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International Journal of Advanced Education and Research
36
International Journal of Advanced Education and Research
ISSN: 2455-5746, Impact Factor: RJIF 5.34
www.alleducationjournal.com
Volume 1; Issue 10; October 2016; Page No. 36-40
Social representations of rural women on nutrient–enriched tilapia fish foods with Moringa oleifera
1 Jimmy T Masagca, 2 Aurora E Araojo, 3 Meda B Mercado
Catanduanes State University, Virac 4800, Catanduanes, Philippines
Abstract
Representations were examined in different focus groups during university-sponsored trainings and observations on “talk and
actions” of selected rural women as social groups from the island province of Catanduanes in Bicol Region, Luzon, Philippines
(Lat 13.67° N, Long 124.12° E). Each group was homogeneous, as defined by age, gender and schooling. During the interviews
and case analysis, packages of “malunggay” (Moringa oleifera) nutrient–enriched fish foods (NEFF) from the cichliid fish
(Tilapias) and brochures on how to process these foods were presented that served as stimuli among the women subjects.
Thematic and content analyses revealed several dichotomies (i.e. aromatic and pungent) that characterized the representational
field of the women subjects. Many metaphors were used by the women to describe these enriched foods with Moringa being
associated metaphorically with meaningful life, hunger, ‘junk foods’, sufferings, luck, freedom, discovery and inventions.
Chronological references of the representations centered on advancement of fish processing within the local Catanduanes island
cuisine. The perceived nutritive value of these NEFF was an important argument, noting that the subjects continue to engage in
selling snack foods enriched with Moringa leaves. The dimension of “micronutrient” as divulged by the innovative stance and
nuances displayed with their representations that are initially molded within the general feeling of ‘dislike’ of Tilapias (Cihliidae)
reversed the unpopular fish species among coastal dwelling communities. However, the renewed feeling of acceptability as
enriched food products was displayed and newly recognized roles of rural women to take the lead in convincing to children and
their mothers in their neighbors on the dimension of innovativeness in fish processing. Based on the women reflections,
accelerating an “inventive sense” can popularize conceptions found in the technology infusion projects for fish processing an d
post-harvest capability building among women of the island province to affect their thinking and practice in household fish food
preparation to reduce food insecurity in the local population.
Keywords: Tilapia, fortification, women, Catanduanes, food security, MND
1. Introduction
Tilapias (Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Tilapia) possess an
impressive range of attributes making them the most studied
fish groups on aquaculture, human nutrition and innovations.
Due to the diverse functionality of different plant extracts with
the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for use in foods
(Wang et al. 2012), and their incorporation into fortification of
foods (Adeleke & Odedeji 2010) [1], the need to study nutrient
enriched tilapia foods for snacks and meals in the rural
households of an island province is clearly recognized.
Micronutrients deficiency (MND) is one of the various
problems that prevent the growing Philippine rural population
from achieving their full intellectual and physical potentials.
Likewise, it can lead to many nutritional disorders (e.g.
blindness, goiter, etc.) and declining of the mental, intellectual
and physical development in general. Responding to this MND
problem, governmental and private institutions have to find
solutions for its eradication. Aside from supplementation,
education and disease control, nutrient enrichment of many
staple and common products is one of the most appropriate and
best ways of eliminating or reducing the number of people
with MND. Hence, the Catanduanes State University (CSU)
undertook an initiative under the Catanduanes Sustainable
Technology Infusion in Inland Fisheries Development Program
(CSTIFDP) funded by the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources (BFAR) by involving women to be engaged
on tilapia enrichment with Moringa oleifera.
Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in food fortification
with omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
because of their known health benefits (Ruxton, Calder, Reed,
& Simpson, 2005). Moreover, Adeleke & Odedeji (2010) [1].
assessed the acceptability of bread samples produced by
fortification of wheat flour with Tilapia Fish Protein Flour
(TFPF) in varying proportions, while Dhanaphal et al. (2010)
focused on the physical, chemical, and microbiological
qualities of fresh tilapia meat that revealed its suitability for the
preparation of ready to eat fish curry packed in retort pouches.
With the fatty acid profile of tilapia meat necessitates the
fortification with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the
use of plant extracts from malunggay (M. oleifera) to increase
the nutritional value of these processed tilapias. The tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) was previously studied by
incorporating into tilapia hepatic and muscular total lipids.
Based on the results on the application of vegetable oils to
partially substitute fish oil for tilapia can be recommended in
relation to the most important dietary lipid quality indicators.
In order to understand the dimensions of innovation in
processed fish foods, this inquiry used the Social
Representation Theory of Serge Moscovici (2003, 1981),
which is a social psychological framework of concepts and
ideas to study psycho-social phenomena in modern societies
(Wagner et al. 1999). This can be “properly understood as
these are seen to be embedded in historical, cultural and
macro-social conditions” of the rural people specially the
women. A social representation is a collective phenomenon
pertaining to a community which is co-constructed by
International Journal of Advanced Education and Research
37
individuals in their daily talk and action. Wagner et al. (1999)
summarized that social representation is “an ensemble of
thoughts and feelings being expressed in verbal and overt
behavior of actors which constitute an object for a social
group”.
In the present study, talk and actions were observed among
members of women organizations as social groups in the study
areas. A social group (a minimum of 4 persons), which is a set
of at least 2 persons which confront at least one other group in
the social setting that can be men, women, barangay leaders,
children, students, teachers, administrators, other sectors of the
local communities. Because a group is a subset of a universe of
people, the shared understanding of their world and of the
objects composing it provides the ground for communication
and other forms of co-action. The phenomena composing the
local world of a group are social objects. There is no doubt that
things or objects can be described by frames, which are
provided by physics, chemistry, biology and the social
sciences. The descriptions extended by these frames are valid
descriptions by themselves but are said to be inappropriate to
capture the specific social characteristics of objects
constituting the local worlds (Wagner et al. 1999). Social
objects are constituted by representations, i.e. discourse and
concerted action of the members of the group that maintain a
homogamic communication (=people prefer to communicate to
others of similar opinions and to read newspapers which are
likely to confirm one’s own beliefs instead of confronting
opposite opinions).
This study was carried out to determine the innovative
dimensions using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The
different aquatic species of found in the rivers were
determined; and perspectives on power and decision making;
and needs, priorities and aspirations were described among
women. Three nutrient-enriched tilapia fish foods [tilapia fish
balls (TFB), fish siomai (TFS) and fish curry (TFC)] from
Oreochromis spp. and Sarotherodon were processed; the
acceptability as to sensory evaluation was already carried out
in an earlier study (see Morales et al., 2013) [13] and social
representations of the rural women were determined. Likewise,
livelihood and health-promoting activities among selected
women who are the wives or relatives of these farmers-fishers
involved in tilapia aquaculture production were also studied.
2. Methodology
The participatory research process was utilized with
collaboration among academics, the local government units
and peoples’ and women organizations in the island of
Catanduanes, Bicol Region in Luzon, Philippines (Lat 13.67°,
Long 124.12°). A mixed-method of quantitative and qualitative
processes was applied here with standardized fish processing
techniques and the field of Social Representations within the
dimensions of innovation and novelty (Morales et al., 2013)
[13].
This study recognized that the values and institutions of any
given society were viewed to have an internal logic. It was a
legitimate notion among us that the role of women could be
studied well from inside by the immersion of the researchers to
these communities. This study applied the ethnographic or
fieldwork research. The researchers were practically concerned
with the interconnectedness of the life of the women in the
advent of new developments in the Philippines by having
fieldwork and community-based study in post-harvest
technology with fish processing. Certain property of story-
telling or conversation (kwentuhan or pakikipagkwentuhan in
the Filipino language) was employed. This ethnographic
technique is a naturally occurring phenomenon or process of
sharing and telling stories among individuals to figure out or to
make sense about their world and their experiences. Javier
(2004) [9] stresses that kwentuhan is an occasion for exchange
of information, ideas, insights and individual experiences. This
was basically a lively and always a happy group discussion in
which the participants were actively involved (such as in the
house, over meals, in public places, fiestas, marriage events,
etc.).
2.1 Data gathering procedure for the quantitative aspect
Standard procedures for the processing of fish balls, siomai
and fish curry were followed. Likewise, evaluation of
fortification of the tilapia foods adapted the procedures of
Mabesa & Tan (2006). The sensory evaluation was done by
female panelists who were all teachers and professors in food
technology and home economics. It was done by first
preparing the master sheet and filling- up necessary
information. Three- digit random code numbers were then
assigned to each sample per judge and the order of serving of
the samples was determined. The sample containers were
coded and score sheets were prepared. Samples were portioned
in a container on large table marked with three- digit code.
Trays were set- up and were then served to the judges, each
containing a glass/ bottle of water. Samples were evaluated.
Then, the results were decoded by writing the appropriate
numerical value of the scale that reflects the judge’s decision
about the intensity of each of the quality attributes being
evaluated to the right of the code number (Mabesa & Tan
2006).
2.2 Participants
Participants of the study were women who are involved in the
fisheries sector and the natural resource management, the
MAO, the agriculture staff, fisher folks, farmers, barangay
leaders and youth leaders. These participants were drawn from
the areas covered in the BFAR funded program at CSU,
CSTIFDP in the tilapia fortification (Morales et al., 2013) [13].
Clearly, the study used a qualitative approach by hiding the
actual identities of the participants. To actually conduct this
study in numerous localities, researchers normally required to
identify the people concerned. However, it was assumed that
participants from other localities did not allow the conduct of
the study, so that identities were not being considered here.
2.3 Instruments of the study for the qualitative aspect
After identifying the participants, some were approached
personally during the field visits and also the recommendation
of the barangay captain and other local officials. Then, those
who had expressed interest to participate in this qualitative
research were contacted. The researchers explained the study,
addressed questions and concerns, discussed their backgrounds
and generally got to know the women participants through the
Mayors, Barangay Captains and MAOs.
A total of 127 women participated in this study over a three –
month period from March to May, 2012. Samples consisted of
only 45 women in studying social representations. Participants
came from selected barangays in northeastern and southern
Catanduanes covered in the CSTIFDP program. The average
International Journal of Advanced Education and Research
38
age of these women was 40 (Morales et al., 2013) [13].
Interview-based protocols were essential in the present study.
During the course of the study, some participants presented
idealized versions of themselves and their situations local
women and men living near the river and estuarine. In order to
address this variation, the inductive-generative approach was
employed for reliability and analysis. In regard to
trustworthiness, reliability and consistency in the responses of
the participants, the researchers pursued multiple interviews
with each woman and some man-participant and tried to detect
certain inconsistencies in the data provided. Available pieces
of information from the local officials were compared. In the
analysis, the inductive-generative approach was applied by
emphasizing on the meanings and notions from the idealized
responses and then compared to the existing literature about
gender in fisheries or fish processing and innovations. There
were possible similarities in the concepts generated by other
inquiries related to gender analysis such as that on the theory
of gender bias, but the researchers tried to be vigilant about the
inappropriate inclusion of the responses. The researchers
attempted to carry – out a line-by-line analysis and discuss
among the researchers the connections of the said specific data
set to the over-all or entire data set. In this way, certain
conflicting or contradictory views were resolve.
3. Results and Discussion
During the study, the researchers discovered that several
species of freshwater fishes and estuarine areas are abundant in
the places under study as shown in Table 1. This was
particularly based in the over-all processing of aquatic
products and fortification of cichliid fishes and other endemic
freshwater aquatic organisms abundant in the areas under study
such as “Kabonbon” (Gobiidae & Eleotridae), “hito” or catfish
(Clariidae), tilapia (Cichliidae), “urang” or freshwater shrimp
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii), “baranak” or mullet fish
(Mugilidae) and tabagwang (Jagora spp), an ovoviviparous
freshwater gastropod.
Generally, women’s decision- making to participate in this
project in fortifying, packaging and marketing of tilapia were
influenced by following: (1) their own initiative and interest to
fortify tilapia products; (2) decisions of both the husband and
wife; (3) encouragement from barangay officials and the
women’s group; (4) nutrition enhancement for their children;
(5) livelihood diversification and (6) business prospects
engaging in worthwhile activity. As a caring mother, the
majority of them were mostly concerned with the nutritional
intake specifically the MND of their children for better
performance in school. It was realized that fortified TFS, TFB
and TFC were one of the prospected sources of nutrients.
Some were only got interested for the reason that they wanted
a worthwhile activity to be engaged with. Only few thought of
it as business prospects to become a source of family income.
This observation is not congruent to the assertion of Geheb
(1997) [7] who reasoned out that people have joined fish
processing because of their desire for cash income. Perhaps
these women involved in the study have not fully understood
the importance of FTFs in increasing income.
When they participated in this fish processing or nutrient-
enriched tilapia fish foods project, they projected to change
their daily routinary activities and increased their family
income at home because aside from the routinary activities that
they had, most of their time would be allotted in FTFs
processing, packaging and marketing as they generated
income. However several constraints that women faced in their
involvement in the implementation of the university project
were (1) insufficient funds, (2) infrequent insufficient tilapia
harvest, (3) weather disturbances; and (4) inadequate support
from other sectors. These findings also support the study made
by Nenna (2012) [16] in Nigeria on factors influencing women
participation in fisheries and marine fishing. Nevertheless,
queries for possible livelihood trainings to be conducted on the
production, packaging and marketing of fortified tilapia
products as a support for women who wanted to be engaged to
the said activity yielded a positive response.
Based on the descriptive story-telling or conversation with
women respondents, the researchers found out that their needs
were more concerned on how they could help their husbands to
increase their family income. In- line with these, their priorities
at the time that the university implemented this project were
also to increase the family income level and to increase the
family nutritional intake and food security as well. Therefore,
respondents viewed that the project on tilapia fortification was
a suitable activity to meet their needs, priorities and aspirations
to increase their socio-economic stability. They believed that it
would provide them the opportunity to participate in livelihood
diversification initiatives. Also, in the future, when they got
involved in this activity on fish fortification, they could help in
poverty alleviation and as private individuals they could haves
helped in eradicating MND in their locality. These findings are
most likely of congruence to the women in Lagos as observed
by Fregene & Bolorunduro (2009) [6] on food security and
expenditure patterns fishing communities.
Initially, baseline surveys conducted in seven (7) barangays of
three municipalities in Catanduanes delved on the acceptability
of fortified tilapia products such as fortified tilapia fish balls
(TFB), tilapia fish siomai (TFS) and tilapia fish curry (TFC).
Officers and members of women organizations, e.g. Sto.
Domingo Women Group, RI Women Group, K-4 plus and
BHW consulted have shown keen interest and gave importance
on the said fortified tilapia products for micronutrients
deficiency (MND) solutions. FTF sensory evaluation show
higher acceptability level (average scores= 6.7). Table 4
showed the mean sensory scores in the sensory evaluation
results of 45 women respondents using quality scoring.
Fish balls had the highest general acceptability compared to
that of FC (with 6.6) and fish siomai (with 6.7). The values
generated for fish balls were generally the highest in color,
texture and flavor. Texture of the TFC showed the lowest
value obtained at 3.2), which is below the 50% scale of 7.0. As
emphasized by Miyata & Manatunge (2004) [11], the
importance of appropriate timing introducing an alternative
livelihood approach, which can determine whether villagers
adopt or refuse the new approach, e.g. temporary low market
prices would negatively affect the degree of adoption. There
seems to be an agreement to this finding as previously known.
3.1 Social representations (SR) on the FTFs in the
dimension of innovations
Social representation theory provides a useful framework for
examining everyday knowledge and the way scientific
discourse enters the domain of everyday thinking (Backstrom
et al. 2003). Social representations aim to transform what is
disturbing and unknown into something familiar and known;
they are a form of collective symbolic coping with new
International Journal of Advanced Education and Research
39
phenomena (Wagner & Kronberger 2001) [22]. In the present
study we looked into the knowledge of women and as to the
innovative dimensions of FTFs.
The SR of the FTFs was determined with a total of 45 women
in 2 fish processing demonstrations and 3 focus groups. The
groups were homogenous as shown in the age of the women,
gender and schooling. Thematic and content analyses of the
interview data showed several dichotomies (Table 3)
characterized the social representation on the FTFs. Many
metaphors were used by the women to describe the FTFs being
associated metaphorically with, for example, fortified tilapia
foods being associated with ‘healthy life’, ‘nutritious foods’,
‘hunger’, ‘sufferings’, ‘luck’, ‘freedom’, ‘discovery’ and
‘inventiveness’. Chronological references of the women
representations focused on the development of food processing
and Catandunganon cuisine. The perceived nutritive value of
FTFs was an important argument for younger women but not
for the older ones.
Table 3: Dichotomies as to the positive and negative words expressed
by the women characterizing their social representations.
Positive Words
Negative Words
Not fishy (bakong malangsi)
(fishy)Malangsi
Managom (delicious)
Bakong managom (not tasty)
Mariputok (concentrated)
Lasaw (diluted)
Manatok (creamy)
Matabang (lacks salt)
Mahamot (good aroma)
Maanggo (pungent)
Di nakaribong (not dizzy)
Nakaribong (dizzy)
Mayuta (soft)
Matagas (hard)
Dugang (dry)
Labo (wet)
Mapulot (sticky)
Bokong mapulot (not sticky)
Bakong maasgad (not salty)
Maasgadon (salty)
Tama sa pagnamit
(just enough for the taste)
Kulang sa namit (lacks taste
In the framework of inventing new tilapia processed foods at
CSC, social representations of the women are shaped to cope
with the feeling of eagerness evoked by the ‘novelties’ or
‘innovativeness’ of fortified tilapia foods seen and
demonstrated to the women. These fortified foods have roles in
‘socio-cultural’ acceptance of new products by making the
women familiar with the nutritive aspect, health and safety
dimensions.
Overall, the results of the SR study on the FTFs reflect the
development of a new “scientific sense” and ‘innovative sense’
among the women in Catanduanes in which there could be a
tendency to popularize scientific views that are embedded in
the process of ‘urbanizing’ and ‘globalizing’ the rural areas
through research, development and extension initiatives of the
state college.
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
Women respondents were more concerned on the nourishment
that the nutrient-enriched tilapia fish foods with Moringa could
provide additional income to their family aside from having a
business and worthwhile money- making activities on their
own by dealing with processing, packaging and marketing.
Subjects viewed that the project on tilapia processing was a
suitable activity to meet their needs, priorities and aspirations
by increasing their socio-economic stability. Sensory
evaluation yielded higher acceptability level; revealed several
dichotomies of the representational field; and metaphors used
by women were associated with income, micronutrient
deficiency (MND) and innovations. The perceived dimension
on MND was a vital argument and their innovative stance was
formed on the acceptability feeling. Newer women roles of
explaining among their neighbors on novelty for accelerating
an “innovative sense” in the rural areas can popularize
conceptions on post-harvest technology, capability building,
advocacy, and their thinking and practice in household food
preparation with the use of tilapias. There is a need to
empower women fish processors technically and economically
to be able to participate in programs and projects on
fortification.
5. Acknowledgement
An earlier paper was prepared prior to this article (see
references, Morales et al. 2013) [13] and presented in a forum
organized by the Catanduanes State University. We
acknowledge the contributions of Monet Tugay, Ma. Cecilia
V. Tiu, Delia S. Sorra, Ma. Luz Floralde, Danilo Murillo,
Imelda Bernal, and other researchers of the Catanduanes
Sustainable Technology Infusion for Inland Fisheries
Development Program funded by the Bureau of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources, Regional Office V in Legaspi City,
Philippines.
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