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Top-Down modelling of distributed flexibility for usage at higher voltage levels

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Abstract

The number of units on both the generation and consumption sides of the electric sector continue to increase over the course of the energy transition, especially at lower voltage levels. Many of these systems (e.g. heat pumps or battery storage systems) offer the potential to provide flexibility, although the low power level of single units limits their network effect when operated individually. By modelling aggregations of the respective flexibility type, a remarkable flexibility potential can be made available for the grid operator to use for e.g. congestion management at a point upstream.

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... With respect to cost-effectiveness studies and considering that the flexibility required by the System Operator (SO) was traditionally supplied by conventional generators, as well as huge consumers e.g., big industries or malls [5], and moreover, demand-side flexibility has recently grown strongly, two analysis approaches can be distinguished in the literature. On one hand [9,10], have proposed top-down (generation-side) approach, which generation-side flexibility is investigated. Energy systems with Conventional Generators (CG) [11][12][13], Large Energy Storage Systems (ESS) [14][15][16], Power System Coupling. ...
... DG encompasses the Wind Power (WP), PV, fuel cells, micro, and small gas turbines, energy storage devices, among others [85,86]. Concerning flexibility potential, the aggregation of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation (DPVG) [88] and Distributed Wind Power Generation (DWPG) [51] along with heat pumps [9,89], involve case studies with major flexibility capacity and hence, major attention in the current literature. It is worth mentioning that, as stated, flexible end-users, microgrids, and VPP includes PV and WP facilities, as well as any small DG connected to the client-side for this reason, this section only considers the distribution-system-connected appliances. ...
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