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Two new species of Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Euphaeidae) from northern Western Ghats, India

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Two new species of the damselfly genus Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Euphaeidae) are described from the Western Ghats of Satara District, Maharashtra, distinguished by their distinct morphology and coloration. E. thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare sp. nov. is similar to E. cardinalis (Fraser, 1924), but is distinguished by the extensor and flexor surface of all femora black while all femora bright red in E. cardinalis; apical fourth of Hw black while apical half of Hw black in E. cardinalis; genae reddish-orange, black in E. cardinalis; a tuft of sparse stub black hair on either side of tergite of S9 while both S8 and S9 with tufts of long ventral hairs in E. cardinalis. Male genital vesicle matt black, with distal border rounded angles, while vesicle black and hexagonal in shape with rounded angles in E. cardinalis and S9 twice the length of S10, while S9 and S10 of equal length in E. cardinalis. E. pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare sp. nov., is very close to E. dispar (Rambur, 1842), but is differentiated easily by the absence of yellow patch on legs as in E. dispar; only apical fifth of Hw black; genae being yellowish-white, while black in E. dispar; male genital vesicle brownish-black & rhomboid-shaped and with no transverse rugosities while black with distal border rounded and with fine transverse rugosities in E. dispar; penis with single seta on each side while E. dispar has three pairs; sternite of S9 very prominently extending ventrally like a beak in comparison with E. dispar. We have identified additional morphological characters useful in taxonomy of Euphaea of the Western Ghats for example, tufts of ventral hairs on terminal abdominal segments genital vesicle, penile structure of males and sternite of S9 in the males, and vulvar scales of females. A taxonomic key to all known species of genus Euphaea of the Western Ghats is also provided.
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Shriram Dinkar Bhakare, Vinayan P Nair, Prama Ashok Pawar, Sunil Hanmant Bhoite
& Kalesh Sadasivan
26 April 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 5 | Pages: 18200–18214
DOI: 10.11609/jo.6579.13.5.18200-18214
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18200
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Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaon: 26 April 2021 (online & print)
Citaon: Bhakare, S.D., V.P. Nair, P.A. Pawar, S.H. Bhoite & K. Sadasivan (2021). Two new species of Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Euphaeidae) from
northern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18200–18214. 6579.13.5.18200-18214
Copyright:    
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Acknowledgements: 

Two new species of Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Euphaeidae)
from northern Western Ghats, India
Shriram Dinkar Bhakare 1 , Vinayan P Nair 2 , Prama Ashok Pawar 3 , Sunil Hanmant Bhoite 4 &
Kalesh Sadasivan5
1 354, Somwar Peth, Near New English School, Satara, Maharashtra 415002, India.
2 TORG (TNHS Odonate Research Group), Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), MBRRA, Mathrubhumi Road, Vanchiyoor,
Trivandrum, Kerala 695035, India.
3 
4 
5 TORG (TNHS Odonate Research Group), Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), MBRRA, Mathrubhumi Road, Vanchiyoor,
Trivandrum, Kerala 695035, India.
1 milind1plus@gmail.com, 2 vinayanpnair@gmail.com, 3 4 
5 kaleshs2002in@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
Abstract: Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Euphaeidae) are described from the Western Ghats of
E. thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare sp. nov. is
similar to E. cardinalis
in E. cardinalis; apical fourth of Hw black while apical half of Hw black in E. cardinalis; genae reddish-orange, black in E. cardinalis
  E. cardinalis. Male genital
E. cardinalis and
S9 twice the length of S10, while S9 and S10 of equal length in E. cardinalis. E. pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare sp. nov., is very close to E.
dispar  E. dispar;
being yellowish-white, while black in E. dispar
E. dispar; penis with single seta on each side while E. dispar
E. dispar
Euphaea
     
known species of genus Euphaea of the Western Ghats is also provided.
Keywords:
Abbreviaons:            
               
             



6579.13.5.18200-18214
OPEN ACCESS
COMMUNICATION
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214 18201
JTT
INTRODUCTION
The genus Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata:

distributed from the Western Ghats of peninsular India,
      
         
of Euphaea (Subramanian & Babu 2017); two species,
Euphaea masoni Selys, 1879 and Euphaea ochracea
Selys, 1859, are distributed in the northeastern region,
while the Western Ghats has three species namely
Euphaea cardinalis (Fraser, 1924), E. dispar (Rambur,
1842), and E. fraseri
2018). They are characterized by males with hindwing
apices more or less broadly opaque black having metallic
iridescence in some light; forewings pointed, hindwing
rounded and shorter than the forewing; discoidal cell
      
males and same length or shorter in females; abdominal
         
pointed, and the anal appendages with forcipate cerci

The species E. cardinalis is endemic to the Western
Ghats and is distributed in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is a
montane species seen above 900m south of the Palghat
gap in the Anamalai, Palani, and Agasthyamalai hills. E.
dispar         
Palghat gap from South Kanara and Coorg to the Nilgiris
(Malabar Wayanad) from 1,066 to 1,828 m (Fraser
1934). E. fraseri is a species seen in the forested foothills
of the Western Ghats and is distributed from North and
South Kanara, Malabar, Coorg, the Nilgiris Wayanad, and

is from Kanyakumari to Maharashtra at 100–1,200 m
(Subramanian et al. 2018). Here, we describe two new
species of the genus from Satara District, Maharashtra
the northern Western Ghats, north of the Amboli Ghat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SDB came across the specimens in May 2020 at
Thoseghar, Satara District of Maharashtra (Image 1).
The insects were collected and preserved in absolute
alcohol and compared to specimens of known species
of Euphaea from the Western Ghats. Nomenclature
follow Subramanian & Babu (2017) and Paulson &
        
       
         

The ventro-lateral wing like structure on segment 2 is
Image 1. Map showing distribuon of the new
damsely species in Western Ghats, with type
locality of Euphaea thosegharensis Sadasivan &
Bhakare, sp. nov. and E. pseudodispar Sadasivan &
Bhakare, sp. nov.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
18202
JTT
termed the pseudoauricle following Orr (2003). The
scale like structure guarding the gonopore on ventrum
of abdominal segment 9 (S9) is referred here to as the
      
Riek & Kukalová-Peck (1984). Measurements and
       

Photographs of the specimens were taken with Canon
        
macro lens.
 Euphaea is
based on our personal records and Subramanian et al.
   
a stereo-zoom microscope (HEADZ Model HD81) and
later preserved in glycerol. Holotype and paratype are
       

be deposited in ZSI Pune and Bombay Natural History

using the stereo-zoom microscope.
RESULTS
Euphaea thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov.
(Image 2 A–G)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:73CD578F-55F4-4C99-8110-27CA5120B65B
Holotype:
wet specimen in alcohol, Thoseghar, Satara District,
Maharashtra, India, 1,060m; specimen collected from a

Paratype:  

Addional material examined: Males (n= 4) and
         
holotype, wet specimens in alcohol, will be subsequently

Addional eld records (specimens not collected):
Thoseghar (1,060m): 10 males and 4 females on 30.v.20;
14 males and 6 females on 07.vi.20; 7 males and 3
females on 14.vi.20; 8 males and 4 females on 21.vi.20; 8
males and 5 females on 28.vi.20; 8 males and 2 females
on 02.vii.20; 2 males and 2 females on 04.viii.20. All
 
and 2 females on 26.vii.20, observed by SB & SB. Kaas

Descripon of holotype male (Image 2A & 3)
     

Head:      
below (in the dead insect the colours fade with respect
         

streak and the mandible with same colour and a faint
transverse upper streak. Anteclypeus shiny dark amber
brown to black. Postclypeus pinkish-red with two thin

near the anterio-lateral margin. Antefrons brownish-red

middle part orange yellow and superior third red. Eyes
dark amber black superiorly, middle part and laterally
dark amber brown and the inferolateral aspect pale
        


the lateral ocellus and the base of the antenna on each

is preserved. The occiput, occipital bar and post-ocular

      
red spots. Anterior lobe is black with two small reddish
spots at the medial part of the lateral third. Middle
lobe black with the lateral triangular spots vermilion
red, notopleural suture black and propleuron brownish-
red. Posterior lobe black with the lateral angles pale
brownish-red. No spines present (Image 3C).
     
in the live insect is bright red with pinkish hue
inferolaterally and orange dorsally. Dorsal carina black.
The triangular mesothoracic acrotergite black. The
paradorsal region on either side black. Nearly the whole
       
    
with its anterior edge pale pinkish-red. Mesepisternum
red and encloses a thick black central mesepisternal
stripe as thick as the paradorsal black band. This red
ground colour of the mesepisternum not interrupted and

very narrowly connected on the dorsal aspect near the
antealar sinus. Thus, in other words the antehumeral
stripe and the humeral stripes are connected around
the central black band, and is coloured orange-red,
the former being more orange and the later more red.
Mesepimeron coloured red and encloses a central
        
black band. Mesinfraepisternum is bordered with pale
pinkish-red and has a large black spot occupying its
antero-inferolateral aspect. The second lateral suture
marked in back on its dorsal third. Metepisternum and
      
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
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pinkish-red and its lower part is paler. Metathoracic
spiracle amber brown (Image 3C).
       

tarsus and the claws all are grey graphite black. The
femur have an inconspicuous pale pinkish wash on the

           


   
and in Hw. Hw is hyaline and its distal fourth is coloured



Image 2. Euphaea thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov.
Male: A—ZSI/WGRC/I.R-INV.15031 | B—Venaon Fw | C—Venaon
Hw | D & E—Anal appendages | F & G—Genital lingula (arrow
poinng to the setae). © Kalesh Sadasivan.
Image 3. Euphaea thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov.
Male from eld: A—lateral view | B—head and thorax dorsal view
| C—lateral view of head and thorax. © Shriram Dinkar Bhakare.
Image 4. Euphaea thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov.
Female from eld: A—lateral view | B—head and thorax dorsal view
| C—lateral view of head and thorax. © Shriram Dinkar Bhakare.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
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      
wide. Cubital space with 3 cross veins in Fw and 3–4
cross veins in Hw (Image 2B & C).
Abdomen: The general colour of abdomen is red

 
merges with ventral black (Image 2A&3A). Segmental
          
well-developed pseudoauricle on each side which bears

red on their lateral aspect. S5 is dorsally red, this red
enclosing the base of the segment and distally it narrows

end of the segment is black and this black color runs
inferiorly and anteriorly but never reaches the base of
         
  
reach almost the half of the segment, and rest of the
     
baso-lateral red spot on each side. S8–10 are wholly


on the ventrum of abdomen on S8 or S9. On ventral
view, the gonopore margin trapezoid shaped, wider
       
   
the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore. Distal
margin of S10 ‘{’ shaped, hence curved and wavy at its
mid-ventrum. On lateral view, the mid part of distal
     
gonopore (Image 11G). Abdominal segment 9 twice
the length of S10. S10 bears a broad dorsal carina and a
broad keel at its distal end (Image 2D&E).
       
border and angles rounded, transversely rugose about
       
       

Anal appendages: The anal appendages are very
similar to that of other species in the genus. They have
       
    
       
of paraprocts are much smaller than the S10 dorsal
      E. cardinalis, but with the

paraprocts are fully black (Image 2D&E).
Descripon of paratype female (Image 4)
     

    

Anteclypeus blackish-amber brown; Postclypeus pale


black streak on the lateral aspect its anterior border, thus
appearing as grossly black with a central pale bluish-
white patch; Antefrons centrally black and laterally
   
 
and occiput black; eyes as in the males black and paler
inferiorly (Image 4B).
     
lobes are closely similar to that in the male, but coloured
      

   
pale greenish-white. The mesepisternum mesepimeron,
metepisternum are as in the males, but with the orange
and red colours replaced with pale greenish-yellow.
The central black stripe in mesepisternum and the and
Image 5. Field images of Euphaea thosegharensis Sadasivan &
Bhakare, sp. nov.: Amale | Bfemale | Ccourtship | D—riparian
habitat of the species. © Shriram Dinkar Bhakare.
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214 18205
JTT
         
metepimeron has a similar black streak, that the male

reds replaced by pale greenish-yellow (Image 4C).
      
dirty greenish-white, and rest of the parts of the legs are

4C).
         

     
and 9–11 cell wide in Hw. Wings are hyaline with a faint
smoky hue in life.
Abdomen: All segments are black dorsally with
lateral pale greenish-yellow markings as follows: S2–3
with a large spot posterolaterally and the black of this
anterolaterally merge with the yellow as brownish
    
        
        
shaped yellow mark whose central streak tapers and
ends at the distal thirds, S6–7 with this anterolateral
yellow streak progressively reduced to mere yellowish
anterolateral triangles. S8-10 are fully black. Vulvar
scale with a central shallow but wide sulcus and its
postero-lateral angle is rounded. Anal appendages and
ovipositor are black (Image 12F).
Variaons

        
         
           
       
       

35–36. Pt is black and is 9–11 cell wide. Hw had 17–19

    
  
      



and 3–4 in Hw. Wings have a faint smoky hue in life. The
     
orangish when young and as they mature become more


 
well-marked individuals, antehumeral and the humeral
stripes are interrupted by the mesepisternal central
black band dorsally near the antealar sinus. Abdominal
segment 6 is colored red up to the half of the segment,
        
restricted to the basal third to fourth.
Females: The pale greenish-yellow of females
         
ochreous brown on the abdomen as the individuals age.
      
       
are pruinosed in older specimens. The females are
        
humeral and antehumeral stripes are very much reduced
to thin irregular streaks. The pale greenish color of the
genae may have a light blue wash in young individuals.
Etymology
The species name ‘thosegharensis’ is a toponym
derived from the type locality in Thoseghar, Satara
District, Maharashtra, India.
Distribuon As far as known, the species is restricted
      
        
Maharashtra, India.
Habitat and Ecology
The habits are as for the genus. The males are seen
guarding parts of streams on vantage points, like rocks
    
 

      
The individuals are almost always found in the area of
  
  
and show territorial behaviour (Image 5). Females are


to roost overnight.
Dierenal diagnosis (Table 1, 2)

the known Euphaea species of Western Ghats based on
        

all others by its smaller size (Hw 34–35 mm, Abdomen
39–40 mm); the male genital vesicle being black with
        
on sternum of S9 only; the gonopore margin trapezoid
       
apices produced into small spines that are divergent at
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
18206
JTT
  E. fraseri,   
   
S9 twice the length of S10 in E. thosegharensis, and
E. dispar and E. pseudodispar,
       
S10, whereas in E. cardinalis S9 and S10 are of equal
length. Also, this species has no tooth on the distal
aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore unlike in E.
cardinalis. The insect is of small size in comparison with
E. cardinalis and E. dispar, and is almost the same size
as E. fraseri.      
from all its congeners by the orange labrum, orange-red
genae, rose red spots on lateral aspect of middle lobe
       
being black and the apical fourth of Hw being black.
    E. cardinalis and
the antehumeral stripes are closer to E. dispar and E.
cardinalis (Image 11B).
Euphaea pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov.
(Image 6 A–G)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C46D7583-27B0-40A3-919C-6DC353E6FE9D
Holotype:
wet specimen in alcohol, Thoseghar, Satara District,
Maharashtra, India, 1,060m, specimen collected from a

Paratype:  

Addional material examined: Males (n= 4) and
         
holotype, wet specimens in alcohol, will be subsequently
        
BNHS Mumbai.
Addional eld records (specimens not collected):
Thoseghar (1,060m): 3 males and 1 female on 02.vii.20;
4 males and 2 females on 15.vii.20; 2 males and 2
females on 26.vii.20; 5 males and 3 females on 04.viii.20;
 
   
observed by PAP.
Descripon of holotype male (Image 6)
     

Head:      
       
and prominent median black ‘tongue’ shaped mark
       
an upper transverse black streak. Anteclypeus shiny
dark amber brown to black and postclypeus is black,
  
white. Eyes black superiorly, middle part and laterally
dark amber brownish-black and the inferolateral aspect

       
(Image 7B).
      
spots. Anterior lobe fully black; middle lobe black
with the lateral triangular spots yellowish, notopleural
suture black and propleuron is mat black with a pair of
        

     
in the live insect is orange red with orange hue inferiorly
and yellow dorsally. Dorsal carina is black. The triangular
mesothoracic acrotergite black. The dorsal aspect
        
humeral stripe yellowish orange, thin and irregular
and is separated into a small spot on the dorsal end
and the long stripe inferiorly. The antehumeral stripe
pale yellow and tapers gradually towards the alar sinus.
Thus, in other words the antehumeral stripe and the
      
       
its lateral lip pale pinkish-red. Mesinfraepisternum
bordered with orange in the posterolateral aspect and
antero-superiorly is black; these colours being separated
sharply at the diagonal running from postero-superior to
antero-inferior corners. Mesepimeron yellow superiorly
and orange inferiorly, and encloses a central broad
black band. The interpleural suture marked in reddish-

mesepimeron. The second lateral suture marked in back
on its dorsal third. Metepisternum and metepimeron are
    
      
Metathoracic spiracle pale yellowish-white (Image 7C).
      
        

and the claws of legs are lustreless red with a cyan hue.
        
are black. Knees are black. Claws are reddish-black to
almost black (Image 7C).
   
  
               
wide in Fw and 11 cell wide in Hw. Hindwing hyaline and
 
    

Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214 18207
JTT
the Pt. Cubital space with three cross veins in all wings
(Image 6B&C).
Abdomen: The general colour of abdomen reddish-

  
red merges with ventral black (Image 7A). Segmental
       
wash. S2 anteriorly orange and distally reddish-orange.

          

with S5 with a brownish hue. S5 also reddish orange
   

of red to black is gradual. S7–10 fully black. S10 bears a
broad dorsal carina and an abrupt dorsal keel at its distal
end. A very small inconspicuous patch of moderately


of tergite of segment 8. On ventral view, S8 tergite with
long hairs on its lateral border and the longest ones at its




blunt, no spine. No tooth on the distal aspect sternite of
S9 near the gonopore. Distal margin of S10 ‘{’ shaped,
hence curved and wavy at its mid-ventrum. On lateral
view, the mid part of distal margin of S9 prominently
      

          


genital vesicle, with distal end angulated, and no
      
lingula illustrated. Penis with a single setae on each side
(Image 6F&G).
Image 6. Euphaea pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. A—
holotype male ZSI/WGRC/I.R-INV.15033 | B—venaon Fw | C—
venaon Hw | D & E—anal appendages | F & G—genital lingual
(arrow poinng to the setae). © Kalesh Sadasivan.
Image 7. Euphaea pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. Male
from eld: A—lateral view | B—head frontal view | C—lateral view
of head and thorax. © Shriram Dinkar Bhakare.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
18208
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Anal appendages: The general structure is as in the
genus with the cerci and paraprocts fully black. The


        
size of paraprocts as large as the S10 dorsal prominence
(Image 6D&E, 11I).
Descripon of paratype female (Image 8)
     


prominent median black tongue; mandible pale bluish-
white with the upper transverse black streak as in the



and brown inferiorly (Image 8B).
      
the three lobes are as in the males. The lateral spots on
middle lobe is coloured pale yellowish-white, otherwise

posterior lobe (Image 8C).
   
pale greenish-white. The antehumeral and humeral
stripes are pale yellowish-blue to pale blue. The
mesepisternum, mesepimeron, and metepisternum are
as in the male, with the orange and red replaced with pale
bluish-yellow. The central black stripe in mesepisternum
and the metepisternum are as in the males. Rest of the

bluish to greenish-yellow (Image 8C).
      
dirty greenish-white and are usually pruinosed. The

         

coloured white (Image 8C).
     

Image 8. Euphaea pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. Female
from eld: A—lateral view | B—head and thorax dorsal view | C—
dorso-lateral view of head and thorax. © Shriram Dinkar Bhakare.
Image 9. Voucher specimen images of Euphaea males: A—E.
cardinalis (Fraser, 1924) | B—E. thosegharensis Sadasivan &
Bhakare, sp. nov. | C—E. dispar (Rambur, 1842) | D—E. pseudodispar
Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. | E—E. fraseri (Laidlaw, 1920). ©
Kalesh Sadasivan.
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214 18209
JTT
   
and Hw.
Abdomen: All segments from S1 are black dorsally
         
inferior half of all segments have yellow transverse
streaks that thin out distally. The dorsal carinal streaks
disappear at S6, while the lateral yellow streaks disappear

segments 8–10 are fully black. Vulvar scale without any
central sulcus and its postero-lateral angle is produced
as an postero-medially directed wide and blunt tooth
(Image 12G). Appendages and ovipositor are black.
Variaons
Males: In the paratype males (n= 4), with regards
       
      
         
       
restricted to the humeral stripes which may be thinned
out to become a streak inferiorly and spot superiorly, or
        
        
       


had usually three cubital cross veins.

in abdominal length from 30–33 mm-and Hw length
         
         


cubital cross veins.
Etymology
The species name pseudodispar is coined as
reminder to the close resemblance to the species E.
dispar 
Distribuon
As far as known, the species is restricted to the high-
      
Satara district, in Maharashtra, India.
Habitat and Ecology
The habits are as for the genus and this species shares
the habitat with E. thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare,


Dierenal diagnosis

known Euphaea species of the Western Ghats based on

    E. dispar   
surface of foreleg femora being black and those of hind
and middle legs red as in E. fraseri, but with no yellow
patch on legs as in E. dispar. Only the 
are black in this species while the apical fourth of Hw are
black in E. dispar, the genae of face are yellowish-white
in the new species while it is black in E. dispar (Image
Image 10. Field images of Euphaea male: A—E. cardinalis (Fraser,
1924) | B—E. dispar (Rambur, 1842) | C—E. fraseri (Laidlaw, 1920).
© Kalesh Sadasivan.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
18210
JTT
Image 11. Comparison of head and terminal abdominal segments (S8–
S10) of Euphaea showing the hair tus of males: A & F—E. cardinalis
(Fraser, 1924) | B & G—E. thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp.
nov. | C & H—E. dispar (Rambur, 1842) | D & I —E. pseudodispar
Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. | E & J—E. fraseri (Laidlaw, 1920). ©
Kalesh Sadasivan
Image 12. Secondary genitalia & vesicles of males and female
vulvar scales: A—E. cardinalis (Fraser, 1924) | B—E. thosegharensis
Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. | C—E. dispar (Rambur, 1842) | D—E.
pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. | E—E. fraseri (Laidlaw,
1920) | Fvulvar scales of E. thosegharensis | G—E. pseudodispar
| H—penile structure of E. dispar (Rambur, 1842) (arrow poinng to
the setae). © Kalesh Sadasivan.
11C&D). The color of legs are as in E. fraseri. Segment

E. dispar; while they are of equal length in E. cardinalis
and S9 twice the length of S10 in E. thosegharensis (See
key below). 
E. fraseri          
         E. dispar
with labrum being pale blue with its distal free border
very thinly bordered with black, and with a prominent
median black tongue. The pale turquoise blue labrum
E. cardinalis and E. thosegharensis
both of which have orange to red labrum (Image A&B).
The species appears similar to E. fraseri and E. dispar,
because of the bluish labrum. The labrum of E. fraseri
is coloured black in the inferior half and pale blue in the
superior half and has no median black tongue (Image
           E.
dispar. With respect to secondary genitalia, the penis
bears a single seta on each side for the E. pseudodispar,
while three pairs of setae are seen in E. dispar (Image
      
characters see Table 1.
The females of the E. pseudodispar can be easily
  E. thosegharensis based on the
bluish-white labrum with prominent black ‘tongue’ of
       
in E. thosegharensis), the black postclypeus (pale patch
on postclypeus in E. thosegharensis) the wider posterior
   
the structure of the vulvar scale without any central
sulcus and its postero-lateral angle being produced
as a wide and blunt tooth (rounded with no tooth E.
thosegharensis
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214 18211
JTT
Table 1. Morphological comparison between males of Euphaea species of Western Ghats.
Species
Total length,
Abdomen length
(both including
appendages), Fw
and Hw length
(in mm)
Venaon
Male genital vesicle and
pseudoauricle, and abdominal
hair tus of males
Appendages and gonocoxae
E. cardinalis
(Image 11F, 12A)





Fw


Pt 11 cell wide
Hw


Pt 11 cell wide
Male genital vesicle black,

and distal margin round. Surface
transversely rugose.
On ventral view, S8 tergite with
long hairs on its middle third
and S9 tergite with long hairs on


On ventral view, the distal margin of S9 forming the

their apices blunt, no spine. A pair of anteriorly directed
blunt tooth on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near
the gonopore. Distal margin of S10 ‘[’ shaped, hence
rectangular and stepped, at its mid-ventrum. On lateral

over the gonopore as a long blunt tooth. S9 and S10 of
equal length.

converge to a point at rest. Paraprocts of same length as

E. dispar.
E. thosegharensis
sp. nov.
(Image 11G, 12B)





Fw


Pt 9-11 cell wide
Hw


Pt 9-11 cell wide
Male genital vesicle black

border rounded angles and
distal margin round. Surface
transversely rugose.
On ventral view, tergites of S8

of sparce stub black hair is seen
on sternite of S9.
On ventral view, the gonopore margin trapezoid shaped,


on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore.
Distal margin of S10 ‘{’ shaped, hence curved and wavy
at its mid-ventrum. On lateral view, the mid-ventral part

gonopore. S9 twice the length of S10.

converge at rest. Paraprocts of same length as the
 E. cardinalis, but with

E. dispar
(Image 11H, 12C)





Fw


Pt 10 cell wide
Hw


Pt 10 cell wide
Male genital vesicle black

with distal margin round, and


On ventral view, the
pseudoauricle rounded, less
prominent than in E. cardinalis.
S8 tergite with long hairs on
distal half of its lateral border.
S9 tergite with long hairs on its



its base. Sternite of S9 without
very sparce hairs at its base. A
very small inconspicuous patch
of moderately long brownish-
orange hairs on lateral aspect of

3 setae on each side (Image
12. H).
On ventral view, the distal margin of S9 forming the

their apices blunt, no spines. No tooth on the distal
aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore. Distal margin
of S10 ‘{’ shaped, hence curved and wavy at its mid-



mid-ventrally as in E. pseudodispar. The mid part of distal

gonopore. The dorsal prominence on S10 is robust and its
superior border slightly curved on lateral view.
E. pseudodispar
sp. nov.
(Image 11I, 12D)
Small species




Fw


Pt 10 cell wide
Hw


Pt 11 cell wide
Male genital vesicle brownish-
black, rhomboidal, with distal
end angulated and surface with

ventral view, the pseudoauricle
angular, and more prominent
than in E. dispar. Penis with a
single seta on each side.
 E. dispar.

inconspicuous patch of
moderately long brownish-
orange hairs on lateral aspect of


similar to E. dispar.

mid-ventrally like a beak. The mid part of distal margin

the gonopore. The dorsal prominence on S10 is short,
angular and its superior border is straight on lateral view.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
18212
JTT
Species
Total length,
Abdomen length
(both including
appendages), Fw
and Hw length
(in mm)
Venaon
Male genital vesicle and
pseudoauricle, and abdominal
hair tus of males
Appendages and gonocoxae
E. fraseri

Small species




Fw


Pt 9-11 cell wide
Hw


Pt 9-10 cell wide
Male genital vesicle red,
longitudinally elongated, apple
shaped and distal margin round.
Surface transversely rugose.

laterally on ventral view. No

The gonopore margin “W” shaped with the apices

without any spines. Distal margin of S10 ‘{’ shaped,




ventrally.
Table 2. Coloraon comparison between males of Euphaea species of Western Ghats.
Species Labrum Genae
Lateral spots
on middle lobe
of prothorax
Antehumeral
stripe Femur Black apices of
wing
E. cardinalis
(Image 9A,10A,11A)

orange, narrowly bordered
with reddish-brown, and an
obscure mediobasal ‘tongue’ of
dark brown
Orange Yellow orange Yellow orange All legs red
Almost apical
half (or slightly
less) of Hw
black
E. thosegharensis sp. nov.
(Image 9B, 3A 11B)
Reddish-orange with a faint
and obscure median streak Orange red Rose red Orange red All legs black Apical fourth of
Hw black
E. dispar
(Image 9C, 10B,11C)

bordered with black and with a
black mediobasal ‘tongue’
Black Orange yellow Yellow Fully red, with
yellow patches
Apical fourth
of Hw black.


blackish-brown
E. pseudodispar sp. nov.
(Image 9D, 7A, 11D)

bordered with black and with a
black mediobasal ‘tongue’
Pale yellowish-
white
Pale yellowish-
white Yellow
Font legs
black, mid and
hindlegs red

Hw black
Fw hyaline at

E. fraseri
(Image 9E, 10C, 11E)

with its anterior border broadly
black, no medio-basal black
‘tongue’
Pale yellowish Blue bright azure
blue
Font legs
black, Mid and
hindlegs red
Apical fourth of
Hw black
(E. thosegharensis has them fully black).
DISCUSSION
This paper describes two new species of Euphaea
from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Though
       Euphaea
of Western Ghats, these two new species can be
  

     Euphaea are
easily told apart. Regarding the size of the species,
E. cardinalis and E. dispar      
large species and so is E. thosegharensis   
mm). All these three species have total lengths more
than 5cm. While E. fraseri       E.
pseudodispar
total lengths always less than 5cm. Since the structure
of anal appendages are similar, the best characters to
depend are the structure of the male vesicle and the
        
With respect to the smaller species, E. fraseri has no hair

E. pseudodispar   
sternite and lateral aspects of tergite on S8 and lateral
         
Among the three larger species, E. cardinalis has hairs on

while, E. dispar 
of short black hairs on its ventral surface, and about

(Image 11H); and E. thosegharensis
stub black hair on either side of tergite of S9 and no hair
   
 
smaller species, E. fraseri has red colored, longitudinally
elongated, apple shaped, while in E. pseudodispar
they are brownish-black and pear shaped. Among the
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214 18213
JTT
larger species, E. cardinalis  
with rounded angles; while E. thosegharensis has them
 E. dispar  
black and scrotal shaped (Image 12 A & B).
       
colors of the labrum and that of the legs of the insects

used by Fraser (1934) for his keys to Euphaea. The bright
yellow patches on femurs of E. dispar 
from all the other species. Blue labrum can be seen in
three species, E. fraseri, E. dispar and E. pseudodispar.
Amongst them, E. fraseri can be told apart by the
labrum with inferior half black, superior half bluish-
white, no median black ‘tongue’; while the other two
species have labrum pale turquoise blue with its distal
free border very thinly bordered with black, and with a
prominent median black ‘tongue’. E. dispar 
 E. pseudodispar 
47.0 ± 0.70 mm) by its large size, having yellow patches
        
           
with orange-ochre to vermilion red are E. cardinalis and
E. thosegharensis. These are large insects of almost
   
 E. thosegharensis (S8 and S9 with
     E. cardinalis) and the less
    E. thosegharensis
(restricted to apical fourth), while almost the apical half
of Hw is black in E. cardinalis.
     E.
pseudodispar and E. thosegharensis, both are restricted
to the northern Western Ghats region north of the
Amboli Ghats, and hence endemic to the region. The
new species is seen in the higher reaches above 1,000m.
Euphaea cardinalis is restricted to mountains south
of the Palghat Gap, and E. dispar is distributed on
mountains between the Palghat gap and Coorg. These
two montane species are restricted below the Goa gap.
     E. fraseri is
the only species seen in the same geographical region
north of the Amboli Ghats. But, E. fraseri is probably
       
foothills below 900m all along the Western Ghats.
   
Thoseghar regions of Satara District of Maharashtra. The
      
similarity to other species of Euphaea known from the
Western Ghats. This discovery highlights the need for

Western Ghats.
REFERENCES
Fraser, F.C. (1934). The Fauna of Brish- India, including Ceylon and
Burma, Odonata, Vol. II      
398pp., 4pls.
Garrison, R, Ellenrieder, N & Louton, J (2010). Damsely Genera of
the New World: An Illustrated and Annotated Key to the Zygoptera.
Revised key to males of the genus Euphaea Selys, 1840 of Western Ghats, peninsular India

1. 
 
 
 
 E. fraseri 
2. 
 
3. rd
blackish-brown, apical fourth of Hw black; Genae black. Male genital vesicle black with distal border rounded and with
 
 E. dispar (Rambur, 1842)
 ;
 
 
 E. pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov.
4.  

E. cardinalis (Fraser, 1924)
 
 
  E. thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18200–18214
Two new species of Euphaea from nothern Western Ghats Bhakare et al.
18214
JTT

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Kota Kinabalu, 195pp.
Riek, E.F. & J. Kukalová-Peck (1984).
     
       
pterygote wings. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1150–1166.
Paulson & Schorr, M. D. (2020).   

 
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& S.S. Talmale (2018). Atlas of Odonata (Insecta) of the Western
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417pp.
Threatened Taxa
Author details:   : An eye surgeon by profession and
        
          

        
Payyoli, Kozhikode and Research Associate at Travancore Nature History Society

           
Assistant Professor
        
            
     A freelance researcher in
the area of biodiversity. Naturalist and founder president of Satara based NGO

    

for the last 13 years.   
naturalist by passion, from Kerala. Founder member and research associate of
Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), an NGO based in Trivandrum since

in invertebrates. Discovered and described more than a dozen new species to

& odonates.
Author contribuon: Shriram Dinkar Bhakare: Field work and came across the
     

          
Sunil Hanmant Bhoite: Field work, photo documented, collected the species and







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

Elephas maximus 

– Milind Digambar Pal, Vinayak Krishna Pal & Ninad Avinash Mungi, Pp. 18099–18109


– Arturo G. Gracia Jr., Alma B. Mohagan, Janezel C. Burlat, Welfredo L. Yu Jr., Janine Mondalo,
Florfe M. Acma, Hannah P. Lumista, Riah Calising & Krizler Cejuela Tanalgo, Pp. 18110–18121
Lepidochelys olivacea

– P. Poornima, Pp. 18122–18131

Capra walie

– D. Ejigu, A. Bekele & L. Powell, Pp. 18132–18140
Semnopithecus vetulus nestor

– Sunil Wijethilaka, Lakshani S. Weerasekara, Saumya Bandara & Kithsiri B. Ranawana, Pp.
18141–18147
Manis crassicaudata

– Tariq Mahmood, Shaista Andleeb & Faraz Akrim, Pp. 18148–18155


– Saroj Shrestha, Sony Lama, Ang Phuri Sherpa, Sonam Tashi Lama & Dinesh Ghale, Pp.
18156–18163


– Aditya Srinivasulu, Alembrhan Assefa & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 18164–18176

– Amit Kumar, Yogesh Dubey & Advait Edgaonkar, Pp. 18177–18188


– M. Pandian, Pp. 18189–18199
Euphaea

– Shriram Dinkar Bhakare, Vinayan P Nair, Prama Ashok Pawar, Sunil Hanmant Bhoite &
Kalesh Sadasivan, Pp. 18200–18214
Astenus

– P. Sreevidhya, S.V. Akhil & C.D. Sebasan, Pp. 18215–18226


– Rajiv K. Singh Bais & Aakash Singh Bais, Pp. 18227–18236


– Jyosh Sonowal, Munmi Puzari & Devid Kardong, Pp. 18237–18246


– Florfe M. Acma, Noe P. Mendez, Noel E. Lagunday & Victor B. Amoroso, Pp. 18247–18256

– Anoop P. Balan & S.V. Predeep, Pp. 18257–18282

– Jagdish Dalavi, Ramesh Pujar, Sharad Kambale, Varsha Jadhav-Rathod & Shrirang Yadav, Pp.
18283–18296


– Prana Gogoi & Namita Nath, Pp. 18297–18312


– Vedharajan Balaji & Veeramuthu Sekar, Pp. 18313–18318


– Sahil Nijhawan, Jayanta Kumar Roy, Iho Mitapo, Gata Miwu, Jibi Pulu & M. Firoz Ahmed, Pp.
18319–18323

– Kante Krishna Prasad & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 18324–18343

– Tshering Nidup, Pp. 18344–18348

– Poovoli Amina & K. Rajmohana, Pp. 18349–18354


– M.N. Harisha & B.B. Hose, Pp. 18355–18363

– Abhijit Konwar & Manashi Bortamuly, Pp. 18364–18377


– Jayaseelan Benjamin Franklin & Deepak Arun Apte, Pp. 18378–18384
 from

– Mital R. Bha, Pp. 18385–18389

– Lalita Saini, Archasvi Tyagi, Inam Mohammad & Vijai Malik, Pp. 18390–18397
Trichaleurina javanica

– Munuswamy Kumar, Sekar Nithya & Antony Agnes Kayalvizhi, Pp. 18398–18402




– Tshering Dorji, Kinley Kinley, Letro Letro, Dawa Tshering & Prem Nanda Maidali, Pp.
18403–18405
Meistera aculeata

– Vadakkeveedu Jagadesh Aswani, Manjakulam Khadhersha Jabeena & Maya
Chandrashekaran Nair, Pp. 18406–18410
... Tiple and Koparde (2015) enlisted 134 Odonata species from the Maharashtra State. After that many species have been added to the Odonata list by Sawant (2019, 2020), Mujumdar et al. (2020), Kalkman et al. (2020), Bhakare et al. (2021), , , Dalvi and Koli (2022), Joshi et al. (2022a, b) and Payra et al. (2022). Sawant et al. (2022) added six more species to the list and revised the total number of Odonata species to 144. ...
Article
Microgomphus souteri Fraser, 1924, M. flavocolorata Fraser, 1924, M. irata Fraser, 1924 and Idionyx corona Fraser, 1921 are reported from Maharashtra State for the first time. The records are the northern most distribution range for the respective species. Brief description with identification characters of the species is provided.
... During recent time (2010-2022), many odonate species have been newly recorded (Koparde et al. 2014, Koli & Dalvi 2021, Koli et al. 2021, Payra et al. 2022) and described from the northern Western Ghats (Joshi & Sawant 2020, Joshi et al. 2022 (Bhakare et al. 2021). We presume that two endemic odonate species P. sanguinostigma and I. saffronatus were previously unreported from this part of northern Western Ghats, possibly due to the lack of extensive and expert sampling in the region. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present communication deals with new spatial records of two endemic odonates of Western Ghats Protosticta sanguinostigma Fraser, 1922 and Idionyx saffronatus Fraser, 1924 for the State of Maharashtra, based on the materials collected from the Thoseghar Waterfall of Satara district, Maharashtra, India. Both records represent northernmost localities of the species. Detailed diagnostic characters and photographs are provided.
... India is home to 501 species of Odonata from 154 genera and 18 families Payra et al., 2020;Subramanian and Babu, 2020;Bhakare et al., 2021). Of these known Indian taxa, 239 species belonging to 114 genera and 17 families are found in the state of West Bengal (Dawn, 2021). ...
Article
Full-text available
The diversity and heterogeneity of Odonata was studied at 10 sites located across almost all parts of the Bankura district (except northwestern and northeastern boundary regions), in the state of West Bengal, India from July 2015 to June 2022. Analysis of variance and rarefaction was performed to study the β-diversity and compare the taxa abundance at the sites to understand the heterogeneity of Odonata observations. The seasonality of the species and their site-wise distribution were also studied. A total of 74 odonate species belonging to eight families, represented by 46 genera were recorded. The study adds 17 species to the known Odonata fauna of Bankura district, including the addition of Microgomphus torquatus (Selys) to the fauna of West Bengal. It also confirms the addition of Ictinogomphus kishori to the known Odonata fauna of West Bengal, which has been confused with and misidentified as Ictinogomphus distinctus for long, the latter being described from the state of West Bengal and is also found in the region adjacent to the study area. Most recorded odonates belonged to the family Libellulidae (29 species), followed by Coenagrionidae (19 species), Gomphidae (nine species), Platycnenididae (six species), Aeshnidae (five species), Macromiidae (three species), Lestidae (two species), and Chlorocyphidae (one species). Species diversity and abundance assessments are essential for conserving the habitats of the restricted and endemic (to peninsular India) species.
Article
A preliminary study of the odonate fauna of Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, southern India was carried out from August 2020 to November 2020. Ponds, streams, and swamps in the sanctuary were sampled using Visual Encounter Surveys (VES). A total of 85 species (49 dragonflies and 36 damselflies) from 11 families were recorded, out of which 14 species are endemic to the Western Ghats. Orthetrum pruinosum was found to be the most common species in the sanctuary. Indolestes pulcherrimus, an endemic species with no recent records, is being reported for the first time with photographs from the wild. The highest number of species was recorded in the ponds (56 species), followed by streams (46 species) and swamps (33 species). However, the number of endemic species was highest in the streams (8 species), followed by swamps (3 species) and ponds (2 species).
Article
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Amboli region, consisting Amboli, Chaukul, Nene, and Parpoli villages is one of the biodiversity rich areas in northern Western Ghats. We opportunistically surveyed odonates from the region and prepared an annotated checklist of 93 species belonging to 12 families. We report 15 Western Ghats endemic species and six new records for the State of Maharashtra. We further present an updated checklist of Odonata of Maharashtra state with a total of 144 species.
Article
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The newly described damselfly, Euphaea pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare, 2021 (Insecta: Odonata) is reported from Wayanad in Kerala state for the first time. This observation suggests that it is distributed from the northern Western Ghats to the southern part of central Western Ghats up to Wayanad, north of the Palghat gap. This study highlights the need for extensive field surveys of Odonata in the Western Ghats of India.
Article
Full-text available
The oldest known odonatoid wings are described from the Namurian of Argentina: Eugeropteron lunatum Riek n.g. et sp. and Geropteron arcuatum Riek n.g. and sp. (Meganisoptera: Meganeurina: Eugeropteridae n. fam.). The wings are generalized and support a reinterpretation of the venation of living Odonata as being fully homologous to that of other pterygotes and closely related to Ephemeropteroidea, but different from Neoptera. Therefore, Paleoptera is a valid phylogenetic unit, and Odonatoidea and Ephemeropteroidea are sister groups.
  • F C Fraser
Fraser, F.C. (1934). The Fauna of British-India, including Ceylon and Burma, Odonata, Vol. II. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London. XXIV+ 398pp., 4pls. Garrison, R, Ellenrieder, N & Louton, J (2010). Damselfly Genera of the New World: An Illustrated and Annotated Key to the Zygoptera.
Studies on the Odonate fauna of Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India
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Lahiri, A.R. (1987). Studies on the Odonate fauna of Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional Paper 99: 1-402.