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Effect of hookah smoking on some blood and biochemical parameters in
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2nd Virtual International Scintific Agrticultural Conference
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 735 (2021) 012005
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/735/1/012005
1
Effect of hookah smoking on some blood and
biochemical parameters in serum of some men in
Diwaniyah
Eman Mohammed Hussain1 and Rasha Muzahem Hatem1
1Department of Biology, Collage of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
Email: Eman.mohamad@qu.edu.iq
Abstract
The current study was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of hookah smoking on some blood and biochemical
parameters in the blood serum of some men in Diwaniyah governorate, where the study was conducted in the laboratories of
Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital for the period from 1/2/2020 until 1/4/2020. Of men whose average age was between (30-35)
years, and they were divided into two groups:
- The first group (control) 10 people who did not use any kind of smoking.
- The second group, 30 people, who smoked hookah.
And after completing sample collection, general regulations (WBC, RBC, Hb, PCV) and biochemical standards (cholesterol,
glycerides, and proteins)The results showed regarding the hematological parameters that hookah smoking led to a significant
increase in the number of white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and the volume of packed cells, while there was no
noticeable difference in the numbers of red blood cells. As for the biochemical parameters of blood, there was a significant
increase in The concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides when compared with the control group. As for the low LDL
and very low VLDL lipoproteins, there was a significant increase when compared with the control group, while there was a non-
significant decrease in the level of HDL high-density lipoproteins when compared with the control. In blood pressure and a
decrease in body weight in smokers when compared with non-smokers.
Key words: hookah, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, body weight, blood pressure.
1. Introduction
Tobacco is a commercial product obtained from dried yellow-brown leaves that have been collected, and this plant is grown in
many countries around the world and according to data received from the World Health Organization (WHO) that there are 2.4
billion people around the world who consume tobacco and in various forms of smoking. (chewing, dipping, snuffing) The World
Health Organization also estimates the proportion of tobacco-related deaths at about 8.3 million in 2030 and a billion people
during the 21st century[1,2], the hookah is widely popular because it is considered a safe way to smoke tobacco [3,4], and it has
several names such as hookah, bhang, narghile and others [2,5], and it has different designs. It is a classic device used to smoke
tobacco attached to a bowl of water where smoke passes The heated substance through the water before it is inhaled, as many
researchers have confirmed that the danger of the hookah lies in the hookah hose that is placed in the mouth and then pulls the
smoke, which in turn contains more than 19 chemicals, and these substances by thermal decomposition are associated with the
DNA and thus cause cancer and many Genetic mutations [6], and not changing the hookah water makes it a suitable environment
for the reproduction of parasites and bacteria [7]. It has also been documented that many serious lung diseases, cancers and other
health effects related to waterpipe smoking are less than smoking cigarettes, although there is evidence that hookah smoking is
tantamount to smoking tobacco and has the same health effects [8-11]. Research that smoking a hookah for half an hour would
destroy the body, through high blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased lung function, and decreased oxygen levels in the
blood, which causes fainting and brain damage [6,12].
2nd Virtual International Scintific Agrticultural Conference
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 735 (2021) 012005
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/735/1/012005
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Therefore, the aim of this study was to know the effect of hookah smoking on some blood and biochemical parameters, and then
to explain the diseases resulting from it.
2. Materials and working methods
2.1. The study sample
The study was conducted in the laboratories of Al Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital for the period from 1/2/2020 until 1/4/2020. (40
samples) were used in the experiment and their average age ranged between (30-35) years and they were divided into two groups:
- The first group (control) included 10 people who did not use any kind of smoking.
- The second group included 30 people who smoked hookah.
- Collect blood samples.
Blood samples were drawn from venous blood in the two groups (smokers and non-smokers) using sterile medical syringes. The
samples were divided into two groups, some of which were placed in tubes containing anticoagulant (EDTA) for the purpose of
blood tests (WBC, RBC, Hb, PCV), while In the other group, blood was drawn and placed in tubes free of anti -coagulation, then
placed in a centrifuge at a speed of 3000 rpm for the purpose of obtaining blood serum for biochemical tests, which included
(cholesterol, proteins and chlorides.
2.2. Working methods
2.2.1. Blood tests
Blood tests were performed using the Mythic Automated Blood Analysis System (Haemto).
2.2.2. Biochemical tests
1- Measuring the total cholesterol concentration in the blood serum.
The cholesterol concentration was estimated using the Dia Mond-Gordon Test Kit manufactured by the International Company
for Medical Reagents.
2- Measuring the triglyceride concentration.
Using a ready-made test kit produced by the English Randox Company.
3- Measuring the concentration of total protein in the blood serum.
Using the analysis kit prepared from the French company Biomerieuc.
2.3. Statistical analysis
The results were subjected to statistical analysis to find out the significant differences between the rates of the studied criteria in
the groups. The significant differences were determined at the level of probability (P <0.05) using the SPSS statistical program.
3. Results
3.1. First: the haematological criteria
The effect of hookah smoking on white and red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, and compact cells volume.
2nd Virtual International Scintific Agrticultural Conference
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 735 (2021) 012005
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/735/1/012005
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The results of the statistical analysis in Figures (1,2,3) indicated that there was a significant increase in WBC, Hb and PCV (8.4),
(15.4 and (42.9), respectively, while there was no significant difference in the number of red blood cells. (5.7) When compared to
control, Figure (4).
Figure 1. Figure 2.
Figure 3. Figure 4.
3.2.Second: the biochemical parameters
- The effect of hookah smoking on total cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein concentrations (VLDL, LDL, HDL).
Figure (5,6,7,8) shows a significant increase in the concentration of total cholesterol (184), triglycerides (200) and lipoproteins
(VLDL, LDL), (110, (40.3) respectively in the blood of people.
2nd Virtual International Scintific Agrticultural Conference
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 735 (2021) 012005
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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/735/1/012005
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Hookah smokers, but there was a non-significant decrease in HDL concentration (39.5) when compared with the control group
(Figure 9).
Figure 5. Figure 6.
Figure 7. Figure 8.
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 735 (2021) 012005
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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/735/1/012005
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Figure 9.
-The effect of hookah smoking on body weight and blood pressure.
The results in Fig. (10) indicated that there was a significant decrease in the body weight of people smoking with hookah (75.5)
when compared with the control, while there was a significant increase in the rate of blood pressure in smokers (Systolic pressure
(140), Diastolic pressure (90)) [11]. When compared to control.
Figure 10.
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Figure 11. Figure 12.
4. Discussion
First: The effect of hookah smoking on blood parameters.
Hookah smoking is a growing social phenomenon all over the world [13]. Hookah smoke contains high levels of toxic
compounds, including tar, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and other cancer-causing chemicals [14,15].
The current research results showed that there is a significant increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood of people
who smoke hookah. The reason for the increase in the number of WBC may be due to nicotine, which stimulates the release of
catolamines and thus increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood in addition to that cigarette smoke is an irritant to the
respiratory tree and causes inflammation as it contributes Raising the number of WBC, as the infections stimulate the bronchi al
passages, which leads to an increase in the factors causin g inflammation of the blood [16], and many studies have shown that
nicotine causes an increase in the solubility of Kit Ligand in line with the activation of stem cells, followed by an increase in the
number of WBC [17]. The result of the current study with each of [18-21].
Whereas, high WBC counts are a sign of tissue damage caused by smoking and a factor in the development of cardiovascular
disease through multiple pathological mechanisms [22,23].
The current results also showed that there is a significant increase in the concentration of Hb, PCV, and the reason for this
increase may be due to an increase in the mass of red blood cells due to the counting of the blood supply with oxygen, thus
reducing the binding of hemoglobin to oxygen (Hb-o) and increasing its association with carbon monoxide CO, as a result of that
increases Pregnant Hb CO (Hb-CO) and this leads to blood poisoning (4) and the current research result agrees with [24,25].
Second: The effect of hookah smoking on biochemical parameters.
The results of the current study showed a significant increase in the concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides and
lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL), while there was a non-significant decrease in the value of (HDL).
Where many studies have shown that tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 compounds that have a negative impact on human
health, including free radicals, nicotine and carbon monoxide, which is the most responsible for the harmful effects, as nicotine
defeats the formation of a clot in the coronary arteries and weakens the activity of blood vessels and increases the imbalance of
functions Endothelium and alters vascular permeability and lipid accumulation [12,26]. The reason for this may be attributed to
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the obvious association of free radicals and peroxides resulting from hookah smoke with the physiological phenomenon such as
the manufacture of prostaglandin and thromoxan, and it participates in causing various diseases, including atherosclerosis,
cancers [27], gastroenteritis, gum disease and some autoimmune diseases [28,29], or it may be due to A decrease in the activity of
the lipoprotein enzyme, which causes a state of hyperinsulinemia, and thus an increase in the proportion of both cholesterol and
triglycerides [30], as the current research results showed The presence of an insignificant decrease in the level of (HDL) and the
reason for this is due to the decrease in the level of estrogen [31], and the current research results agree with [32,33].
Third: The effect of hookah smoking on body weight and blood pressure.
The results of the current study showed that there is a significant decrease in the body weight of people who smoke hookah when
compared with non-smokers, and there are many mechanisms that show the reason for the decrease in body weight in smokers,
including the effect of nicotine, which is likely to cause an increase in the rate of metabolism prematurely causing loss of appetite
Or reduce the absorption of calories [33,34], or it can reduce the efficiency of metabolism. The current research results agree with
each of [35-38].
Smoking is also considered one of the most important known causes of high blood pressure and one of the most important long-
term risk factors for arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and sudden death [39,40]. As a result of the
current research, it was found that there is an increase in blood pressure and heart rate, despite the conduct of many Studies,
however, the effect of smoking on blood pressure is still unclear [41]. However, in the current research, hypertension can be
explained by several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction or due to atherosclerotic plaque formation [42,43], or aterial
rigidity, and the current research results agree with [44-46]. There is also a limited number of studies stating that smoking has no
effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure [47].
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