SUPPORTING THE WATER RESERVOIR RESTORATION PROCESSES BY USING SELECTED TYPE OF BIOLOGICAL BEDS

Abstract

Aim of the study:
The work aims to assess the possibility of the application of selected types of biological beds to support the revitalization processes of strongly degraded water reservoirs.

Material and methods:
The authors reviewed the literature on biological methods used in the treatment processes of various types of wastewater. Certain types of beds have been selected that show tolerance to temperature changes and significant changes in organic pollutant loads. The self-purification potential of water and the role of natural methods in the revitalization of water reservoirs were characterized. The characteristics of biological methods based on MBBR moving and fixed beds are presented.

Results and conclusions:
The possibility of application of selected types of MBBR moving and fixed beds in supporting the treatment of highly contaminated surface waters were assessed. Biotechnological methods based on liquid and solid biopreparations normally used in water revitalization were discussed. It has been shown that when biotechnological methods are not able to operate efficiently, it is very beneficial to start additional biological processes to improve the efficiency of the revitalization process.

Full text

Acta Sci. Pol.
Formatio Circumiectus 19 (3) 2020, 83–98
DOI: www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl ISSN 1644-0765
ORIGINAL PAPER Accepted: 12.01.2021
e-mail: agata.nowak1992@gmail.com
© Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rolniczego wKrakowie, Kraków 2020
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES
SUPPORTING THE WATER RESERVOIR RESTORATION PROCESSES
BY USING SELECTED TYPE OF BIOLOGICAL BEDS
Agata Mazur1, Krzysztof Chmielowski2
1 Department of Geoformation Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing of Environment, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environ-
mental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow
2 Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying,
University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków
ABSTRACT
Aim of the study
The work aims to assess the possibility of the application of selected types of biological beds to support the
revitalization processes of strongly degraded water reservoirs.
Material and methods
The authors reviewed the literature on biological methods used in the treatment processes of various types
of wastewater. Certain types of beds have been selected that show tolerance to temperature changes and
signicant changes in organic pollutant loads. The self-purication potential of water and the role of natural
methods in the revitalization of water reservoirs were characterized. The characteristics of biological methods
based on MBBR moving and xed beds are presented.
Results and conclusion
The possibility of application of selected types of MBBR moving and xed beds in supporting the treatment
of highly contaminated surface waters were assessed. Biotechnological methods based on liquid and solid
biopreparations normally used in water revitalization were discussed. It has been shown that when biotechno-
logical methods are not able to operate efciently, it is very benecial to start additional biological processes
to improve the efciency of the revitalization process.
Keywords: biological beds, biomass carriers, MBBR, nonwoven lters, mineral lters, water pollution, water
treatment
INTRODUCTION
The nature of pollution of water reservoirs strictly
determines the choice of specic methods of their
revitalization (Chin, 2012; Cooke et al., 2016). The
deterioration of water quality varies depending on
the type of mixture of water pollutants and its load..
These pollutants cause several adverse environmental
effects as a result of many processes that take place in
the changed aquatic environment. The toxic effects are
leading to the extinction of key species and the decline
in biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems (Dumont et al.,
2012; Butt et al., Cooke et al., 2016). The processes
of biodegradation by different types of pollutants (i.e.
detergents, easily-soluble organics, etc.) introduce into
the water signicant loads of nutrients responsible for
the increase in water trophy (Khan & Mohammad,
2014; Mazurkiewicz et al., 2020). The effects of eu-

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
84 www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
trophication in strongly eutrophic and hypertrophic
reservoirs include intense algae blooms, a decrease in
the light permeability of water, oxygen depletion, re-
duction of water transparency, etc. (Livingston, 2000;
de Jonge et al., 2002; Zaldívar et al., 2008). Due to
secondary intoxication and hypoxic conditions sh
are dying and the sensitive aquatic species are being
extinct. The development of cyanobacteria may ad-
ditionally cause an increase in the concentration of
cyanobacterial metabolites (strong poisons for human
health and aquatic organisms development) (Falcon-
er, 1996; Stewart et al., 2008). Strongly eutrophic and
hypertrophic reservoirs are mainly located in agri-
cultural and industrial areas, where wastewater rich
in nutrients and loads of easily-soluble organics are
discharged into the water (Álvarez et al., 2017; Huang
et al., 2017). In industrial areas with the extraction of
minerals and the processing of petroleum substanc-
es, one can nd heavily degraded reservoirs (ponds,
lakes, rivers) with waters polluted with high loads of
petroleum derivatives (high concentrations of the phe-
nol index, cresols, PAHs, PCBs, dioxins, polychlori-
nated biphenyls, pesticide derivatives and other types
of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons substances).
Such polluted waters are characterized by very poor
biodiversity, only very tolerant species can survive
here (McGuire et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Onti-
veros-Cuadras et al., 2018). High water pollution is ac-
companied by intensive accumulation of bottom sed-
iments (soft organic fractions), the transformations of
which in anaerobic conditions cause harm to the aquat-
ic environment and produce odors in the vicinity of the
degraded reservoir (Das, 2005; Qiu, 2010). In heavily
degraded reservoirs, the development of pathogenic
microorganisms (mainly anaerobes or facultative an-
aerobes) is observed, which are an additional problem
for the weakened water ecosystem (Han and Park,
1999; Gough & Stahl, 2011). Such changed tanks are
not able to carry out the self-purication process, due
to signicant loads with mixtures of pollutants and the
domination of pathogenic microorganisms (Mazur and
Sitarek, 2020). To revitalize these reservoirs, several
engineering works are needed depending on the nature
of the changes and operating costs that these might
require. The dynamic development of environmental
biotechnology provides many methods that can be
used to effectively counteract degradation and quickly
eliminate specic types of pollution. The certied bi-
opreparations in a solid and liquid form available on
the market contain allochthonous forms of microor-
ganisms capable of efcient removal of many forms of
organic and inorganic contamination (Mazur, 2020).
Some industrial solutions in wastewater treatment can
also be adapted to a certain extent in order to support
biological methods of the revitalization of heavily
changed water reservoirs. (Sitarek et al., 2017).
Biological beds currently play a key role in waste-
water treatment and industrial pollution processes
(Juang et al., 2008; Nakamura and Mueller, 2008;
Ateia et al., 2015; Ateia et al., 2016; Mazur, 2019A;
Mazur, 2019b; Mazur 2020, Nowak et al., 2018;
Nowak et al., 2019). The scientic literature contains
numerous publications on pollution treatment tech-
nologies based on various types of biological beds
(Andreottola et al., 2000; Ødegaard et al., 2004; Lei-
knesand and Ødegaard, 2007; McQuarrie and Boltz,
2011; Cao et al., 2012). The dynamic development of
environmental engineering provides us with a signif-
icant number of various natural and articial materi-
als that can be successfully used as biomass carriers
(Moga et al., 2000; Wilderer et al., 2000; Andersson
et al., 2008; Walters et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2018; Zain-
ab et al., 2020).
The main purpose of the article was to review sci-
entic and industry information on the possibility of
using articial methods of biological treatment of pol-
luted surface waters.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
The authors made a broad and thorough review of cur-
rent knowledge based on the scientic literature along
with the most recent articles in Web of science, Scopus
and other resources, and scientic books.
Based on the literature data, the authors described
and assessed the best solutions in the eld of envi-
ronmental biotechnology that can be used in the revi-
talization of water reservoirs. The scientic rationale
and proposed solutions for systems based on select-
ed types of biological deposits have been presented,
highlighting those with the highest potential for pro-
viding solutions supporting the process of purication
polluted waters in freshwater reservoirs. The authors
assessed the usefulness of selected biological methods

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
85
www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
in terms of highly degraded reservoirs with signicant
loads of mixtures of pollutants. Oligo and mesotro-
phic reservoirs have not been assessed, as they can be
successfully revitalized through self-purication pro-
cesses or by creating natural or articial wetland zones
(ecotones) that have a high purication potential for
many groups of pollutants (Wang et al., 2010, Ham
et al., 2010).
The characteristics of microbiota in AS and biolm
The biological bed category includes structures such
as activated sludge (AS) ocs and biolm growing
on a specic type of xed or mobile carriers (Bade-
jo et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020). The main element
of the bed is the consortia of microorganisms that
form articial ecosystems and food webs which feed
on organic pollutants (for organic carbon or energy)
(Zhang et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2018). The activated
sludge structures are based on the formation of irreg-
ular occulent structures (in the process of natural
occulation). The main medium on which the entire
micro-community develops is the extracellular secre-
tions matrix (ECS) of Zooglea sp. (Shao et al., 2009).
The active surface of such structures in the wastewa-
ter volume is signicant and depending on the con-
tact time of pollutants with the activated sludge, the
process of biodegradation of pollutants is more or
less effective. A biolm is also a form of biologically
active surface in which the microbiota are embedded
in the form of a biological membrane on mineral or
articial carriers (Andreadakis, 1993). In this case,
also the cell secretions of various strains of bacteria
from the Zoogloeaceae family form the contact sur-
face of these micro-biocoenoses with wastewater or
pollutants of surface waters (Nagaoka et al., 1996;
Vanrolleghem, 2002, Tzeng et al., 2003). The third
form of “biological bed” are consortia of bacteria and
free-living microorganisms that effectively exploit the
food base, conducting the processes of biodegradation
of organic compounds in polluted waters (Qu and Fan,
2010). Free-living bacteria are a natural component of
aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in the circu-
lation of matter as microorganisms that conduct the
processes of mineralization of organic compounds
(Fuhrman, 1992). The last type of biological bed are
microorganisms of the rhizosphere of aquatic macro-
phytes, which form one of the most effective natural
biolters (Kuiper et al., 2004). Bacteria of the rhi-
zosphere live in symbiosis with plants and carry out
intensive biodegradation processes of dead organic
matter in bottom sediments (Joner and Leyval, 2003).
In the course of evolution, most macrophytes have de-
veloped efcient systems that transport atmospheric
gases to the root systems. The anoxic conditions of
the bottom zone do not pose a problem for the devel-
opment of the rhizosphere. Oxygen conditions prevail
Fig. 1. Natural wetlands with the Phragmites australis monoculture in the conditions of an extremely polluted reservoir

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
86 www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
within 0.3 mm of the root covering tissue (Sorrell and
Dromgoole, 1987). Natural marshes dominated by the
species Phragmites australis and other macrophytes
form a very effective system for the purication of all
kinds of organic pollutants (Zedler, 2000). In environ-
mental engineering, wetlands treatment systems have
been used as reservoirs in small and large wastewa-
ter treatment plants for many decades (Cooper, 1999;
Brix et al., 2007). Both the rhizosphere bacteria of
aquatic macrophytes and free-living microorganisms
are responsible for the self-purication processes of
surface waters (Ostroumov, 2017).
Both types of reservoirs contain indigenous spe-
cies of aquatic microorganisms, which are an essential
part of a self-controlling ecosystem.
Pollution loads and purication processes
The self-purication ability of surface waters is lim-
ited by environmental conditions, i.e. the number of
natural swamps in the shoreline of the reservoir and
the degree of coverage by submerged and oating
macrophytes. Along with the inux of pollutants to
the reservoir, we observe a gradual reduction in biodi-
versity in aquatic ecosystems (Maiti and Chowdhury,
2013). If the emission of pollutants is also continuous,
then over a certain period, signicant degradation of
such a reservoir can occur and the maximum simpli-
cation of biodiversity (Johnston and Roberts, 2009).
The processes of reproduction of renewable resources
are inhibited and the number of tolerant species begins
to increase (Johnston and Roberts, 2009). Also, even
though some species are able to adapt to the new condi-
tions of water quality, indigenous microorganisms are
not able to purify it effectively (Hertkorn et al., 2002).
Critical values of pollutant loads in the reservoir may
cause irreversible changes in the aquatic environment
and generate odor and aesthetic deterioration around
the reservoir (Sutton et al., 2014).
In the case of signicant degradation of the aquatic
environment, measures should be taken to restore the
appropriate water quality and regenerate the biodiver-
sity of the reservoir (Efer, 1996). If only the nature
of the pollutants allows the use of biological treatment
methods, their selection should be a priority (Gołdyn
et al., 2014; Cook et al., 2016). In the selection of bi-
ological (biotechnological) methods, technologies of
microbiological biopreparations and supporting meth-
ods such as ecotones and systems improving the ox-
ygen conditions of the water are used. In the initial
stage of the revitalization of signicantly degraded
reservoirs, it is advisable to use additional bed forms
increasing the efciency of the treatment process (Lar-
iyah et al, 2016). The scientic literature shows a sig-
nicant number of water bodies with an irreversible
level of degradation, requiring the use of engineering
technologies and articial actions to eliminate various
groups of pollutants (Ilnicki and Zeitz, 2002; Goel,
2006; Tripathi and Pandey, 2009; Wei et al., 2009; Pa-
lanques et al., 2014; Smil, 2015). In such cases, natu-
ral processes are incapable of activating the self-puri-
cation mechanisms in a polluted aquatic environment
(Wei et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2012; Ostroumov, 2017).
Types of biological beds and their applications
Despite the four main forms of biological beds, many
detailed types are distinguished depending on the
technological applications and the types of processes
in which they are used.
Fixed beds: constitute a signicant group of bio-
logical membrane carriers for municipal and industrial
wastewater treatment processes (Borghei et al., 2008).
In wastewater treatment technologies, these beds play
a key role in the selection and conguration of the
treatment process in various ow, quasi-ow bioreac-
tor systems (Lemmer et al., 1997).
Moving beds: one of the most dynamically develop-
ing treatment technologies in the last two decades. The
working environment for this type of bed is the classic
MBBR (moving bed biolm reactor) reactors and their
numerous modications in hybrid systems (Ødegaard
et al., 2004; Kujawiak et al., 2017; Kujawiak et al.,
2018; Kujawiak et al., 2020). A signicant number of
this type of treatment plants based on MBBR technol-
ogy has been built worldwide. Many SBR (sequencing
batch reactor) reactors have been adapted to work in
MBBR mode in hybrid mode (biomass carriers and ac-
tivated sludge). Due to the high tolerance of MBBR
bioreactors to changes in pollutant load and tempera-
ture of the treated medium, the scope of their appli-
cation has been signicantly extended (Andreottola et
al., 2000). Many scientists and technologists conduct
research on the development of biomass carriers and
their selection for new processes and types of wastewa-
ter (Ateia et al., 2015; Ateia et al., 2016).

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
87
www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
Biomass (biolm) carriers
MBBR system
Research and development works in the area of bio-
mass carriers (biolm) are of an interdisciplinary na-
ture as they combine the mechanics of two-phase u-
ids, material science, and microbiology. A necessary
condition for the use of ttings in MBBR biolters is
their density, which allows them to oat freely in the
water and at the same time to fall freely in a two-phase
mixture (water-air). The hydrophobicity of the mate-
rial used must not exceed a degree that prevents the
biological membrane from freely covering the surface
of the support (Sonwani et al., 2019). The specic sur-
face area of the ttings should be as large as possible
per 1 m3 of the beds used (Sonwani et al., 2019). The
shape of the carriers must ensure a free circulation of
the ttings in a bed, and at the same time, it cannot
cause signicant abrasion of the biolm by collisions
of the carriers (Kruszelnicka et al., 2018). The time of
insertion of the biological membrane in a bed is vari-
able and depends on the oxygen conditions, pollutant
loads, and the possibility of additional inoculation of
a bed with an appropriate microora in the MBBR
bioreactor (Morgan-Sagastume, 2018).
There are various types of ttings available on the
market for MBBR systems, and their specic surface
area per 1 m3 is very diverse. The most efcient and
effective ttings are Mutag BioChip 30™, which has
an active surface of 5,000 m2/m–3 (Fig. 2). Other bio-
mass carriers used in industrial practice have an area
at least 5 times smaller per 1 m3. The proper fouling
of the surface of a shaped body by a biological mem-
brane (biolm) is assumed to be in the range of 0.3
– 0.5 mm (Rauch, 2014; Geiger and Rauch, 2017), for
which it is possible to efciently transport oxygen to
the inside of the membrane.
Other biomass carriers
Many scientic publications have described the results
of comparisons between different types of carriers and
bioreactor environments in which they functioned as
biological beds (Mamatarkova et al., 2002; Rauch,
2014; Al-Amshawee et al., 2020). The most import-
ant parameter characteristic for all types of biological
beds is the active surface of the biolm covering the
beds. The ow of the medium must also be properly
directed, and its speed should ensure the proper time
of contact of pollutants with the biological bed.
The selection of biological beds depends on many
parameters of the reservoir, i.e. the size of the reser-
voir, the concentration of contaminants (load sizes),
the designed treatment system, and whether it is arti-
cial or natural. Unfortunately, very often the costs of
the treatment process, which are often signicant per
1 ha (Martin, 2004; Le et al., 2010), play a key role.
Moving beds made of articial materials such as
PE, PP, PVC, ABS, etc. are mainly used in various
Fig. 2. Biolm carriers include Mutag BioChip 30™, 30 mm diameter each tting, 1.1 mm thickness

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
88 www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
types of sewage treatment plants, but also offer a pos-
sibility of their application to natural reservoirs requir-
ing treatment (Andersson et al., 2008).
In the treatment of municipal and industrial waste-
water in the world, Kaldnes ttings (see: Fig. 3 D) are
the most widely used (Andreottola et al., 2000; Øde-
gaard et al., 2004). Bioball media beds (see: Fig. 3 H)
or recycled Hel-x media (see: Fig. 3 A) are often used
in the treatment of small reservoirs or on-site treatment
plants. Also, the products of direct plastic grinding
can act as biomass carriers (see: Fig. 3 F). In nancial
terms, fragments of cut conduit electric cables are an
alternative (see: Fig. 3 B). Recycling beds are a cheap
form of bed, unfortunately, their specic surfaces are
not as signicant as Kaldnes or Mutag BioChip (see:
Fig. 3 C).
Common forms of beds in ow-through biolters
are expanded clay pellets (see: Fig. 3 E) and various
types of ceramic ttings (see: Fig. 3 G) (Łopata et al.,
2017). LECA has a signicantly larger specic surface
compared to ceramic carriers. Preliminary studies by
Mazur indicate that microora works signicantly in
the expanded clay in comparison to ceramic ttings
and other types of biological beds.
Non-woven beds and sponges are still a popular
form of lling in ow lters or as so-called backing
biostructures in water bodies (see: Fig. 3 I, 4) (Mulli-
gan et al., 2009).
This type of beds becomes clogged very quickly
and the biomass that grows inside the pores inside
the structures is subject to putrefactive processes. Fi-
ber-lled biolters require frequent cleaning, there-
fore their use in the treatment of water bodies is lim-
ited (mainly in small aquaculture reservoirs) (Zakaria
et al., 2010).
One of the methods of lake and aquaculture reser-
voir treatment is a modied form of using EM prepa-
rations. The developed mudball bokashi contains ef-
fective consortia of microorganisms from the group of
probiotics (see: Fig. 5). This method is becoming more
and more popular all over the world, targeting contam-
inated shallow water bodies. According to the method-
ology developed by EM Probiotic technologists, about
1 mudball is used per 1 m2 of the reservoir at a depth of
1 m (bin Ahmad Nazria and binti Ghazali, 2017). Dis-
solving clay in water successively releases microorgan-
isms that carry out bottom-up biodegradation processes.
This method works especially well in small reservoirs
Fig. 3. Various biomass carriers used in the treatment of wastewater and water reservoirs

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
89
www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
Fig. 4. High porosity nonwoven for ltration and as a biomass carrier in ow-through biolters
Fig. 5. Bocashi mudball: river clay balls seasoned with the microora of effective microorganisms and with humus from
bio-waste composting.
and ponds. The only drawback is that it leaves a clay
mineral sediment on the bottom after the balls dissolve.
In revitalization of surface water pollution in Po-
land, biostructures are also used in a form of bags with
barley straw previously treated with microbiological
biopreparations.
These types of biostructures play a similar role
as bokashi mudballs, but additionally inuence the
conditions for better development of microorganisms
from biopreparations applied to contaminated water
and stimulate their growth. Practices also translate into
quick treatment effects at the place of their application.

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
90 www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
Microbiological biopreparations
Microbiological biopreparations are the leader in many
branches of industry, i.e. the food industry, health care
products, cosmetics, purication processes, agricul-
ture, processes of the revitalization of contaminated
soils and waters, elimination of odors and pathogenic
microorganisms (hazardous to the health of end con-
sumers of humans, animals, and plants) (Zakaria et al.,
2010; Park et al., 2016; Sitarek et al., 2017; Donda-
jewska et al., 2019; Mazur, 2020; Sharip et al., 2020).
The process of their production and the methods used
are the result of vigorous research and achievements in
the scientic discipline of Biotechnology (its various
departments).
Consortia of probiotic microorganisms used in
the protection of surface waters are developed by
many biotechnology companies and research units.
On the market, we can buy powdered or solid bio-
preparations (tablets) with freeze-dried forms of
effective microorganisms spores. They are widely
used all over the world for the active protection and
treatment of surface waters (small and large water
reservoirs) (Mazur, 2020; Sharip et al., 2020). The
main advantage of their use is the ease of transport
and dosing into water. The disadvantages include the
signicantly extended time required for the awak-
ening of cryptobiotic forms and their adaptation to
a new living environment before the effective pro-
cess of pollutant biodegradation begins. Revital-
ization of degraded reservoirs with the use of solid
biopreparations is one of the more expensive solu-
tions in the category of biological methods, there-
fore in Poland, these are niche activities, Eco-Tabs
products are mainly used. Liquid biopreparations are
also very effective in reducing water pollution and
revitalizing degraded water reservoirs (Park; 2016;
Mazur, 2020). The success of their operation is not
only the composition of the introduced consortia of
microorganisms but also complementary substances
(stimulating their early development in polluted wa-
ters of the reservoir). This form of preparation does
not contain spore forms, and when introduced to the
reservoir, biodegradation processes begin immedi-
ately. Specialized companies are rening the meth-
ods of their introduction, stimulation by aeration, etc.
On the Polish market, ACS Poland ofcially reports
that over 300 reservoirs have been treated using liq-
uid forms of directional biopreparations (Mazur and
Sitarek, 2020). The commercial biopreparations used
contain strains of allochthonous microorganisms that
are able to effectively reduce various forms of organ-
ic pollutants and nutrients in degraded water reser-
voirs (Swayne et al., 2010). The Greenland company
also offers a number of liquid preparations dedicated
Fig. 6. The biostructures – jute bags with barley straw soaked in microbiological preparations. In practice, bioremediation
of water bodies by ACS Poland.

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
91
www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
to the processes of lakes and small water reservoirs
revitalization (see: Fig. 7).
Strains of microorganisms from microbiological
preparations constitute a diffuse type of biological
bed. In the form of allochthonous free-living microor-
ganisms, but with a very high density compared to the
indigenous forms.
DISCUSSION
The process of revitalization of water reservoirs is
one of the most complex activities in the eld of en-
vironmental engineering. Each action taken should
be adapted to the nature of the pollution and the geo-
metric parameters of the reservoir (Chmist and Häm-
merling, 2016; Nowak et al., 2018; Mazur, 2019b).
If the condition of a reservoir is not critical and it is
possible to take non-invasive measures, such meth-
ods should be selected (Mazur and Sitarek, 2020).
The least invasive technologies include biological
methods (Mazur, 2020). If the sources of emissions
are not fully controlled and they cannot be eliminat-
ed, additional technologies supporting treatment pro-
cesses are recommended (Park; 2016; Sitarek et al.,
2017).
Biological beds can signicantly support the reser-
voir treatment process and prevent the negative effects
of emissions from diffuse sources (Tanaka et al., 2001;
Ateia et al., 2016; Mazur, 2019b). Among the meth-
ods described, regardless of the others, applications
of microbiological biopreparations is main method
(Mazur, 2020). Many scientic publications present
the results of revitalization using this type of technol-
ogy (Zakaria et al., 2010; Park et al., 2016; Sitarek
et al., 2017; Dondajewska et al., 2019; Mazur, 2020;
Sharip et al., 2020). Additional treatment-enhancing
technologies are mainly based on aeration processes
(Carr and Martin, 1978; Dixit et al., 2007; Dong et al.,
2012; Chmielowski et al., 2019; Anber et al., 2020), or
controlled planting of ecotones in zones of intensive
nutrient supply to water (Vought et al., 1994; Fennessy
and Cronk, 1997; Holland, 2012).
Fig. 7. Biopreparations EM Probiotyk Greenland used in the treatment of polluted surface waters

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
92 www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
From the industry practice in the eld of aqua-
culture, we can nd information about supporting
the treatment process by using bioreactors or ap-
propriately adapted band ditches (as ow biolters)
(Klapper, 2002; Karakurt-Fischer et al., 2020). The
use of moving beds requires additional installations
with a separate aerated bioreactor chamber operat-
ing in the continuous ow or continuous quasi mode
(Mazur, 2019B). Active sludge bioreactors are not
practiced due to a possible retention of the ocs to
the reservoir and a low tolerance of the bed to low
pollutant loads (Mazur, 2019b). MBBR bioreactors
(Ødegaard et al., 2004) are much more tolerant to
changes in environmental parameters. Biomass car-
riers circulating in the reactor chamber can be easily
secured against their retention to breeding ponds or
revitalized reservoirs (Mazur, 2019B). The choice of
carriers due to their treatment efciency is indicated
by the Kaldnes or Mutag BioChip beds (Andreotto-
la et al., 2000; Ødegaard et al., 2004; Rauch, 2014;
Geiger and Rauch, 2017). Due to the price of the
beds, a cheaper alternative are recycled beds or ow-
through biolters with expanded clay or ceramic feed
(Łopata et al., 2017). Unfortunately, cheaper beds are
characterized by a much smaller active surface of the
biolm and worse treatment parameters per 1 m3 of
the bioreactor (Mazur, 2019b). In such situations, the
number of bioreactors used should be higher (Mazur,
2019b). The energy consumption of the treatment
process is also signicantly higher (Mazur, 2019b).
In ow-through reservoirs, nonwovens or porous
structures are used to cover the bottom of the reser-
voir (Szlauer and Świerczyńska, 1988). Under such
ow conditions and intensive water oxygenation, the
biological membrane growing on the biostructures
plays an important role in the water self-purication
process (see: Fig. 6).
Unfortunately, none of the biological methods
based on xed or movable beds works independent-
ly in the conditions of contaminated stagnant waters
and can be used as an auxiliary. In degraded lakes,
bays, and places with water stagnation are particularly
suitable for the location of bioreactors (Mazur, 2020).
Such places are particularly susceptible to secondary
effects of eutrophication even during the revitalization
process, therefore it is important to use additional sup-
porting techniques (Mazur and Sitarek, 2020).
In ponds and shallow reservoirs up to a depth of
about 1 m, very good revitalization results are demon-
strated by the methods using bokashi mudballs, as an
alternative to direct application of biopreparations to
water (Zakaria et al., 2010). Opinions on the control
of cyanobacteria by microorganisms from the appli-
cation of biopreparations are signicantly divided.
Lurling et al. presented the results of their research
showing that effective microorganisms are not able
to successfully prevent cyanobacteria blooms in neu-
tralized water bodies (Lurling et al., 2010). The re-
sults of the monitoring of Mazur and Mazur and Si-
tarek showed a signicant reduction of cyanobacteria
blooms in revitalized water reservoirs (Mazur, 2020;
Mazur and Sitarek 2020). Such different test results
may result from many reasons, such as application
technique and form of biopreparations, eld condi-
tions of reservoirs, elimination of pollution sources,
etc. Some scientists and experts are concerned about
the uncontrolled expansion of new strains of alloch-
thonous microorganisms introduced into the polluted
aquatic environment. There are also concerns about
the unpredictable effects that this articial microbio-
ta may have in the new environment (Shalaby, 2011;
Nathaniel et al., 2020). The application of biological
preparations is recommended only when the degrada-
tion state of the water reservoir exceeds the possibili-
ties of water self-purication processes. The polluted
waters are dominated by dangerous forms of patho-
genic microorganisms, causing a number of adverse
environmental changes. Under such conditions, it was
shown that the used consortia of microorganisms in
biopreparation contribute to the improvement of wa-
ter quality, reduction of pathogenic microorganisms,
and the regeneration of biodiversity appropriate for
a given water ecosystem. (Mazur and Sitarek, 2020).
Legal regulations concerning the introduction of ar-
ticial microbiota into water reservoirs require PZH
approvals, that there are no pathogenic microorgan-
isms in the introduced biomixtures. The potential ben-
ets of the biopreparations used to exceed the risk of
the threat posed by foreign strains of microbiota, and
the literature reports show positive effects in restoring
the level of biodiversity that characterized the reser-
voir before its contamination. (Mazur, 2020). A very
effective combination is the use of bio-mixtures with
the planting of macrophytes that create ecotones, such

Mazur, A., Chmielowski, K. (2020). Supporting the water reservoir restoration processes by using selected type of biological beds.
Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 19 (3), 83–98. DOI:
93
www.acta.urk.edu.pl/pl
methods set new trends in environmental biotechnol-
ogy in activities for the revitalization of degraded wa-
ter areas.
The experience of experts performing revitaliza-
tion processes is also crucial in obtaining the appropri-
ate treatment effect and its durability over time. The
biotechnology company ACS Poland has been suc-
cessful in successful revitalization for over 10 years,
revitalized over 300 small and large reservoirs in Po-
land (Mazur, 2020; Sitarek et al., 2017).
In a few cases, the durability of the revitalization
effects is achieved for more than one season, and
the treatments have to be repeated. Perhaps the use
of bioreactors will help to extend the durability of
treatment effects without the need for secondary ap-
plications of microbiological preparations (Mazur,
2019b).
CONCLUSIONS
Biological beds are especially widely used in the treat-
ment of wastewater from various sources. Some of the
biological beds can be used in the treatment of open
reservoirs, after appropriate adaptation of the treat-
ment installation to the reservoir conditions. The meth-
ods based on moving and xed beds can in most cases
be used as support technologies (mainly for biotech-
nological methods based on the application of micro-
biological preparations). Further research is required
on the possibilities of effective use of carriers in the
revitalization of small and large water reservoirs.
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WSPOMAGANIE PROCESU REWITALIZACJI ZBIORNIKÓW WODNYCH PRZEZ ZASTOSOWANIE WYBRANYCH
TYPÓW ZŁÓŻ BIOLOGICZNYCH
ABSTRAKT
Cel pracy
Celem pacy jest ocena możliwości wykorzystania wybranych typów złóż biologicznych we wspomaganiu
procesów rewitalizacji silnie zdegradowanych zbiorników wodnych.
Materiał i Metody
Autorzy dokonali przeglądu literatury w zakresie złóż biologicznych stosowanych w procesach oczyszczania
różnych typów ścieków. Wybrano określone typy złoży, które wykazują tolerancję na zmiany temperatury
oraz znaczące zmiany ładunków zanieczyszczeń organicznych. Scharakteryzowano potencjał samooczysz-
czania wód oraz rolę naturalnych metod w rewitalizacji zbiorników wodnych. Przedstawiono charakterysty-
kę metod biologicznych opartych na złożach ruchomych MBBR, oraz złożach stałych.
Wyniki i wnioski
Ocenie poddano możliwości zastosowania wybranych typów złóż ruchomych MBBR, i stałych we wspoma-
ganiu procesu oczyszczania silnie zanieczyszczonych wód powierzchniowych. Dyskusji poddano metody
biotechnologiczne oparte na biopreparatach płynnych i stałych stosowanych standardowo w rewitalizacji
wód. Wykazano, że w przypadku gdy metody biotechnologiczne nie są w stanie sprawnie działa, bardzo
korzystne jest uruchomienie dodatkowych procesów biologicznych w celu poprawy efektywności procesu
rewitalizacji.
Słowa kluczowe: złoża biologiczne, nośniki biomasy, MBBR, ltry włókninowe, złoża mineralne, zanie-
czyszczenie wód, oczyszczanie wód