an interesting case study for modelling processes of
landscape colonization and exploitation by both Mesolithic and Neolithic human groups in these types of
landscapes.
Keywords: Mediterranean Iberia, Valencian country, Mesolithic, Neolithic
Introduction
Barranc de la Fontanella rockshelter is located in Vila-
franca (Castellón, Spain) (Fig. 11.1). e recent eldwork
campaigns conducted between 2011 and 2015 have exposed
an extremely interesting archaeological sequence, starting
with two Mesolithic levels sealed by two less well-preserved
Neolithic occupation strata. is paper oers preliminary
results of the study of the archaeological assemblage recov-
ered at this location. We also evaluate these results in the
regional context, where the data about the Mesolithic-Neo-
lithic transition are still limited.
e signicance of this site lies in lling a gap in the ar-
chaeological record, providing the rst evidence of human
occupation corresponding to the Notches and Denticulate
Mesolithic in the northern Valencian country, and present-
ing one of the oldest examples of this complex in the Iberi-
an Peninsula based on the obtained radiocarbon date. e
site has so far provided a rich lithic collection as well as an
outstanding amount of ornaments of marine gastropods.
Faunal remains, although present, are extremely fragment-
ed and badly preserved. While all these remains are still
under study, a preliminary analysis provides interesting
data to foster reections on the nature of the Mesolith-
ic-Neolithic transition in hinterland mountainous regions.
Site location
e site is located in a small limestone rockshelter, 6 m
long and 2 m deep (Fig. 11.2). It opens to the southwest on
the right bank of the Fontanella or Espinella gully at an
altitude of 1120 masl. Today, intermittent streams ow sea-
sonally through this ravine aer periods of heavy or steady
rain. When dry, it is frequently used as a natural trail both
by humans and animals. e site is located in a high-al-
titude and rugged mountainous environment, with eleva-
tions ranging between 1600 and 600 masl. However, it is
interesting to note that despite the predominantly rugged
nature of this landscape, there are also large plains near the
site; these are currently used for small-scale farming. Fur-
thermore, the area is not far from the Mediterranean Sea,
at a distance of about 50 km as the crow ies.
is combination of very steep areas with other atter
areas is likely to have been a powerful draw for hunting
75
11. The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter and the last hunters-gatherers of northern Valencian country
Fig. 11.1. Map showing the location of the main sites mentioned in the paper.
Fi g. 11.2. Excavations during the 2012 eld season.
Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal
76
groups, providing them with the opportunity to exploit
dierent biotopes. At the same time, the rst pastoralist
communities obtained ideal areas for summer pasture-
land. e ravine is still used today as a livestock trail for
the seasonal migrations of livestock (transhumance of
cattle, sheep, and goats), connecting the summer pasture-
land of the mountain to the winter pasturelands of the
coast (Fig. 11.3). is shows the continuity in the use of
this natural trail connecting the coast of Castellón with
the highlands of Castellón and Teruel, and thus, suggests
a strategic positioning of this particular site. is prelim-
inary research provides data of interest for further explo-
ration of patterns of occupation and use of these lands by
both Mesolithic and Neolithic human groups.
Research background
Vicent Gavara, a schoolteacher en route to Vilafranca,
discovered the site at the end of the 1970s. He reported the
discovery of a lithic industry and some human remains to
Dr Ferran Arasa (today a lecturer at the University of Va-
lencia), who then listed the nds in several publications,
also providing an inventory of the archaeological sites
known at the time in the municipality of Vilafranca (Ara-
sa 1977, 1982). ese early publications noted the presence
of a large number of lithic nds, prehistoric fragments of
pottery and some human skeletal remains, which at the
time were generically ascribed to the Final Neolithic.
In 2006, 30 years aer the discovery, and in the con-
text of a doctoral thesis focusing on the Pleistocene/Holo-
cene transition in the northern Valencian country (Román
2011), one of us reviewed the materials recovered at several
sites of this region, including those from Fontanella. It be-
came clear that the remains from this site were much older
than previously thought, but not old enough to be included
in the abovementioned PhD thesis. It was not until 2011
that excavations began here in the framework of a research
project funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation
of Spain (HAR2011-25440) that focused on the study of
prehistoric rock art and human occupations in the region
(Román and Domingo 2014). Four eld seasons took place
between 2011 and 2015 (Fig. 11.4), aer which the research
at the site was closed, leaving some unexcavated areas for
future research. We conducted open-area excavations over
10 square metres, covering a depth of 60 to 70 cm of archae-
ological deposits.
Mesolithic sequence in Mediterranean Iberia
La Fontanella rockshelter is located on the Mediterranean
side of the Iberian Peninsula. Studies conducted in this re-
gion to date have dened the Mesolithic occupation here
with two major archaeological periods or phases:
• Notches and Denticulate Mesolithic (c. 8800–6600
cal BC). e period is characterized by the absence
of geometric tools and a very low percentage of blade
production. Denticulate akes, notched pieces, and
Fi g. 11.3. Trans-
humant pas-
sage through
the Fontanella
ravine in front of
the site used to
access the summer
pasturelands.
77
11. The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter and the last hunters-gatherers of northern Valencian country
scrapers basically compose the retouched lithic assem-
blage. Most of the sites of this chronology are concen-
trated in Catalonia and the Ebro River Valley (Alday
2006).
• Geometric Mesolithic (c. 6700–5100 cal BC). In this peri-
od, geometric microliths appear, among which trapezes
dominate in an early stage (phase A) to be later replaced
by triangles (phase B) (Utrilla and Montes 2009).
Whether Mesolithic and Early Neolithic human
groups interacted with each other is one of the main
questions hanging over the research on this time period.
It is particularly relevant regarding the inner mountain-
ous areas and the Ebro River Valley (e.g. Barandiaran and
Cava 2002; Juan Cabanilles and Martí 2002, 2007; Martí
and Juan Cabanilles 1997). In the north of the Valencian
country, the Neolithic probably arrived in an advanced
stage of the Early Neolithic, around 5200–4800 cal BC,
according to the data recovered at the sites of Cova Fosca
y el Mas Nou (Ares del Maestrat), El Cingle del Mas Cre-
mat (Portell de Morella), Costamar (Orpesa), Cova dels
Diablets (Alcalà de Xivert), and La Cova de les Bruixes
(Rosell) (Aguillella et al. 2014; Flors 2010; Mesado 2005;
Olària 1988, 2002; Olària et al. 1987; Vicente 2010). us,
in these territories, the available data suggest that Meso-
lithic groups lasted up until an early stage of the Early Ne-
olithic, but it still remains to be determined whether they
interacted with Neolithic communities and what type of
interactions should be envisaged.
Archaeological sequence at Fontanella
rockshelter
Before moving on to describe dierent phases of prehis-
toric occupation at Fontanella rockshelter, an important
point to make is that the upper part of the sequence seems
to have suered heavy post-depositional disturbances,
possibly associated with the sepulchral use of the cavity
during the Late Neolithic as well as from recent farming
activities. ese post-depositional processes have signi-
cantly disrupted a part of Mesolithic levels. e impact of
these disturbances is still being assessed, and we are work-
ing towards dening the scope of such alterations aect-
ing dierent parts of the site. Even though we are aware
of the limitations of a site with such post-depositional dis-
turbances, the analysis of the recovered material remains
conrms the presence of at least four dierent prehistoric
horizons (Fig. 11.5):
1. Notches and Denticulate Mesolithic. is is domi-
nated by notched and denticulate akes, as well as some
macrolithic artefacts. is is the rst example of this tech-
no-complex in the north of the Valencian country. e
tooth of Equus sp. recovered in this layer was radiocarbon
dated to 9250±40 BP (8540–8380 cal BC at 95 percent con-
dence, OxA-29609) (Fig. 11.6), conrming the chronolog-
ical and cultural attribution previously suggested on the
basis of the lithic assemblage. Furthermore, this radiocar-
bon date suggests that this is one of the oldest examples of
this techno-complex on the Iberian Peninsula.
Fi g. 11.4. Excavations
during the 2015 eld
season.
Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal
78
2. Geometric Mesolithic (phase A) (Fig. 11.7). is is the
main human occupation of this site, providing nearly 30
trapezes and 15 triangles of various typologies, some with
concave sides. Along with these pieces, diagnostic in them-
selves, 7 lunates with stepped retouch and 40 microburins
were also recovered. is lithic assemblage, with more tra-
pezes than triangles, links the site to the early phase of the
regional geometric sequence, even though the large num-
ber of triangles points towards a nal stage of phase A or
the transition to phase B in this sequence. In relation to this
archaeological level, our attempt to date a roe deer tooth
(Fig. 11.6) was unsuccessful as it failed to provide enough
collagen for dating. Nevertheless, sites with similar lithic
assemblages located in Mediterranean Iberia have been
dated to c. 6500–5800 cal BC, thus providing a chronolog-
ical framework for dating this site.
3. Early Neolithic (Epicardial). is archaeological level
was most badly damaged by removal of sediments during
the last period of prehistoric human occupation of the site.
e level of integrity and disturbance of this sedimentolog-
ical unit is still being assessed. Nonetheless, the presence
of Early Neolithic human occupation is supported by the
recovery of several pieces characteristic of this period in
the regional Neolithic sequence, such as 5 double-bevelled
triangles and 10 double-bevelled lunates (Fig. 11.7). A frag-
ment of incised pottery ascribable to this period was also
recovered.
4. Final Neolithic. e upper, surface level preserves
human skeletal remains, fragments of undecorated and
cord-decorated pottery, a foliate point, and several orna-
mental nds (disc-shaped beads), showing a change in the
use of the site for burial purposes.
Subsistence at Fontanella rockshelter
e analysis of faunal remains discussed in this paper en-
compasses the rst two eld seasons, since the material
from the remaining seasons is still under study. While the
assemblage with recovered faunal remains is large (more
than 5000 specimens), the remains are extremely fragment-
ed, thus limiting the potential for identication of animal
species (only 3 percent of the faunal remains have been iden-
tied). Despite the low number of identiable fragments, the
spectrum of species is quite broad. Red deer (Cervus elaphus)
is clearly the dominant species, followed by the Spanish ibex
(Capra pyrenaica). Far behind are wild boar (Sus scropha),
horse (Equus sp.), aurochs (Bos sp.), and roe deer (Capreolus
capreolus) (Fig. 11.6). e rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is
also represented in every level. While carnivore remains are
insignicant, it is worth noting the presence of fox (Vulpes
vulpes) and marten (Martes sp.) remains.
e presence of domestic species could not be con-
rmed. is absence could be due to dierent factors.
ere is a chance that the remains of domestic species had
only been preserved within the unidentiable remains,
and thus went unnoticed. Also, it could largely result from
the dominance of hunting activities in this region, even
Fi g. 11.5. Summary
table of the site’s
sequence.
Fi g. 11.6 . Faunal remains sent for radiocarbon dating:
Equus sp. (left) and Capreolus capreolus (right).
79
11. The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter and the last hunters-gatherers of northern Valencian country
during the Neolithic. e high presence of wildlife in Neo-
lithic levels is well documented at several sites in Valencia
(Juan-Cabanilles and Martínez 1988; Juan Cabanilles et
al. 2006; Perez Ripoll 1995). It is possible that these groups
exploited domestic animals only for their secondary prod-
ucts (milk, wool) and that hunting continued to play a
signicant role in their subsistence (Domingo et al. 2013).
is could especially be the case for temporary camps
among which Fontanella rockshelter may be included. It is
to be hoped that the study of the faunal remains recovered
during the last two excavation seasons will contribute to
solving this question, which is of great signicance both
for interpreting the function of the site as well as for un-
derstanding the nature of the rst farming groups arriving
in these mountainous areas.
Mesolithic in the northern Valencian
country
e northern Valencian country is a unique space for the
study of Mesolithic populations, as well as for further ex-
ploring the process of neolithization and potential inter-
actions between Mesolithic and Neolithic groups. e
orography of this area, characterized by a marked dualism
between the coastal plains, the inner high mountain rang-
es, and the natural trails, surely played a major role for the
Mesolithic and the rst Neolithic communities. Even to-
day, the inner highlands are not appropriate for farming,
and it is likely that the Neolithic colonization may not have
occurred in the early stages of the Neolithization process.
Meanwhile, Mesolithic populations would have found in
these highlands a suitable place to maintain a hunter-gath-
erer way of life. erefore, both this area and the low
Aragón are some of the most interesting places to explore
interactions between the last hunter-gatherers and the rst
pastoralist-farmers in the area.
When focusing on the Mesolithic sequence, the Early
Mesolithic level is of great interest since it provides the rst
reliable reference to this techno-complex in the northern Va-
lencian country. Until now, only the site of El Assut (Almas-
sora) (Román 2010) seemed to have preserved the remains of
this period. However, the data from this site are unreliable
since the excavations were conducted in the 1920s and only
11 pieces were recovered. Other references to this period
are even more uncertain due to the nature of site deposits,
many of them simply identied through surface collections
(Casabó 2005). In spite of this, it is not the rst site with ar-
chaeological levels related to this period in this regional con-
text. In the Maestrazgo region of Teruel, about 40 km away
as the crow ies, two rockshelters named Angel 1 and Angel
2 (Utrilla et al. 2009) have yielded archaeological sequences
quite similar to that of Fontanella, with human occupation
starting in the Early Mesolithic. Although these two sites are
not located in the Valencian country but in Teruel, we in-
clude them in this brief review considering the geographical
proximity to the study area and the lack of information on
the Mesolithic in the Valencia region.
Fig . 11 .7. Lithic industry and
ornaments from the Mesolithic
and Neolithic levels.
Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal
80
Meanwhile, the Geometric Mesolithic is well-docu-
mented at seven sites (Fig. 11.1). Five of them are located
in rockshelters and have recently been excavated, provid-
ing archaeological levels for both phases A (trapezes) and
B (triangles) of the Geometric Mesolithic. ese include,
along with Fontanella, the sites of Angel 1 and Angel 2
(Utrilla et al. 2009), Mas Cremat (Vicente 2010) and Mas
de Martí (Fernandez et al. 2005). e other two sites are
surface scatters where three triangles and two microburins
were recovered: Mas de Sanç (Fernandez 2006) and Mas
Nou (Olaria 2002). Mas Nou is an exceptional site with
several Mesolithic burials found there, for which, unfortu-
nately, we still lack detailed information.
In sum, so far, there has been very little information
about Mesolithic human occupation of the north of the Va-
lencian country, which puts into sharp focus the nds from
Fontanella as a new source of information to advance our
knowledge of this period in the region (Table 11.1).
Conclusions
In the course of four eld seasons conducted at La Balma
del Barranc de la Fontanella rockshelter, we have been
able to uncover an archaeological sequence of great in-
terest to advance our knowledge of the Mesolithic and
Neolithic human occupation of the region under study
– the northern Valencian country and neighbouring ar-
eas. e excavations have uncovered four archaeological
levels corresponding to the Early Mesolithic (Notches
and Denticulate Mesolithic), Late Mesolithic (Geomet-
ric Mesolithic), Early Neolithic and Final Neolithic
(Fig.11.5).
e earliest occupation has provided the second exam-
ple of an excavated site with radiocarbon dates ascribed to
this complex in the Valencia country, and the rst one in
the northern part of the region. Although this paper is
mainly based on preliminary data, the ongoing study will
certainly contribute to a better denition of this complex
and potential relationships with other peninsular areas,
even more so if we take into account that it is one of the
oldest examples so far known of this tradition. e Ge-
ometric Mesolithic occupation is oering interesting data
to dene the industrial assemblage and the potential re-
lationship with Early Neolithic industries also preserved
at this site. In this respect, both the orography and the
characteristics of this territory, not particularly well suit-
ed for agriculture, turn the hinterlands of Castellón and
Aragon into one of the most interesting places to discuss
potential relationships between the last hunter-gatherers
and early farmers.
From a subsistence point of view, regardless of the low
number of identied remains, the results are of interest,
since according to the identied species, the human groups
occupying this site were mainly focusing on hunting, and
specially on deer hunting in both Mesolithic and Neolithic
phases. What is particularly striking is the absence of do-
mestic species in Neolithic levels, at least among the animal
bones analyzed so far. is could be indicative of a pattern
of land use based on hunting and gathering both in the
Mesolithic and Neolithic. All these data suggest that over
time the site was mainly used as a place to hunt, except for
the last occupation that changed the use of the site, which
was then transformed into a burial place. is preliminary
hypothesis will have to be tested as the study of the materi-
als recovered in the last eld seasons is completed.
Acknowledgements
Support for the research presented herein has come from
the following projects: LArcHer ERC Consolidator Grant,
HAR2011-25440, HAR2014-55131, HAR2016-80693, and
Consolidated Quality Research Group Support of the Cat-
alonian Government (SGR2014-00108). We would like to
thank the Vilafranca Town Hall for their support of this
project, especially the mayor of the town (Mr Oscar Tena)
for his continuous support.
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Cova dels Diablets (Alcalà de Xivert, Castelló): Prehistòria
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Table 11.1. Summary table listing archaeological
sequences of the sites of the region. NDM (Notches and
Denticulate Mesolithic); MG (Geometric Mesolithic); EN
(Early Neolithic); M/LN (Middle/Late Neolithic).
Site Type NDM MG EN M/LN
Fontanella Shelter X X (A) X X
Angel 1 Shelter X X(A) X X
Angel 2 Shelter X X(B) X X
Mas Cremat Shelter X(B) X X
Mas Nou Burial place X(B) X
Mas Martí Shelter X(A/B) X X
Ma Sanç Surface X(B) X
81
11. The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter and the last hunters-gatherers of northern Valencian country
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Foraging Assemblages
Volume 1
Edited by Dušan Borić,
Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Foraging Assemblages Volume 1
Volume 1
Transions – Beginnings
Colonizaon
Landscapes
Selement
Regional Idenes
Volume 2
People in Their Environment
Technology
Social Relaons,
Communicaon, Mobility
Rites and Symbols
Transions – Endings
Represenng and Narrang
the Mesolithic
Foraging Assemblages is the publicaon of the proceedings
of the Ninth Internaonal Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held in
Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings gather
121 contribuons on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost every
corner of the connent. The book presents a cross-secon of recent Mes-
olithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean to
Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the vol-
umes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 themac secons, each
with an introducon wrien by prominent Mesolithic experts. The reader
will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonizaon of new
territories at the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene
warming; the use of diverse landscapes and resources; climac instabili-
es that inuenced paerns of selement and subsistence; the organiza-
on of selements and dwelling
spaces; the formaon of region-
al idenes expressed through
various aspects of material cul-
ture and technologies of artefact
producon, use, and discard;
aspects of social relaons and
mobility; symbolic, ritual, and
mortuary pracces; diverse ways
in which Mesolithic communies
of Europe were transformed into
or superseded by Neolithic ways
of being; and how we have re-
searched, represented, and dis-
cussed the Mesolithic.
