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Legal Ethical Implications in the Exercise of Communication and Information Technologies (ICT) in Telemedicine and e-Law in Medellín - Colombia

Authors:
  • Corporación Universitaria Americana

Abstract and Figures

The categorical assumption of this text is framed in the fact that the practice of Telemedicine in Colombia has allowed an ostensible decrease in human and economic resources in patient care without greater complexity. Likewise, the incipient task with e-Law has agreed to resolve the constant asymmetries between citizens deprived of liberty in the Medellín prisons and the judicial authorities, to invoke rights that are largely unknown. Both Telemedicine and e-Law do not have a guarantee of legal ethical security with the data, thereby generating the presence of an imminent risk that the authorities have not yet intervened. This writing sets out the results of a study carried out at Corporación Universitaria Americana University Institution of Medellín - Colombia, which had three phases: a brief literature review, a consultation analysis by Telemedicine and e-Law and considerations from the ethics and legality of the Technologies of Communication and Information (ICT).
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Legal Ethical Implications in the Exercise
of Communication and Information
Technologies (ICT) in Telemedicine and e-Law
in Medellín - Colombia
José Antonio García Pereáñez(B)and David Alberto García Arango
Corporación Universitaria Americana, 050012 Medellín, Colombia
jgarciap@coruniamericana.edu.co
Abstract. The categorical assumption of this text is framed in the fact that the
practice of Telemedicine in Colombia has allowed an ostensible decrease in human
and economic resources in patient care without greater complexity. Likewise, the
incipient task with e-Law has agreed to resolve the constant asymmetries between
citizens deprived of liberty in the Medellín prisons and the judicial authorities,
to invoke rights that are largely unknown. Both Telemedicine and e-Law do not
have a guarantee of legal ethical security with the data, thereby generating the
presence of an imminent risk that the authorities have not yet intervened. This
writing sets out the results of a study carried out at Corporación Universitaria
Americana University Institution of Medellín - Colombia, which had three phases:
a brief literature review, a consultation analysis by Telemedicine and e-Law and
considerations from the ethics and legality of the Technologies of Communication
and Information (ICT).
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Keywords: Telemedicine ·E-Law ·Ethics ·Legality
1 Introduction
This paper expresses the result of a research project that investigates the social and
ethical responsibility of telemedicine and e-Law. For this, a review of the literature was
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used, and an analysis of the teleconsultation, to then propose the discussion on the legal
and the legitimate based on these communication and information technologies (ICT).
The above is based on a first principle that the bioethics discipline proposes, as long
as any action that is carried out with the intervention of the Medical Act and the Legal Act
are oriented to “do no harm”, which as moral support is located in the order to the ancient
Hippocratic precept. The media context for both telemedicine and e-Law is exposed in
an unclear regulatory environment and dissipated in its regulation, which inevitably
impacts the moral conscience and ethical expertise of the doctor and the lawyer.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), telemedicine is the provision
of health care services, in which distance is a critical factor, by professionals who use
information and communication technologies in order to exchange data to make diag-
noses, advocate treatments and prevent diseases and injuries, as well as for the permanent
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Á. Rocha et al. (Eds.): WorldCIST 2021, AISC 1365, pp. 1–11, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72657-7_37
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2 J. A. G. Pereáñez and D. A. G. Arango
training of health care professionals and in research and evaluation activities, in order
to improve the health of people and the communities in which they live [1].
According to [2], the purpose of e-Law is to generate and promote a teaching-
learning environment through Communication and Information Technologies (ICT) for
those who are in the prison and penitentiary system of the city of Medellín Since the
application of Restorative Justice in Colombia is intended to achieve an administration
of justice for those deprived of liberty, for the victims, for the officials who ensure their
safety and for society in general. E-Law is a bet between the exercise of Colombian
Law and its access, through cyberspace. It is an interactive avant-garde communication
sustained through the interspatial web, between the legal operator and those deprived of
liberty in prisons in the city of Medellín. Through the interactive exercise of e-Law, the
benefits of the Penitentiary and Prison Code in Colombia are invoked for those deprived
of liberty, according to Law 65 of 1993, especially what is enshrined in article 144.
Telemedicine and e-Law are two bets that, using Communication and Information
Technologies (ICT), serve society. The first in health services and e-Law, providing
permanent advice to those deprived of liberty. Both are a reality in the Colombian
epicenter, each time expanding its coverage, both in health, telemedicine, and e-Law
in the legal field. In this way, both doctors and lawyers carry out a social work that
transcends the philanthropic scene, attending to an unprecedented moral responsibility
in the Colombian deontological context.
Maintaining the life, health and freedom of the population is in the duty of the Medical
Act and the Legal Act and in reciprocity with the legislation and Human Rights. But
with this new telemedicine and e-Law models, the national norms for their reproduction
and function are very limited to determine responsibilities, whether civil, criminal, or
administrative, in the provision of the service. The code of medical ethics in Colombia
is 39 years behind schedule. Now there is a project that has only passed a debate in the
Congress of the Republic, but so far nothing has been resolved in this regard. This is
also the case with medical research according to Resolution 8430 of 1993, it is delayed
in terms of events in telemedicine and advances in telecare. This is also the case with
the deontological codes of the professional practice of the lawyer in Colombia, they are
not up to date if they pretend that the Legal Act could be attended by cyberspace.
Therefore, with the exercise of telemedicine and e-Law, they are questioned and
without an ethical personality, who is responsible for health situations and legal matters
involved in telecare. In these situations, equity, and compliance with the old principles of
bioethics are questioned: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice in favor
of society. The context of telemedicine and e-Law appears contrary to “anonymous
subjects” who remain in cyberspace, which questions a goodwill procedure.
2 Context
The ethical and legal implications between telemedicine and e-law are necessary and
pressing in the Colombian context. First, due to the precariousness of health services and
judicial procedures. Second, because ICT information and communication technologies,
in this case, are at the service of the poorest and most vulnerable, in the understanding
- that until now - the Medical Act and the Legal Act are face-to-face, personal and
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Legal Ethical Implications 3
asymmetric. This study demonstrated another alternative and another implementation
model.
Since the 1970s, the term telemedicine appeared as “Distance healing” and included
the use of information technologies in health actions that allow improving access to
health services [3]. After reviewing the definitions of this concept, it was proposed that
telemedicine is “The provision of health care services (where distance is a critical fac-
tor) by all health professionals with the use of information and technology technologies.
Communication for the exchange of valid information for the diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of diseases and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing edu-
cation of health professionals, all in order to advance the health of individuals and their
communities” [4]. This definition is in constant advance and changes due to the constant
advancement of technology and its application to health care. For some, tele-medicine
and e-health are different concepts and propose e-health as the broadest concept that
implies health promotion and disease prevention activities and the continuing education
of professionals. In other hand, e-health is defined as “an emerging field at the intersec-
tion of medical informatics, public health and business, referring to health services and
information delivered or enhanced through the Internet and related technologies” [5].
The WHO identifies four pertinent elements for telemedicine: 1) Support to the
usual activities of the clinic, 2) Reduction of geographical barriers, 3) use of different
information technologies and 4) Focus on improving health outcomes.
In Colombia there are several e-health developments such as the telemedicine center
of the National University of Colombia. This was created 15 years ago and has provided
this service in different regions of the country such as Vichada, Amazonas, Guaviare,
Caquetá, Cesar and Sucre, among others. It offers a response service to consultations on
topics such as internal medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, dermatology, gynecology, ortho-
pedics, cardiology, infectiology, urology, otorhinolaryngology, neurology, nutrition and
dietetics. Similarly, the Cardiovascular Foundation in Bucaramanga has the National
Telemedicine Center in which the interaction between general practitioners and special-
ties internal medicine, pediatrics, cardiology, dermatology, pain clinic, vascular surgery
is carried out. Peripheral, among others.
In other hand, there is a telemedicine plan, Law 1419 of 2010. In this, congress of
Colombia established the guidelines for Telehealth in Colombia. In this law, telehealth
was defined as the set of activities related to health, services and methods, which are
carried out remotely, with the help of information technologies and telecommunications.
Tele-medicine and tele-education in health are included [6].
The University of Antioquia, in cooperation with the Government of Antioquia and
institutions such as the Red Cross, Ubicuo, UPB and Universidad CES, have developed
a strategy to promote telehealth in the department of Antioquia more than two years
ago. In its phase II, this strategy aims to carry out actions of telemedicine, pre-hospital
telecare, home telecare and tele-education that impact the health of the department of
Antioquia. This project is being developed in 50 municipalities of the department and it
is intended to expand to the rest of the department in the next two years.
One of the challenges for Telehealth in the world and in our country is to carry out
follow-up and evaluation of the impact of these interventions that allow us to know the
effectiveness of the intervention, costs and create strategies for constant improvement
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of the implementation processes of these programs [7]. In addition, these evaluations
make it possible to outline the business model that generates greater feasibility to insert
Telehealth programs in the models of health service provision in the countries and
regions.
The evaluation of telehealth and e-law projects and programs has been fundamental
during the last two years. Through systematic evaluations and reviews, telehealth and
e-law have been found to be effective [8]. Systematic reviews have also been found that
show an increase in the degree of satisfaction of patients and judicial users with care
through ICT [9]. Some of these carried out in developing countries show systematic
reviews carried out in Africa and in some developing countries, turning telemedicine
and e-law into a promising strategy [10]. After a review of the literature, no impact
evaluations of telemedicine and e-law were found in Colombia.
The study of the ethical and legal implications between telemedicine and e-law is
necessary, because it undertakes an evaluation process of impact and implementation,
which allows actors and decision-makers to recognize the progress and difficulties so
that they can make decisions in favor of the improvement of Telehealth and e-law, and
the expansion of investments for the department of Antioquia and other municipalities
in the country.
This document contains the general evaluation proposal of e-health and e-law strategy
for each of the components. It is a design according to the needs of the actors, the
moment of development of each component, and the future projections in the department
of Antioquia, Colombia. The evaluation proposal that is presented has a comprehensive
approach that measures different aspects of telemedicine and e-law such as effectiveness,
costs, satisfaction and processes, among others.
The ethical and legal evaluation proposal is based on three systematic reviews of
information on telemedicine and e-law issues, in order to identify the results of the
evaluations and methodological strategies carried out a priori by other authors. The
systematic reviews were: 1) systematic review of ethical studies, 2) systematic review
of legal studies, and 3) systematic review of evaluations of both projects regarding their
projection with communication and information technologies. For the design of the
evaluation methods, a documentary review of the macro project, technical reports of the
components, presentations and in-depth interviews carried out with the leaders of the
components or with participants was carried out.
3 Methodology
The techniques proposed for the collection of information on the Telemedicine and e-law
components were group activities such as focus groups and semi-structured interviews.
These techniques made it possible to retrieve information and data derived from the
practice and reflections of the subjects. It should be clarified that given the nature of
this evaluation, the information collection plan is emerging and changing based on the
findings made during the progress of the evaluation process [11,12].
Semi-structured interviews: For this technique, an interview guide was used mainly
with open questions, this allowed collecting detailed information about the perceptions,
attitudes, barriers and facilitators identified by participants of the Telemedicine and e-law
programs.
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Legal Ethical Implications 5
In-depth individual interview: It is a special type of individual interview. This inter-
view option was conducted with “key informants”, that is, people with extensive expe-
rience and knowledge about the implementation of Telemedicine and e-law. It was
implemented primarily to retrieve information about the study context.
Focus group: this technique has a collective character and it was worked with a
number of 6 to 8 people. It is important to highlight that this technique is getting richer
and reoriented as the field work progresses. For this evaluation, it was used either as a
basic data source or as a means to deepen the analysis. Aspects such as can be seen in
Table 1and Table 2.
Table 1. Qualitative techniques used - Tele-medicine and e-law component
Patients
Objective Technique
Implementation context Focus groups: Patients with arterial hypertension or
Diabetes Mellitus who make use of Telemedicine
Acceptability of the intervention Focus groups: Subjects deprived of liberty in prisons of
the city of Medellín
Benefits obtained Focus groups: Medical Act and Legal Act
Table 2. Qualitative techniques to be used in health professionals - Tele-medicine component.
Health and law professionals
Objective Technique
Implementation context Semi-structured interviews: Medical personnel from referral
or referral centers or personnel in training who work under the
telemedicine modality
In-depth interviews: “key informants”, people who have
extensive experience and knowledge about the
implementation of e-law in prisons in Medellín - Colombia
Perception of use Semi-structured interviews: Medical staff and practicing
lawyers
Acceptance of the intervention Semi-structured interviews: Medical personnel from referral
or reference centers or personnel in training who work under
the modality of telemedicine and e-Law
Benefits obtained Semi-structured interviews: Medical and e-law personnel
from referral or reference centers or personnel in training who
work under the telemedicine and e.-law modality
This evaluation bases its analysis on the founded theory, which implies an approach
focused on the construction of explanatory models that are supported by the data. The
analysis process is based on the constant comparison between the data that, if possible,
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should be ordered and examined the closest in time, in order to achieve certain precision
and avoid forgetting or interference with other information found during field work [12].
The data obtained during the field work were captured, compared with each other and
analyzed, to later arrive at the final reflections. Although the collection of information
and the analysis are presented in two different steppes, in reality, both will be carried
out at the same time and concurrently. Under this method, the investigative process was
dynamic, recursive and orderly, this because the data will be systematically categorized
and the final results will depend on the operation of these categories.
This research followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, especially what
is mentioned in Article 6, which stipulates that the well-being of the person participating
in the research must always take precedence over all other interests. Additionally, it
responds to article 23, taking all kinds of precautions to protect the privacy of the person
participating in the investigation and the confidentiality of their personal information
and to minimize the consequences of the investigation on their physical, mental and
social integrity [13].
This is an investigation that had no risks according to resolution 8430/1993 of the
Ministry of Health [14], since no diagnostic tests, laboratory or medical treatments were
performed. In the same way, although the patients intervened are monitored through
telemedicine and e-law, they continue with their usual treatments for the control of the
disease for which they consult without putting their health at risk, as well as on the legal
procedures of e-law.
This study is relevant for socializing at the Ninth World Conference on Information
Systems and Technologies | Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, because the results of this
research are related to two of the conference topics: Ethics, Computing and Security
(ECS) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI).
4 Telemedicine
Telemedicine is a tool that is imperatively providing a solution during the health crisis
and has made its way in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Previously criticized
and with many other edges for its interpretation, telemedicine now becomes an estimable
instrument with much social acceptance for representing a feasible solution for the care
of patients in the context of isolation due to a disease of public interest.
There is a conjunctural dilemma of communication in the medical act and in scenarios
of violation of human rights, which by rigor are immersed in virtual care. Telemedicine
brings solution-focused medical attention to the patient with health problems, but at
the same time, it blurs the value of the physical, of human contact, since it dispenses
with highly valued aspects of the medical act such as: inspection physical, palpation and
auscultation of the patient. The individual is digitized, it becomes a difficult scenario
and not a convalescent human being, who needs to subordinate his will and corporality
to the expertise of the doctor. García, José and others [11].
Telemedicine, understood in its original state, responds to the requirements of a non-
face-to-face medical consultation, and that one of its advantages is the decrease in the
use of health resources, thus it also greatly reduces unnecessary travel to hospitals and
treatment centers. The implementation of telemedicine is useful as a complementary
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Legal Ethical Implications 7
virtual tool in the follow-up of patients, especially the chronic patient, who on many
occasions is far from the medical center and mediated by a rugged geography with
difficult communication routes. Despite all this, telemedicine cannot claim to generalize
all healthcare processes into a single virtual component [12].
It is also true that the practice of telemedicine creates uncertainty among patients
and among physicians, which is expressed in multiple expressions of dissatisfaction on
the part of users. Doctors with some experience assure that it is a risky exercise and that
it focuses its usefulness on unique and specific cases. However, young, inexperienced
doctors see telemedicine as a very useful tool and incorporate it very easily into their
customary practice. This is evidenced by several studies, among which it stands out [13].
Although medical teleconsultation is in the genesis of telemedicine, this does not
stop generating skepticism, first in the patient and in the doctor. It is evident that the
lack of physical contact compromises the autonomy of both actors: the patient and the
doctor, this implies doubts with the management. All this can have an influence on patient
safety, especially because in Colombia there are no regulations regarding legality and
legitimacy for telemedicine and the legal risks for this practice do not exist. In this
context, the Medical Record, the Informed Consent, and the Medical Sigil are exposed
to a free interpretation, exempt from any guarantee by the media standardization of
teleconsultation. Garcia, Jose [14].
Law 1419 of 2010 [15] establishes the government guidelines that must be fol-
lowed in Colombia in Telehealth, with the purpose of supporting the General System
of Social Security in Health, invoking the principles of: quality, unity, integrality, soli-
darity, universality, and efficiency. The Law proposes provisions and definitions related
to the implementation of communication and information technologies that are being
adopted in Colombia with the Health service, especially with the practice of telemedicine.
Additionally it defines telemedicine as the provision of distance health services in the
components of promotion, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation, by health
professionals who use information and communication technologies, which allow them
to exchange data with the purpose of facilitating access and opportunity in the provision
of services to the population with limited supply, access to services or both in their
geographic area [16].
Although the law in Colombia proposes guidelines for telehealth and telemedicine,
it does not provide effective protection for patients who use these services. Rather,
it appears as a proposal for the creation of an advisory committee to program virtual
health assistance services, with implications for several ministries, including: Ministry of
Health and Social Protection, Education, Finance, Housing and Environment. Withthis,
it is intended a business line that produces money for the State and not, an alternative that
improves the health processes of Colombians and protects them from possible abuses
and depersonalized management of the virtual interactive web in telecommunications.
The legal ethical implications with the exercise of informatics in telemedicine are
not mentioned in Law 1419 of 2010 [17], on the contrary, some possible functions
are proposed for an advisory committee on education for telehealth, in order to identify
connectivity management and the use of information technology and telecommunication
as a “business idea” and for financing the State’s own programs. With this, resources
are produced for the Ministries involved in the project. The presence of the legal entity
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8 J. A. G. Pereáñez and D. A. G. Arango
as the controller of this practice and of bioethics as the legitimate interlocutor in the
telehealth and telemedicine procedure are totally absent, they are not even named. Law
1419 of 2010 identifies itself as a “Knowledge Management” of Telehealth learning and
for this it involves entities in higher education so that they include this training in the
area of health, as well as in the studies of systems engineering and telecommunications.
All this presents the telehealth and telemedicine programs as a state program to produce
profits.
5e-Law
E-Law as a neologism and as a practice with the exercise of the right in a virtual way -
through synchronous and asynchronous actions proposed by the internet - is an idea and a
practice of the Corporación Universitaria Americana University Institution, of Medellín
- Colombia. This experience has been implemented since 2018 and consists on the
integration of technological resources with legal procedures. It is an innovative, genuine,
and unique proposal of its kind, which has been carried out with success especially with
the prison population. For this and through cyberspace, the rights of those deprived
of liberty are invoked. Their cases are analyzed by eminent jurists, who from different
geographical points access the interactive web platform or by an app configured in remote
law for the legal defense of life –Biolaw- [13].
E-Law is made visible through an interactive web platform, through which a perma-
nent Legal Council is maintained, via chat, made up of prestigious jurists from Colombia,
Spain, and Peru, for now. But an attempt is being made to extend the legal ties and pro-
fessional solidarity with other Latin American jurists who give their vote and assent
to this proposal to analyze the case of persons deprived of liberty, which have not yet
received a ruling. E-Law as an exercise in legal informatics is inserted in the process
of reintegration and re-socialization of the social life of inmates in the city of Medellín
and in the Department of Antioquia - Colombia. It is intended that by means of infor-
mation technology and telecommunication tools, inmates invoke their rights before the
competent authorities in the context of Restorative Justice.
The purpose of e-Law is to generate and promote a teaching and learning environment
for those who are in the prison and penitentiary system, since the application of restorative
justice is intended to achieve an administration of justice for those deprived of liberty,
to victims, for officials who ensure their safety and for society in general [12].
The Colombian penitentiary system during the coronavirus pandemic is collapsed,
the levels of overcrowding in the prisons of the main cities of the country present high
levels of contagion and a large number of those deprived of liberty await due process,
which has been ostensibly delayed by the declaration of public calamity. Therefore,
the administration of justice represented in the Judicial Branch made an unprecedented
authorization: judicial processes could be audited by teleconferences, guardianships
could be established by email, hearings and trials could be proposed virtually. All of this
set up a new context for e-Law, which was unthinkable a few months ago.
E-Law is a proposal of restorative justice in Colombia, this will allow in a timely
manner the re-socialization of those deprived of liberty and their social inclusion. Non-
Governmental Organizations, national and international NGOs whose objective is to
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Legal Ethical Implications 9
defend Human Rights, as well as the International Red Cross and Cáritas, have denounced
the overcrowding in Colombian prisons, unjust detentions, serious deficiencies and
increasing slowness in the judicial processes that they keep men and women behind
bars unfairly. E-Law is proposed as an interactive avant-garde virtual communication,
sustained through the interspatial web, between the legal operator and those deprived of
liberty in prisons in Antioquia-Colombia. Through the interactive exercise of e-Law, the
benefits of the Colombian Penitentiary and Prison Code are invoked for those deprived
of liberty, according to Law 65 of 1993 [18], especially what is enshrined in article 144.
6 Discussion
Although telemedicine is a virtual practice that achieves access to health services, it is
also possible to affirm that we are facing another situation of the Medical Act medi-
ated in cyberspace by a computer connected to the internet. The achievements of this
practice are widely known: patient protocols are identified and socialized with special-
ists in different geographical locations, having opinions on diagnostic images in a very
short time, documentation on clinical cases is managed, remote controls are carried
out, communication is carried out. Synchronous and asynchronous with patients, among
others.
Telemedicine and e-Law are two computing bets in communication and information
technologies, which fulfill an important social service in two different and pressing
contexts for the Colombian population, but in this country none of these practices has a
clear control on the part from the authorities. They are two activities that could remain
in the purposes of indeterminate, of anonymous characters, who instead of doing good,
could cause great damage. Therefore, the construction of public policies is urgently
needed to propose ethical-legal controls to these practices, which, although they are
marked in the sphere of the noblest beneficence, could also remain in the space of the
most malicious slander and for this, for now, there would be no responsible.
7 Conclusions
The benefits of telemedicine exercise are not in doubt, but both for this practice and
for e-Law in Colombia, an efficient and effective control is urgently needed to account
for decision-making. Therefore, its regulation cannot be postponed. These two practices
cannot leave their duty to be during the uncertainty and skepticism of the population. In
ordinary legislative life, both the doctor and the lawyer are objects of multiple lawsuits
and their exercise is scrutinized by medical ethics tribunals and disciplinary chambers
under the discretion of the Superior Council of Adjudication; the first for doctors and the
second for lawyers. Colombia is a Social State of Law, which in its principles demands
truth and neatness in procedures, especially when they mediate the rights of the most
vulnerable.
Despite the advances in information and telecommunication technologies, our con-
text is still very little aware of these practices, especially when they are the virtual vehicle
for situations as worthy and pressing as they are, the implications of the Medical Act
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10 J. A. G. Pereáñez and D. A. G. Arango
of the Legal Act. Health and freedom for the citizen are determined in their fundamen-
tal rights. For this reason, it is necessary that the Congress of the Republic legislate
on this matter. To the date this article is written, there are so many citizens who feel
their rights violated due to malpractice mediated by information and telecommunication
technologies (ICT).
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... One study conducted a systematic review of telerehabilitation services in rural communities in Colombia (Castillo et al., 2023). Additionally, two studies provided narrative reviews from distinct perspectives during COVID-19 (Figueroa, 2020;Michell et al., 2022), while two others delved into the legislative aspects surrounding telemedicine in the country, outlining its requirements and limitations (García-Pereáñez & García-Arango, 2021;Pereáñez et al., 2019). ...
... Moreover, the regulatory legislation on telemedicine is in its early stages, requiring reforms to align with the needs of the population. This is essential not only in response to the challenges posed by COVID-19 but also to extend the reach of telemedicine and telerehabilitation to populations unable to relocate, such as inmates (García-Pereáñez & García-Arango, 2021;Pereáñez et al., 2019). A significant reflection from Moreno-Chaparro et al, on healthcare policies, particularly the "Zero to Forever" initiative, which focuses on the optimal development of children from the perspective of speech-language pathology and occupational therapy, explored various avenues to enhance children's health through political measures, guidelines, and innovative technologies such as telemedicine (Moreno-Chaparro et al., 2018). ...
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  • G Burg
  • U Hasse
  • C Cipolat
  • R Kropf
  • V Djamel
  • H P Soyer
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