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Impacto del consumo de información sobre los estados de ánimo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19
Abstract
El tema central del presente capítulo es la relación que se establece entre el consumo de información en medios de comunicación tradicionales, en redes sociales o vía comunica¬ción interpersonal mediada o no mediada, por un lado y los estados de ánimo reportados durante los periodos de confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19 de febrero a octu¬bre de 2020 en México. La investigación usa una metodología mixta de dos etapas y los resultados se interpretan desde la perspectiva teórica de la metaemociones y de la teoría del manejo del estado de ánimo, encontrando resultados que validan las postulaciones de estas dos teorías. Por ejemplo, la adopción de un comportamiento de auto-regulación de consumo de información cuando estos se relacionan con la acentuación de estados de ánimo negativos, como miedo o ansiedad; o bien, que el consumo de información referente a la pandemia, sea a través de medios, sea a través de comunicación interper¬sonal, se relaciona con experimentar un complejo conjunto de emociones y estados de ánimo (metaemociones).
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On February 27, 2020 the first case of COVID-19 contagion was detected in Mexico, and by the end of March phase 2 of the epidemic had been declared in the country when local transmission was detected. In a context of crisis and uncertainty like the one described, a risk perception tends to arise among the population that fears to be affected personally, to a large extent due to the influence exerted by the media by information they provide about the contingency, which derived from the media system dependency that occurs in the population. In order to determine the risk perception present in view of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the influence that media consumption had on the population’s attitude, an online analytical survey was carried out on 630 Mexican respondents. The results present a population with a relatively low risk perception, but with a moderate dependency when it comes to getting information about everything that has to do with the pandemic. In addition, it is possible to observe that this dependency tends to generate an increase, in an indirect manner, of the risk perception through the consumption of television, the digital press and Facebook.
The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) has led to a serious outbreak of often severe respiratory disease, which originated in China and has quickly become a global pandemic, with far-reaching consequences that are unprecedented in the modern era. As public health officials seek to contain the virus and mitigate the deleterious effects on worldwide population health, a related threat has emerged: global media exposure to the crisis. We review research suggesting that repeated media exposure to community crisis can lead to increased anxiety, heightened stress responses that can lead to downstream effects on health, and misplaced health-protective and help-seeking behaviors that can overburden health care facilities and tax available resources. We draw from work on previous public health crises (i.e., Ebola and H1N1 outbreaks) and other collective trauma (e.g., terrorist attacks) where media coverage of events had unintended consequences for those at relatively low risk for direct exposure, leading to potentially severe public health repercussions. We conclude with recommendations for individuals, researchers, and public health officials with respect to receiving and providing effective communications during a public health crisis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
We address the diffusion of information about the COVID-19 with a massive data analysis on Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Reddit and Gab. We analyze engagement and interest in the COVID-19 topic and provide a differential assessment on the evolution of the discourse on a global scale for each platform and their users. We fit information spreading with epidemic models characterizing the basic reproduction number R 0 for each social media platform. Moreover, we identify information spreading from questionable sources, finding different volumes of misinformation in each platform. However, information from both reliable and questionable sources do not present different spreading patterns. Finally, we provide platform-dependent numerical estimates of rumors’ amplification.
This exploratory study contributes to our knowledge about the relationships between interpersonal communication sources and risk perception regarding natural hazards. Survey data (N = 186) from a small village in northwest China was used, and the correlations between eight types of interpersonal communication sources related to disaster risk reduction and the perceived severity and perceived likelihood of occurrence of eight types of natural hazards were explored. Past studies have suggested that interpersonal communication sources are more likely to influence individuals in their perceived severity of natural hazards than in their perceived likelihood of occurrence. The results of this study moderately corroborate this finding. The results indicated that different sources have different relationships to risk perception, as positive correlations were found between obtaining information via certain trained science professionals (science teachers, emergency responders, scientific experts) and certain natural hazard risk perceptions, while negative relationships were found between obtaining information via certain personal contacts (other villagers and relatives and friends) and certain natural hazard risk perceptions. However, the strength of these relationships was weak (− 0.197 ≥ r ≤ 0.245). Age showed statically significant correlations with the perceived severity of most of the natural hazards. Studies with more representative samples and controls for theoretical factors are needed to better understand how interpersonal communication sources affect individuals' natural hazard risk perceptions.
Exposure to risk messages can motivate health information seeking, which can influence message acceptance or rejection. Theories of risk message design and effects (e.g., fear appeal models), however, have not considered information seeking as an integral part of the risk message processing. To address the gap, this experimental study (N=927) offered participants an opportunity to seek threat- and/or coping-related information online after exposing them to a risk message about meningitis and recorded their information-seeking activities unobtrusively. The findings indicated that information seeking increased self- and response-efficacy of meningitis vaccination. Information seeking was positively predicted by uncertainty discrepancy, perceived susceptibility, anxiety, and fear. More importantly, information seeking completely mediated the effects of perceived susceptibility and anxiety on an increase in self- and response-efficacy, and a decrease in message rejection. Information seeking also partially mediated the effects of perceived susceptibility and fear on an increase in message acceptance. Implications for health information seeking and risk communication research are discussed.
The study described in this article examines the influences of mass media, interpersonal channels, and self-efficacy on risk judgment, using data from a sample of New York State residents. Risk judgment is conceptualized on two distinct domains: personal-level risk judgment and social-level risk judgment. The health and risk communication literature suggests that mass media channels are more likely to influence social-level risk judgment, and the current study bears out this hypothesis. But, unlike typical findings, personal-level risk was found to be influenced, to some degree, by mass media channels. Interpersonal channels account for a portion of the variance on social-level risk judgment, as does self-efficacy. The health risks examined include heart disease, AIDS, smoking, and hazards from drinking water, household radon, chemicals on food, household chemicals, and low-level radioactive waste.
The threat of a potential H1N1 pandemic was first reported in April 2009. Unlike the regular seasonal influenza that affects primarily preschool children, pregnant women, and the elderly, young, healthy adults were identified as 1 of the high-risk groups for contracting the H1N1 virus. This study was among the first to explore the impact of influenza communication on college students’ pandemic risk perception and vaccination intent. Study results suggest that news media dependency and risk perception have a positive influence on college students’ vaccination intent.
Crisis situations, such as that which occurred at the beginning of the AH1N1 flu in Mexico, generate in the population a greater need for being informed. The search for information through the mass media or conversations with other people can increase the perception of being affected by the problem (Morton&Duck, 2001). An on-line survey was developed with a sample of 237 participants in order to discover the factors that explained their perception of personal risk when faced with the AH1N1 flu. Results showed that exposure toTV and interpersonal communication was strongly correlated with a perception of personal risk, especially among people with a strong media systems dependency (MSD). However, use of the Internet led to a reduction of risk perception, above all among subjects with low media dependence.
This is a survey of research on how media influence risk perception. Media are diverse in content, and often not as biased in their (news) reporting as is commonly thought. Although many take media's influence for granted, the evidence points the other way: even for heavy media users, media are probably not a strong causal factor in (especially not personal) risk perception. Risk perception may be affected by the media via availability (more information gives a stronger effect), but the effects are lessened by impersonal impact: general risk perception is more easily changed than personal risk perception. Risk perception is often thought to cause behaviour, but this is still uncertain, and caution is necessary as to this possible connection.
Artículo La comunicación de riesgo es un campo emergente que surge de la necesidad de investigar qué tipo de información requiere la opinión pública en circunstancias de peligro, crisis o catástrofe. La formación de procesos de espirales de miedo constituye un frente inexplorado de lucha social por la emancipación tanto para las instituciones y organizaciones como para los públicos que conforman sus vidas cotidianas rodeados de riesgo percibido. p.95-119
Adults aged 18–29 have the lowest vaccination rates in the United States, which include the college student segment. Even though influenza can spread quickly on a college campus and its adjacent communities, only 8–39% of college students receive vaccination annually. This study assesses the influence of media exposure, knowledge, and perceptual factors on college students to gain a better understanding of how they respond to flu related risk communication. Results from conducting an online survey of
undergraduate students (N= 515) show that the more they depended on social media for risk information, the more likely they intend to seek vaccination. Presumed media influence of online-news and social media dependence on others was each a significant predictor of perceived others’ vaccination intention, which in turn had a direct effect on an individual’s own vaccination intention. Those that were more knowledgeable about the virus also reported a lower intention to receive vaccination. Implications for future research and risk information dissemination were discussed.
Fear of infectious disease has the potential to damage local economies, disrupt health care delivery systems, and diminish immune functioning, whether or not the risk is objectively high. The appearance of Ebola in the United States offered an opportunity to study the causes of fear in a real-world event. Shortly after the death of the first Ebola patient diagnosed in the United States, survey data were gathered (N = 849) from residents of Dallas and U.S. citizens outside of Texas. Fear was positively associated with age (younger), gender (female), and ethnicity (non-White), but not geographic proximity (Dallas vs. not Dallas). Exposure to Ebola-related information via interpersonal channels (friends/family, acquaintances/coworkers) corresponded with higher levels of fear, but the findings for media channels were more varied, showing positive effects (newspapers/magazines), negative effects (Internet), and null effects (TV/radio). The study provides insight into the personal, interpersonal, and media correlates of fear of Ebola.
Despite the importance of social network sites (SNSs) in addressing emerging public health risks, there is still a relative lack of studies examining the effects of risk communication via SNSs on risk perceptions and preventive behaviors. Based on message expression‒ and reception‒effects paradigms, this study aims to explore how expressing and receiving risk information shape preventive behavioral intentions via risk perceptions. Given the differential nature and functionality of SNSs, the present investigation also examines whether expressing and receiving risk information via two different types of SNSs—Facebook and Twitter—have different effects on risk perceptions and behavioral intentions. Analyzing survey data from 1,152 South Korean adults in the context of fine dust hazards, this study found that expressing and receiving risk information not only affected risk perceptions but also directly or indirectly influenced preventive behavioral intentions. In addition, the effects of expressing and receiving risk information were differentiated between SNS platforms, specifically Facebook and Twitter.
Social media have become increasingly important in risk and crisis situations. However, little is known about which types of social media have greater influence on risk perceptions and behaviors. This study pursues two goals related to this question. The first is to explicate the cognitive mechanism underlying the process through which exposure to risk information on social media shapes people’s behavioral intentions. The second is to determine whether exposures to risk information on two different types of social media—content-oriented social media focusing on shared interests versus user-oriented social media focusing on social relationships—have different effects on people’s risk perceptions and behavioral intentions. Analyzing survey data from 688 adults from the general population of South Korea in the context of carcinogenic hazards, we found that self-reported content-oriented social media exposure (to risk information) was significantly related to both personal-level and societal-level risk perceptions. In addition, content-oriented social media exposure was associated with behavioral intentions indirectly through risk perceptions. However, user-oriented social media exposure had no impact on risk perceptions and behavioral intentions, either directly or indirectly through risk perceptions.
The researchers of different fields are faced with extensive problems because of the complications of today's world; therefore, making interdisciplinary links with other fields seems inevitable. In this regard, it seems that information science and knowledge are not needless of the findings of other disciplines because of their nature, aims, services and functions, and they are trying to drive the benefit of such links through establishing proper links with closer fields like communication. To this aim, the present research tries to introduce the media system dependency theory as one of the prominent theories in the field of communication, and also explains its potentials, and suggests its application in the theoretical framework of researches in information science and knowledge. It seems that using this theory in the studies of fields such as information seeking and searching, collection development, notices and service dissemination, information recovery, and also the field of promoting reading can open a new horizon to researchers in those fields, and therefore, help such studies to be scientifically fruitful.
Fear of infectious disease often motivates people to protect themselves. But, it can also produce negative bio-social-psychological effects whose severity is on par with those of the disease. The WHO declaration of Zika as a world health crisis presented an opportunity to study factors that bring about fear. Beginning nine days after the WHO announcement, data were gathered from women aged 18–35 living in the southern United States (N = 719). Respondents reported experiencing fear of Zika at levels akin to those reported following other significant crises/disasters (e.g., the terrorist attacks of 9/11). Fear increased as a function of (1) personal, but not other-relevance, (2) frequency of media exposure, but not media content, and (3) frequency of interpersonal exposure and interpersonal content. It is argued that media and interpersonal message sources may be innately predisposed to amplify, rather than attenuate, risk.
In this chapter, the hedonistic premise of mood-management theory is examined and expanded to account for seemingly nonhedonistic choices of media content. Counterhedonistic message selection is considered in the context of selective-exposure theory. Informational utility is invoked as a choice-driving force that complements content selection. The confounded operation of hedonistic and informational choice determinants is detailed for various domains of communication. In particular, it is proposed that hedonistic motivation, as articulated in mood-management theory, dominates spontaneous entertainment choices, with nonhedonistic considerations being complementary to choice determination. The choice of educational and informational media content, in contrast, is thought to be dominated by considerations of informational utility, but also to entail noninformational anticipations. The integration of these and related choice determinants is emphasized for the development of comprehensive theories of selective exposure.
This study investigated the impact of media coverage of a health issue (skin cancer) on judgements of risk to self and others and the role of related communication processes. Consistent with predictions derived from the impersonal impact hypothesis, the effects of mass communication were more evident in perceptions of risk to others rather than in perceptions of personal risk. Perceptions of personal risk were more strongly correlated with interpersonal communication. However, as suggested by media system dependency theory, the relationship between mass communication and beliefs was complex. The impact of mass communication on both personal and impersonal perceptions was found to be moderated by self-reported dependence on mass mediated information. The effect of this two-way interaction on perceptions of personal risk was partially mediated through interpersonal communication. Results point to the interdependence of mass and interpersonal communication as sources of social influence and the role of media dependency in shaping media impact.
It is suggested that one of the reasons that there is such a lack of clarity as to whether the media have effects is that researchers have proceeded from the wrong theoretical conceptualizations to study the wrong questions. The dependency model of media effects is presented as a theoretical alternative in which the nature of the tripartite audience-media-society relationship is assumed to most directly determine many of the effects that the media have on people and society. The present paper focuses upon audience dependency on media information resources as a key interactive condition for alteration of audience beliefs, behavior, or feelings as a result of mass communicated in formation. Audience dependency is said to be high in societies in which the media serve many central information functions and in periods of rapid social change or pervasive social conflict. The dependency model is further elaborated and illustrated by examination of several cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects which may be readily analyzed and researched from this theoretical framework.
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
This study applies Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur's (1976) media system dependency theory to the analysis of public opinion regarding the performance of the news media and the president before and after the September 11th attacks. Contrary to the "rally 'round the flag" effect, but consistent with system dependency theory, partisan differences become stronger predictors of presidential approval following the terrorist attacks.
Purpose:
A new strain of H1N1 influenza, also known as swine flu was confirmed in the UK in May 2009 and has spread to over 100 countries around the world causing the World Health Organization to declare a global flu pandemic. The primary objectives of this review are to identify the key demographic and attitudinal determinants of three types of protective behaviour during a pandemic: preventive, avoidant, and management of illness behaviours, in order to describe conceptual frameworks in which to better understand these behaviours and to inform future communications and interventions in the current outbreak of swine flu and subsequent influenza pandemics.
Methods:
Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched for references to papers on severe acute respiratory syndrome, avian influenza/flu, H5N1, swine influenza/flu, H1N1, and pandemics. Forward searching of the identified references was also carried out. In addition, references were gleaned from an expert panel of the Behaviour and Communications sub-group of the UK Scientific Pandemic Influenza Advisory Group. Papers were included if they reported associations between demographic factors, attitudes, and a behavioural measure (reported, intended, or actual behaviour).
Results:
Twenty-six papers were identified that met the study inclusion criteria. The studies were of variable quality and most lacked an explicit theoretical framework. Most were cross-sectional in design and therefore not predictive over time. The research shows that there are demographic differences in behaviour: being older, female and more educated, or non-White, is associated with a higher chance of adopting the behaviours. There is evidence that greater levels of perceived susceptibility to and perceived severity of the diseases and greater belief in the effectiveness of recommended behaviours to protect against the disease are important predictors of behaviour. There is also evidence that greater levels of state anxiety and greater trust in authorities are associated with behaviour.
Conclusions:
The findings from this review can be broadly explained by theories of health behaviour. However, theoretically driven prospective studies are required to further clarify the relationship between demographic factors, attitudes, and behaviour. The findings suggest that intervention studies and communication strategies should focus on particular demographic groups and on raising levels of perceived threat of the pandemic disease and belief in the effectiveness of measures designed to protect against it.
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