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An Appraisal of Electric Energy Supply Security in Residential Estates of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

  • April 2021
DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-68836-3_40
  • In book: Sustainable Education and Development (pp.466-479)
Authors:
Okosun Senator Endurance at Federal University Lokoja
Okosun Senator Endurance
J. O. Fasakin
J. O. Fasakin
J. O. Fasakin
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Joseph Basorun at Federal University of Technology, Akure
Joseph Basorun
Isaac Olamiju at Federal University of Technology, Akure
Isaac Olamiju
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An Appraisal of Electric Energy Supply Security in Residential Estates of Ado-Ekiti, Niger
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... Orazulike, (2013) had observed that, due to incessant power electricity failure, about 70% of the industries in Nigeria are dead, 10% are dying and 20% are trying to survive. Despite endemic blackouts, customers (users of domestic energy) are billed for services not rendered; this has partially resulted into widespread vandalism of power theft in Nigeria, coupled with the problem of payment of electricity bill (Okosun, et al, 2021). However, there are only 14 generating stations in Nigeria (3 hydro and 11 thermal stations). ...
... The national/ electricity grid has the advantage of economies of scale (supply scale) and the disadvantage of high costs (demand scale) when it comes to household energy consumption. The current Nigeria electricity grid and supply distribution are characterized by unstable power supply and price fluctuations (Okosun et al, 2021). In table 1, Nigerian electricity power supply is low, in comparison to South Africa with a far lesser population that generates about 58 thousand megawatts, ten times compare to the Nigeria's generation capacity, similar to the US, with roughly twice its population. ...
... In Nigeria energy for public or private residence is characterized by acute shortage of fuel supply and environmental challenges. These challenges, according to Oyedepo (2012) include: scarcity of relevant manpower and general consumer indiscipline; lack of essential spare parts for maintenance of energy power plants; absence of local manufacturing capabilities (Okosun et al., 2021); and lack of systematic studies on household energy security issues. Olotuah and Taiwo (2013) discovered that, many households in Ado-Ekiti particularly the urban poor live with deprivation of access to meet their energy need. ...
Investigating conjunctive household electric power supply in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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  • Sep 2021
Nigeria is among the top three countries with the largest electricity deficits in the world, paradoxically, Nigeria has become legendary for fits and starts in domestic electric power supply to homes of her citizens. Community, state and national interventions had little impact. This study looks at citizen initiatives to attain domestic energy security in Ado-Ekiti Nigeria-a medium sized state capital (Ekiti state). The study adopted a mixed method that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study specifically investigated the socioeconomic characteristics of the residents (age, family size, educational status and monthly income), sources of modern domestic electric power supply, including cleaner electric energy strategies. It is an empirical research that used simple random sampling to select 1029 cases from a frame of 30,195, who supplied information through the questionnaire instrument. The research methods include comparative analysis, in-depth fieldwork, observation, interviews, collation and information derived from research institutes. Research findings showed a variety of sources utilized by residents to meet their energy needs. Among the rich, the use of solar panels to argument public power supply was common. The middle class combined generators with public supply. The poor were content to use candles and kerosene lamps when public supply failed. Energy reform, directed at nationalisation, adequate funding of the grid and decentralization, innovation in energy technology, such as solar power were recommended to improve the energy sector of the state and lessen hardship for the citizens. Keywords: Ado-Ekiti household electric power supply Nigeria Energy security Residential areas.
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Housing Satisfaction in the Nigerian Cities: An Empirical Analysis of Residents in Core Area of Ado-Ekiti
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Housing satisfaction connotes personal security, privacy and good housing conditions essential for people's health and well-being. This study analyzes the housing satisfaction of residents in the core area of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed-method that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study specifically investigated the socioeconomic characteristics of the residents (income, type of buildings, and ages of buildings), their source of water and source of power supply, land-use conversion, and conditions of social amenities in the core areas and resident's level of satisfaction indices. An empirical research was explored for use, multiple sampling techniques was used to select 357 cases from a frame of 4,981 respondents who supplied information through the questionnaire instrument administered to three wards. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the set-data collected. Data processed was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and Microsoft excel. Analysis of data was discussed using frequency count and distribution, presented through the use of tables, figures, and percentages. Measurements of weight were attached to an element, hence used for the analysis. Based on the research findings, monthly income, type of building, and age of buildings determine the level of housing satisfaction. Ease access to public transport, proximity to work, and affordability determine resident satisfaction in the core city. The research recommends that, the government should develop strategies that will improve the condition of social amenities with a low relatively index of satisfaction. Public and private participation/partnership (PPP) in maintaining existing facilities and collaboration with the Benin Electricity Distribution Company to enhance stable power supply is advocated.
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Socio-cultural perceptions of indoor air pollution among rural migrant households in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
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Many households in developing countries rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural wastes, sawdust, and animal dung) and coal to meet their energy needs. The burning of these fuels in open fires creates environmental problems one of which is indoor air pollution (IAP). For effective reduction of indoor air pollution in sub-Saharan Africa, it is therefore, important to understand factors that determine the choice and uptake of cleaner fuels for household energy use. This research investigates the salient factors influencing households in developing countries in choosing fuel types, using the households in peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria as a case study. This research used holistic approaches to understand energy issues in the study area and used methods such as questionnaires, interviews, and field observation during data collection. Key findings suggest that underlying socio-cultural contexts of households’ ethnic groups guided wood-fuel harvesting in the peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Wood fuel continues to be households’ main domestic energy source irrespective of their socio-economic status. The open burning of wood fuel causes indoor air pollution as the recorded 24-hour particulate matter levels was between 42µg/m3 – 275µg/m3 for indoor kitchens and 48µg/m3 – 648µg/m3 for outdoor kitchens. The cultural perception of the households that natural aeration blows particulates into buildings hinders them from believing that the open of burning of biomass fuels for domestic activities is the cause of indoor air pollution. Based on the findings of this study, it is argued that the traditional norms and values of the householders, being embedded in their socio-cultural contexts, are vital for understanding energy issues in the global South.
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Limited access to quality and quantity electricity has remained an unresolved scourge in Nigeria. The ravage cuts across all electric energy utilization sectors in the nation especially the residential sector. This study highlights the sources of electric power supply, utilization features and effects of electricity deficits in Obantoko residents. A total of 124 households interviewed were selected using systematic random sampling techniques. This comprises of room(s), flat and duplex apartment inhabitants. The findings showed that despite the national grid connection, a significant number of households own and operate generators due to electricity shortfalls in the area. Comparative analysis of electricity supply status with that of countries in Southeast Asia such as India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan revealed that power supply deficit is a cognizant issue in developing countries. This essentially hampers domestic activities in the residential sectors. The effects on several households includes interruption of work, home discomfort, consequential effect on performance, increase expenditure, undue wastage, stress due to manual/mechanical household works and enjoyment/pleasure disruption. The salvaging role of private generators as an alternative source of power supply does not seem to significantly address the problem of electric power insufficiency in Nigeria as it poses its own challenges. There is therefore the need for improvement of the public source of power supply and adoption of other private alternative sources of electricity supply that have reduced operating cost and health implication.
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Export-led growth hypothesis in Malaysia: An investigation using bounds test
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The objective of this paper is to test the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis in the Malaysian economy using a more comprehensive sample period and a recent technique, that is, the bounds testing approach. Based on this model, both exports and labour force have stimulated positive adjustment to economic growth, whereas variables such as imports, exchange rate and the East Asian financial crisis are found to influence growth negatively. Moreover, a cointegrated relationship between exports and economic growth was detected in both the long and short runs. Further analysis showed that exports Granger-cause economic growth in the period of study. Thus, this study provides further evidence to support the export-led growth hypothesis in the Malaysian economy.
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Household energy preferences for cooking in urban Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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An extensive survey on household expenditures in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso, was used to analyze the factors determining urban household energy choices using a multinomial logit model. Wood-energy remains the preferred fuel of most urban households in the country; though rational, the choice is not sustainable as it portends a threat to the savanna woodlands and the economy. Many important policies have been adopted by public authorities to minimize household wood-energy consumption and to substitute it by alternative fuel. Despite the magnitude of all these policies, the depletion rate of the forest resource is increasing. A kind of inertia is thus observed for household preferences for cooking fuel. This model analyzes the sociological and economic variables of household energy preferences for cooking in Ouagadougou. The analyses show that the inertia of household cooking energy preferences are due to poverty factors such as low income, poor household access to electricity for primary and secondary energy, low house standard, household size, high frequency of cooking certain meals using woodfuel as cooking energy. The descriptive analyses show that the domestic demand for wood-energy is strongly related to household income. The firewood utilization rate decreases with increasing household income. In other words, this fuel appears as a “transition good” for these households which aim for other sources of energy for cooking that are more adapted for urban consumption. This implies that a price subsidy policy for liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and its cook stoves could significantly decrease the utilization rate of wood-energy.
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Domestic energy-use pattern by the households: A comparison between rural and semi-urban areas of Noakhali in Bangladesh
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An explorative survey was carried out on rural and semi-urban households to find out the energy consumption pattern with respect to socio-demographic and geographic factors in Bangladesh by using stratified random sampling technique. The study revealed that 100% of the households used biomass, 98% kerosene, 61% electricity, 23% LPG and 5% candle in the rural areas. In the semi-urban areas, 100% of the households used electricity, candle and natural gas, 60% kerosene and 13% petrol. Households' mean expenditure for total energy was US$ 5.34 (SE, 0.43) with total income US$ 209.84 (SE, 6.69) month-1 in the rural areas, while it was US$ 6.20 (SE, 1.35) in the semi-urban areas with the total income US$ 427.76 (SE, 24.19) month-1. This study may be a useful baseline information to energy policy makers in Bangladesh.
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Challenges of Energy Fuels in Cities; A Case of Benin Metropolitan City
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