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Pintura del segle XVI a Xàtiva: Miquel Esteve, Martí Torner, Mestre d'Alzira, Gaspar Requena.

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PINTURA I PATRIMONI HISTÒRIC A XÀTIVA
Actes de les VII Jornades d’Art i Història
Xàtiva 3, 4 i 5 d’agost de 2015
Edició a cura de
Beatriu Navarro i Buenaventura
Col·lecció Una Ullada a la Història
Xàtiva 2016
Col·lecció una Ullada a la Història
Pintura i patrimoni històric a Xàtiva
Actes de les VII Jornades d’Art i Història
Si us interessa adquirir aquest llibre, o altres de la col·lecció
“Una Ullada a la Història” consulteu el web:
http://www.xativa-llibres.com
http:// www.ulleye.com (secció publicacions)
o contacteu amb nosaltres:
correu electrònic:
ulleye@ulleye.com
correu postal:
ULLEYE
Apartat de Correus 170
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© dels textos i les fotografies els autors
© Ulleye d’aquesta edició, 2016
ISBN: 978-84-944301-6-9
Dipòsit Legal: V1466-2016
Impressió: La imprenta CG Online - Paterna
Imatge de la coberta: Sant Sebastià de Joan Reixach. Museu de la Seu de
Xàtiva
Reservats tots els drets. Està prohibida la reproducció total o parcial per qualsevol mitjà o
procediment d’aquesta publicació, sense autorització prèvia, per escrit de l’editor; tret de les
citacions en revistes, diaris o llibres si s’esmenta la procedència.
ÍNDEX
Presentació
Antoni López Alemany
5
La fàbrica de mosaics La Alcudiana en el context
industrial valencià del segle XIX.
Ana Mª Reig Ferrer
9
El reresagrari de l’església conventual de Sant Agustí.
Joan Quilis i Rodenas 47
El duc de Calàbria, un presoner reial a Xàtiva.
Aproximació a l’estudi de la seua biblioteca.
Estefania Ferrer del Río
85
Taulelleria devocional de Rafael Monleón, una faceta
oblidada de la seua pintura ceràmica.
Beatriu Navarro i Buenaventura
Josep Lluís Cebrián i Molina
121
El retaule de Sant Miquel i Santa Magdalena del
Mestre de Xàtiva i una predel·la del Mestre d’Altura.
Josep Lluís Cebrián i Molina
Beatriu Navarro i Buenaventura
139
Pintura del segle XVI a Xàtiva: Miquel Esteve,
Martí Torner, Mestre d’Alzira, Gaspar Requena.
Josep Lluís Cebrián i Molina
Beatriu Navarro i Buenaventura
155
Visita a l’ermita de Sant Antoni i a l’aqüeducte de
l’aigua de Bellús.
Joan Quilis i Rodenas
203
El Castillo de Cullera: restauración y reutilización.
Enrique Gandía Álvarez 219
PINTURA DEL SEGLE XVI A XÀTIVA:
MIQUEL ESTEVE, MARTÍ TORNER,
MESTRE D’ALZIRA, GASPAR REQUENA
Josep Lluís Cebrián i Molina
Beatriu Navarro i Buenaventura
LA MARE DE DÉU DE LA CONSOLACIÓ,
UNA OBRA DEL PINTOR XATIVÍ MIQUEL ESTEVE
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182
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
1. Miquel Esteve. Detall de la Mare de Déu de la Consolació. Xàtiva
183
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
2. Miquel Esteve. Detall de la Magdalena al peu de la creu.
Calvari del retaule de St. Vicent Ferrer. Museu de Belles Arts de València
184
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
3. Miquel Esteve. Detall de la Sagrada Família de Rocafort
185
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
4. Bernardino di Betto, il Pinturicchio. Detall de la Mare de Déu de les
Febres de la Seu Vella de Xàtiva. Museu de Belles Arts de València
186
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
5. Restitució de la taula de Miquel Esteve a les dominiques del
Portal Fosc. Xàtiva 1939
6. Martí Torner? Maria Dei Mater.
Dominiques del Portal Fosc
187
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
7. Martí Torner. Detall de l'Epifania
provinent de Xàtiva. Col. Particular
8. Martí Torner. Sagrada Família.
Col·legi del Patriarca. València
188
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
9. Mestre d'Alzira. Retaule dels Principats de la Consolació de Xàtiva.
Col·lecció Vinyals de València en 1983. Fot. Díaz-Padrón
189
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
10. Mestre d'Alzira, darreries del segle XV. Lamentació.
Museu municipal de BBAA de Barcelona
190
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
11. Mestre d'Alzira. Detall d'un àngel. Museu de Belles Arts de València
12 i 13. Mestre d'Alzira. Detall de la flagel·lació del retaule major
de l'església de St. Pere. Xàtiva / Crist. Col. privada
191
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
14. Gaspar Requena. Retaule de la Puríssima en 1991, abans de la
restauració. Església de la Mercè. Xàtiva
192
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
15. Coberta del llibre de la Minerva
publicat en l'any 2000 a Xàtiva
16. Gaspar Requena pintor oriünd de la vila de Montesa.
Arxiu del Patriarca, València
193
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
17. Gaspar Requena. Detall d'àngel eucarístic.
Any 1560. Arxiu de la Seu de Xàtiva
18. Gaspar Requena. L'arcàngel Gabriel. Retaule de la Mercè
194
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
19. Gaspar Requena. Puríssima. Escola Pia de Gandia
195
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
20. Gaspar Requena. Retaule del Calvari Alt de Xàtiva, desaparegut.
Fot. Enric Cardona 1912
196
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
21. Gaspar Requena. Detall de St. Pere. Banyeres, desaparegut
197
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
22. Detall del rostre de la Puríssima anterior a la restauració.
Retaule de la Mercè 1991
23. Gaspar Requena. Mare de Déu de la Neu.
Retaule de St. Jaume. Museu parroquial de Bocairent
198
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
24. Gaspar Requena. Coronació de Maria. Retaule de St. Antoni Abat
provinent de Xulilla. Museu de la Seu de València
25. Gaspar Requena. Coronació de Maria.
Taula en el comerç, 2014
199
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
26 i 27. Gaspar Requena. Detalls de St. Josep i St. Joan Evangelista.
Retaule de la Mercè
28. Gaspar Requena. Taula de Maria en l'Anunciació.
Retaule de la Mercè
200
P
INTURA DEL SEGLE
XVI
A
X
ÀTIVA
29. Autor desconegut de la 2ª meitat del segle XVI. Coronació de Maria.
Museu de Belles Arts de Xàtiva
201
J
OSEP
L
LUÍS
C
EBRIÁN I
M
OLINA
,B
EATRIU
N
AVARRO I
B
UENAVENTURA
30. Autor desconegut. Retaule d'ànimes, 1572.
Museu de Belles Arts de Castelló
202
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Retaule del Calvari Alt de Xàtiva, desaparegut. Fot
  • Gaspar Requena
Gaspar Requena. Retaule del Calvari Alt de Xàtiva, desaparegut. Fot. Enric Cardona 1912