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Journal of Dry Zone Agriculture, 2020, 6 (1): 13 - 26
Copyright © Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
ISSN 2012 − 8673
Effectof GelforInducingRootingofStemCuttingsAloevera
andAirlayeringofPlants
Mirihagalla,M.K.P.N.andFernando,K.M.C.
DepartmentofCropScience,FacultyofAgriculture,UniversityofRuhuna,
SriLanka
Abstract: Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are important to facilitate root formation
and firm plant establishment hence used in vegetative propagation for many years.
Farmers use natural alternative compounds to induce rooting of cuttings. The present
study was conducted to identify the e ect of gel on root formation of stemff Aloe vera
cuttings and air layering of plants. Three experiments were conducted to compare A.
vera gel with commercially available PGR for root induction of semi hard wood
cuttings( , softwood cuttings ( spp.) and air layering plantsCitrus aurantifolia) Coleus
( ). Average root length, number of roots and root vigour wereSyzygium jambos
recorded as root traits. E fect of PGR and gel on root traits was notf Aloe vera
significantly di ferent for and . However, e fect of PGR wasf fC.aurantifolia S.jambos
significantly di erent on root traits compared to cuttings did not receive eitherff A. vera
gel or PGR. Therefore, synthetic PGRs can be replaced by gel, a naturalA. vera
alternative root inducing substance, for semi hardwood cuttings of andC. aurantifolia
air layering of but not for softwood cuttings of . These findingS. jambos Coleus spp
could be used in developing natural root inducing substance and resolving and
reducing the risk of chemical toxicity in plants due to PGRs.
Keywords:Aloe vera gel, Air layering, Plant growth regulators, Rooting, Stem cutting
Corresponding Author:K. M. C. Fernando, menaka@crop.ruh.ac.lk 13
Introduction
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often
referred as synthetic plant hormones and
used in agriculture for many years. PGR s
categorized into five main groups such as
auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic
acid and ethylene. These PGRs alter plant
physiological and functional processes.
Most of PGRs are used in commercial
agriculture including horticulture and
other fields of agriculture. Success of
rooting of cuttings depends on the
physiological stage of the mother plant
(Day and Loveys, 1998), time which
cutting was taken (Darwesh, 2000) and
the type of PGRs used (Rowzack, 2001).
Replacement of synthetic PGRs with
natural alternatives are becoming popular
because of high cost of synthetic PGRs,
risk of toxicity inplants, human and animals
due to the application of overdoses (Cutler et
al., 1990). Alternative natural plant
extracts rich in plant hormones and
natural antioxidants can be used to improve,
induce and stimulate growth of another
plant species. Coconut water is one of the
natural sources which could be used to
stimulate rooting of cuttings (Karunarathna
and Kumuthini, 2016). Coconut water
contains plant growth hormones such as
auxin, gibberellins, cytokinis and some
natural inhibitors and regulators which
consist of ethylene, abscisic acid, phenols
and flavonols (Juanita ., 1988).etal
Among many of the natural alternatives,
the extract from the leaves of Aloe vera
are also being used. is anAloe vera
important medicinal plant which belongs
to the family Asphodelaceae originated in
Africa. It is a shrubby succulent herb
grows in many countries around the
world (Pandey and Singh, 2016). Its large
leaves consist of three layers with inner
clear gel, middle layer of latex and outer
thick layer. Inner clear gel consists of
99% of water and some glucomannans,
amino acids, sterols and vitamins. Middle
parenchymatic cells contain liquid of
yellow latex of a bitter sap, which is rich
in essential amino acids, mono-and
polysaccharides, lignin, macronutrients,
micronutrients, vitamins, gibberellins
and salicylic acid (Surjushe ., 2008).et al
The outer thick layer of 15-20 cells stored
synthesized carbohydrates and proteins
(Ramachandra and Rao, 2008).
Furthermore, Aloe leaf extract has been
used to improve vegetative growth of
some crop species. leaf powder,Aloe vera
as a bio stimulant, was used to enhance
growth and yield of Abelmoschus es
culentus et al(Padmajaya ., 2007). Also,
many basil varieties were treated with
Aloe vera as bio-fertilizer and some plant
extracts on growth and yield (Ahmed et
al., 2014).
Since gel extract contains plantAloe vera
hormones such as auxins and gibberellin,
and plant root growth promoters such as
salicylic acid (Surjushe ., 2008), itet al
could be used as a source of natural
hormone instead of synthetic growth
regulators or purified natural hormones
to induce rooting of cuttings. At present,
many farmers and villagers use fresh
Aloe vera gel for inducing rooting of
stem cuttings and air layering of plants.
Rooting of cuttings may be facilitated
due to its antibacterial properties and/or
it c omposition which includes root
ind u cing su b s tan c e s l i k e g r owt h
regulators or hormo nes. However,
written scientific evidences are limited
on the e fect of gel as a rootf Aloe vera
inducing substances hence systematically
designed experiments are needed to prove
the use of as a root inducingAloe vera
substances.
14
Survival rate % = Number of cuttings having roots and callus
Total number of cuttings established
n = 15 for each treatment
x 100 Equation 1
There f o r e, the present st u d y w as
conducted with aims of studying the
e fect of gel on root initiationf Aloe vera
of stem cuttings with softwood cutting of
Coleus spp., semi- hardwood cuttings of
lime ( ) and airCitrus au rantifoli a
layering of rose apple ( )Syzygium jambos
plants and compare the e ect offf Aloe
vera gel with a commercial growth
regulator for root initiation.
Materials and Methods
Experiment 1
E fect of Aloe vera gel on root inf
duction of semi-hardwood cuttings of
Citrus aurantifolia
Completely randomized design was used
to arrange the experiment with four
treatments (T1-cuttingenddippedin Aloe
vera gel for two minutes,T2-cutting end
dipped in gel for five minutes,Aloe vera
T3-apply growth regulator in cutting end
(control) (Rapid root , 0.3% Indole 3-
®
butyric acid; IBA), T4- without applying
Aloe vera gel or growth regulator to
cutting) to determine the e fect off Aloe
vera gel on root induction of semi-
hardwood cuttings of .Citrus aurantifolia
Single propagators were used in the
experiment where 6- 8 inches long
cuttings were established. General media
of coir dust: top soil: sand: compost
(1:1:1:1/4) was used as a rooting media
of the single propagator. All propagators
were kept in shade house to provide cool
and shade environment. Average root
length (cm), number of roots and root
vigour scale (no callus formation =0,
callus formation = 1, callus and root
initiation= 2, callus and few adventitious
roots= 3,less than ten adventitious roots
=4, more than ten adventitious roots
=5)were recorded using destructive
sampling at two and three months after
establishment of the single propagators.
Survival rates of cuttings were calculated
according to equation 1.
Experiment 2
E ect of gel on root inductiff Aloe vera
on of soft-wood cuttings of spp.Coleus
Same treatments as in experiment1were
evaluated in this experiment to determine
the e ect of gel on root inductionff Aloe vera
of soft-wood cuttings. Soft- wood cuttings
of spp. (6 - 8 inches long) wereColeus
established in trays. General media of
coir dust: top soil: sand: compost
(1:1:1:1/4) was used in the experiment.
Completely randomized design was used
for above same four treatments with five
replicates (trays) for each treatment. Each
tray consists of twelve cuttings and kept
inside a protected house.
Data were collected destructively in
every week after establishment in a
random manner and Survival rate,
average number of roots, average length
of roots (cm) and root vigour scale was
recorded (same vigour scale was used as
in Experiment 1).
15
Experiment 3
Ef ect of gel on root inductionf Aloe vera
of air layering of Syzygium jambos
Three treatments (T1-apply gelAloe vera
on the layering surface, T2-apply growth
regulator on the layering surface (control)
(Rapid root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid;
IBA), T3- without applying gelAloe vera
or growth regulator on layering surface)
were compared on rooting of air layering
plants. Experiment was set up according
to randomized completely block design.
Four plants wereSyzygium jambos
selected to apply three treatments with
five replicates in randomly selected
branches. A single tree was considered as
a block. Moist coir dust was used as media.
All recommended practices for air-layering
technique were followed. Data were
collected after three months of layering of
branches. Survival rate average number,
of roots, average length of roots and root
vigour were recorded (same vigour scale
was used as in Experiment 1). Survival
rate was calculated using equation 2.
Statistical Analysis
Data were subjected to Analysis of General
Linear Model (GLM) using SAS Package.
The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
at probability of 5% was used to compare
treatment means and Dunnett'st test was
used to compare the mean values of the
treatments by considering PGR treatment
as the control.
Results and Discussion
Experiment 1
Average root length was not significantly
di ferent among treatments at twof
months after establishment. However,
root vigor was significantly di erentff
( <0.01) among treatments at two andP
three months after establishment.Average
length of roots in third month was
significantly di erent ( <0.05) amongff P
treatments where the highest mean root
length was observed in PGR applied
cuttings (6.48 cm). However, it was not
significantly dif erent from the cuttingsf
which were dipped in gel inAloe vera
five minutes (5.02 cm) and two minutes
(3.58 cm) (Table 1). Therefore, it is possible
to use gel to induce rooting asAloe vera
same as commercially available PGR
hence could be replaced easily.
PGR applied cuttings showed the highest
survival rates of 53% and 93% at two and
three months after establishment, respectively
(Figure 1). Most of the cuttings had well
developed callus while weakly developed
few roots in PGR applied treatment at
two months than in three months after
establishment. Survival rate of the
cuttings which were dipped in Aloe vera
gel for two minutes showed 33% and
53%insecond and third months,respectively.
Cuttings which were treated and dipped
in gel for five minutes showedAloe vera
40 % and 60% of survival rates in second
and third months, respectively. Survival
rate of the cuttings treated with Aloe vera
gel was greater than the cutting did not
16
Survival rate
!
%
"
=Number of Successful air layers
Total number of air layered branches x 100
Equation 2
17
Table 1: Average root length, number of roots and root vigor of semi hard wood
cuttings of in single propagator after two and three months ofCitrus aurantifolia
establishment where T1-cutting end dipped in gel for two minutes, T2-Aloe vera
cutting end dipped in gel for five minutes, T3- apply growth regulator inAloe vera
cutting end (control) (Rapid root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid; IBA), T4- without
applying gel or growth regulator to cuttingAloe vera
Treatment
Two months
Three months
Average
root length
(cm)
Number
Of roots
Root
vigor
Average
root length
(cm)
Number
Of roots
Root
vigour
T1
1.79a
1.59a
2.06a
3.58ab
1.71a
2.43ab
T2
1.71a
1.58a
1.16b
5.02a
1.72a
3.00ab
T3
1.62a
1.58a
0.52c
6.48a
2.44a
2.95a
T4
1.54a
1.58a
0.13d
2.26b
1.61a
1.95b
Pvalue
0.859
1.000
0.001
0.010
0.248
0.027
CV%
14.02
14.17
15.38
31.79
27.32
15.02
(Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly dif erent at 0.05f
level of probability according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test)
Figure 1: Ef ct of di erent root inducing treatments on survival rate of semi-hardfe ff
wood cuttings of (Two and three months after establishment inCitrus aurantifolia
single propagators) T1-cutting end dipped in gel for two minutes, T2-Aloe vera
cutting end dipped in gel for five minutes, T3- apply growth regulator inAloe vera
cutting end (control) (Rapid root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid; IBA), T4- without
applying gel or growth regulator to cuttingAloe vera
receive eitherPGRor gel.Ingeneral,Aloe vera
the greater survival rate was observed after
three months of establish ment of cuttings
in single propagators than two months.
The mean values of root traits of the
cuttings dipped in gel to getherAloe vera
with the cuttings did not receive Aloe
vera gel or PGR were compared with the
mean value of the cuttings received PGR
(as a control). None of the root traits were
significantly dif erent between controlf
and other treatments after two months of
establishment. However, after three
months, average root length and root vigour
were significantly di erent in aboveff
mentioned treatments when compared to
the control (Table 2). However, after
three months of establishment, treatment
4 showed significant di erence fromff
treatment 3, however treatment 1 and 2
did not show significant dif erence fromf
treatment 3.This indicates that treatment
1 and 2 where cuttings dipped in Aloe
vera gel for 2 and 5 minutes was not signi
ficantly dif erent from PGR appliedf
cuttings (Table 2). Hence, there is a
possibility to replace PGR with Aloe vera
gel as an alternative root induction
substance for semi-hard wood cuttings of
Citrus aurantifolia after 3 months of
establishment (Plate 1).
Similar experiments have been conducted
by dif erent researchers related tof Citrus
species on various parameters af iliatef
with root formation. Most of them have
found that auxin application enhances
the histological features of the cuttings
like formation of callus and tissue and
18
Table 2: Summary of Dunnett'st Test applied in GLM procedure after three month sof
establishment in single propagators of semi hard wood cuttings .Citrus aurantifolia
Mean values of root traits of the cuttings received PGR (T - control) was compared
3
with other treatments
Comparisons significant at the 0.05 level are indicated by***, –not significantNS
dif erentiation of vascular tissue (Mitraf
and Bose 1954; Satpal ., 2014).et al
Hence this research showed application
of PGR as the treatment can be replaced
by gel. Hence, gelAloe vera Aloe vera
can be used to induce callus formation,
tissue formation and root initiation of
semi-hard wood cuttings of Citrus
aurantifolia.
Experiment 2
Soft wood cuttings of spp didn'tColeus
record significant di ference amongf
treatments for average root length and
number of roots per cutting but significantly
di ferent for root vigour in 1 week afterf st
planting. However, in 2 week average
nd
root length was significantly di ferentf
among treatments where the highest
value was recorded in control treatment
and lowest value was recorded in T2
treatment. There was no significant
di erence be twee n treat ment s forff
number of roots per cutting and root
vigor in 2 week. Treatment e ect was
nd ff
significant for average root length and
number of roots per cutting in 3 week
rd
but not for root vigour. None of the root
traits were significant among treatment at
4 weeks after planting. However, average
root length was significantly dif erentf
among treatment in 5 week (Table3).
th
This result indicates that treatment ef ectf
on some root traits of softwood cutting of
Coleus spp vary with time.
Highest survival rate 100% was observed
in 2 weekafter planting of cuttings.
nd Coleus
There was no considerable dif erencef
among survival rates of treatments used.
19
Plate 1: E ect of dif erent root inducing treatments on root traits of semi hard woodff f
cuttings of after three months of establishment in singleCitrus aurantifolia
propagators. T1-cutting end dipped in gel for two minutes, T2- cutting endAloe vera
dipped in gel for five minutes, T3- apply growth regulator in cutting endAloe vera
(control) (Rapid root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid; IBA), T4- without applying Aloe
vera gel or growth regulator to cutting
Table 3: Average root length (cm; ARL), number of roots (NR) and root vigor scale (RVS) of softwood cuttings of spp atColeus
five destructive sampling (T1-cutting end dipped in gel for two minutes, T2- cutting end dipped in gel for fiveAloe vera Aloe vera
minutes, T3- apply growth regulator in cutting end (control) (Rapid root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid; IBA), T4- without applying
Aloe vera gel or growth regulator to cutting)
20
Therefore, application of PGR or Aloe
vera gel has not definite e fect whenf
considering about the survival rates
observed during this five weeks period
(Figure 2). Root formation of soft wood
cuttingsof . areshowninPlate 2Coleusspp
Comparison among four treatments was
not significant at any sampling point.
Root characteristics of the cuttings
treated with PGR were not significantly
different with gel appliedAloe vera
treatments as well as with the cuttings did
not receive either PGR or gel.Aloe vere
So, application of PGR or asAloe vera
root inducing material doesn't have any
significant ef ect on rooting off Coleus
soft wood. This might be due to Coleus
spp fast rooting ability and it presence of
apical leaves. It has found that stem
cuttings of rooting did not varyColeus
according to IBA concentrations (PGR
concentrations). Also, have found that
root length and number of roots were
higher in stem cuttings which have apical
leaves in comparison to leafless ones,
regardless to IBA concentrations of the
treatments used. Therefore, the presence
of apical leaves is even fundamental for
coleus stem cuttings rooting and the use
of IBA or PGR or any other alternative
root inducer is not required for propagation
(Belniaki , 2018). The new leaveset al.
emerged during the rooting period is an
essential feature for roots initiation
because this new leaves and shoots produce
plant hormones such as indoleacetic acid,
rooting cofactors which essential for
Figure 2: Ef ect of dif erent root inducing treatments on survival rate of spp for fivef f Coleus
week period. T1-cutting end dipped in gel for two minutes, T2- cutting end dipped inAloe vera Aloe
vera gel for five minutes, T3- apply growth regulator in cutting end (control) (Rapid root®, 0.3%
Indole 3-butyric acid; IBA), T4- without applying gel or growth regulator to cuttingAloe vera
21
Plate 2: Ef ect of dif erent root inducing treatments on root traits after (A) two weeks and (B)f f
five weeks after establishment of soft wood cuttings of spp. T1-cutting end dipped inColeus
Aloe vera Aloe veragel for two minutes, T2- cutting end dipped in gel for five minutes, T3-
apply growth regulator in cutting end (control) (Rapid root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid;
IBA), T4- without applying gel or growth regulator to cuttingAloe vera
adventitious root formation in vegetative
propagation (Fachinello ., 2005).et al
Sincethepotentialfor spp.vegetativeColeus
propagation is highly associated with the
presence of leaves in softwood stem
cuttings of it promotes better results for
rooting, roots development and sprouting,
PGR or like alternative rootAloe vera
inducer treatments might not have
significant ef ect.f
Experiment 3
Figure 5 shows root formation of air
layering branches of .Syzygium jambos
There was no significant ef ect off
treatments on average root length and
root vigour. But number of roots was
shown a significant dif erence amongf
treatments ( < 0.05) two months afterP
layering (Table 4). Therefore, there is a
possibility to use gel to induceAloe vera
rooting of air layered asSyzygium jambos
same as commercially available PGR.
However, the highest survival rate of air
layers of was observedSyzygium jambos
in PGR applied branches (83%). Aloe
vera gel applied branches showed 55 %
of survival rate and layered branches did
not receive either gel or PGRAloe vera
only gave 35 % of success rate (Plate 3
22
and Figure 3). In general, it can be
assumed that the treatment alsoAloe vera
a successful alternative root inducing
method in air layering of Syzygium jambos
when considering the survival rates.
Also, the comparison between treatment
2 and 1, where PGR was applied as
control treatment was not significantly
different with treatment 1, where branches
were treated with gel. However,Aloe vera
treatment 2 showed a significant difference
between T where air layered branches
3
did not receive either PGR or Aloe vera
gel (Table5). Accordingly, those air
Table 4: Average root length, number of roots and root vigor in air layering of
Syzygium jambos Aloe veraafter 2 months of establishment (T - apply gel on the
1
layering surface, T - apply growth regulator on the layering surface (control) (Rapid
2
root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid; IBA),T - without applying gel or growth
3Aloe vera
regulator on layering surface)
Plate 3: E ect of dif erent root inducing treatments on root traits after second month of airff f
layering of (T - apply gel on the layering surface, T - apply growthSyzygium jambos Aloe vera
1 2
regulator on the layering surface(control) (Rapid root®, 0.3% Indole 3-butyric acid; IBA), T -
3
without applying gel or growth regulator on layering surface)Aloe vera
23
Figure 3: E fect of treatments on survival rate on air layering of twof Syzygium jambos
months after establishment; where T1-apply gel on the layering surface, T2-Aloe vera
apply growth regulator on the layering surface (control) (Rapid root ®, 0.3% Indole 3-
butyric acid; IBA), T3- without applying gel or growth regulator on layeringAloe vera
surface
layered branches don't show any significant
difference between T and T , which
1 2
again justify that there is a possibility to
replace PGR with gel as anAloe vera
alternative root inducer for air layering of
Syzygium jambos (Table 5).
As an objective to protect retention of
desirable characteristics of the rootstock
and the ability of mass production of
identical plants quickly and e iciently airff
layering has been identified as suitable
asexual propagation (Adriance and
Brison, 1955) method for Syzygium
jambos. PGRs as well as the rooting
media, play a vital role in facilitating and
improving the rooting of Syzygium
jambos air layers. Hence, according to
the results of experiment 3, it could be
mentioned that we can successfully
replace PGR with gel as anAloe vera
alternative material to induce rooting of
Syzygium jambos air layering.
Conclusions
According to the results of the study,
Aloe vera leaf gel can be recommended
as an alternative root inducing substances
to induce rooting of semi hard wood
cuttings of and airCitrus aurantifolia
layering plants of . It isSyzygium jambos
not essential t o use root inducing
substances to induce rooting of soft wood
cuttings of spp. In the presentColeus
24
study freshly harvested leavesAloe vera
were used to collect gel substances.
However, best results could be obtained
by using leaves of harvested 5 -Aloe vera
7 days before being used them as root
inducing material. Since, Aloe vera
leaves produce more rooting hormones
after separated from the plant as an anti-
inflammatory actions.
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