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Body and Mature Behaviour

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... Moshe Feldenkrais (1949), the founder the Feldenkrais method saw the body as an integrated system in which posture, sensations, thoughts, feelings, chemical and hormonal processes all interact with one another in response to the environment. Emotions express themselves in muscle patterns as in the case anxiety, fear, or laughter. ...
... An enhanced body structure could ameliorate these deficiencies and, by consequence, one's self-image. Feldenkrais (1949) noted that, "a recurrent emotional state always appears together with the attitude of the body and the vegetative states with which it was conditioned earlier. Therefore, when an emotional complex has been resolved a specifically individual body habit is resolved simultaneously (p.7)." ...
... Likewise breathing, which both affects and reflects muscle tension, influences emotional well-being. Thus, with breath and movement change becomes possible (Feldenkrais, 1949). ...
... Its phylogenetic meaning is still unclear but the reflex is detectable at approximately week 30 in utero and is supposed to be suppressed during the first six months postnatally. The Moro reflex is most probably mediated by vestibular nuclei and has a close connection to the grasp reflex [61], mentioned also by Feldenkrais who like Schilder referred to our inborn fear of falling as well as to the vestibular systems role in anxiety [62]. ...
... These are gross motor milestones of prime importance not only for coordination but also for hip and trunk stability, both of which are essential for a stable up-right posture. The human body is indeed badly suited for standing [62]. The body has to be well prepared and then well kept, because to defy gravity will become a life long struggle. ...
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The aim of this commentary is to present characteristics of an “unidentified psychological barrier,” which we previously have speculated to be associated with vestibular underachievement, an overlooked part for the understanding of the resistance to physical activity as well as in the assessments and interventions of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of its identification and how to push knowledge forward. A delayed or partly absent sensorimotor development for an otherwise healthy infant might be a substantial sign of an underachieving vestibular system. It is time to act and to take sensorimotor immaturities seriously. In order to come to terms with DCD including physical inactivity there is a need for a grounded approach to sensorimotor development, not the least as a complement to already established ‘treatment’ methods.
... Body-oriented therapies using the Feldenkrais method (Feldenkrais, 1949;Russell, 1999) have been offered in our clinic for the past few years. The treatments occur in either individual or in group settings. ...
... The patient does not need to expend any energy against gravity. According to the underlying theory, reducing the motor stimuli to a minimum increases the sensitivity to a maximum (Feldenkrais, 1949). In this way, the patient's own, possibly restricted, movement patterns can be perceptually discriminated, and alternative movement patterns can be developed. ...
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This short-term study examined the effectiveness of the Feldenkrais method of functional integration and of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) compared with the standard medical treatment during the acute phase after myocardial infarction. Three patient groups (n = 20 each) received 1 of 3 treatment options: 2 sessions of Feldenkrais therapy, 2 sessions of PMR, or no intervention. Evaluations using quantitative and qualitative methods were performed an average of 3.7 and 7.8 days after subjects' myocardial infarction, respectively. Significant improvements, independent of the intervention, were found over the evaluation period in the Perception of Body Dynamics body image scale and in the Physical Well-Being and Emotional Well-Being quality-of-life scales. A statistically significant, differential effect of any one intervention with respect to the control group did not arise in any of the quantitative questionnaire variables examined. However, subjective improvements of varying description were noted by 17 of 20 patients after the 1st Feldenkrais therapy and by 13 of 20 patients after the first PMR treatment. Although the therapeutic doses were probably too small to illustrate a significant effect on the self-rating methods, the qualitative patient statements support using the Feldenkrais method or PMR for particular cases in an acute medical setting and continuing treatment during rehabilitation or on an outpatient basis.
... This is a simple but powerful concept. Bipeds hold their CoM at the highest location, storing the PE to draw on it in moving in any direction with the least expenditure of energy [15]. So the posture of maximum PE minimizes the static joint torques as well as maximizes the mobility in the horizontal plane. ...
... From (12), the minimum ||G|| therefore occurs at G min = 0. The control law is thus: (15) where k is a constant positive gain. We refer to this law as the Hessian method, for reasons that we will see. ...
Conference Paper
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Balance maintenance and upright posture recovery under unexpected environmental forces are key requirements for safe and successful co-existence of humanoid robots in normal human environments. In this paper we present a two-phase control strategy for robust balance maintenance under a force disturbance. The first phase, called the reflex phase, is designed to withstand the immediate effect of the force. The second phase is the recovery phase where the system is steered back to a statically stable “home ” posture. The reflex control law employs angular momentum and is characterized by its counter-intuitive quality of “yielding ” to the disturbance. The recovery control employs a general scheme of seeking to maximize the potential energy and is robust to local ground surface feature. Biomechanics literature indicates a similar strategy in play during human balance maintenance. Index Terms – Biped robot, disturbance rejection, balance, posture recovery, potential energy.
... 7,8 Furthermore, it has been postulated that musculoskeletal discomforts and psychosocial factors may contribute to an increase in the extent of thoracic kyphosis. 9 It is thought that disorders in proprioception, a basic element of sensorimotor control, and position sense, a subcomponent of proprioception, may increase the degree of thoracic kyphosis. 10,11 The spine receives proprioceptive information from different structures, including ligaments, the thoracolumbar fascia, intervertebral discs, and paraspinal muscles. ...
... 3 Feldenkrais was the first one to establish a relationship between posture and vocal production in 1949. 8 This relationship seems to occur both ways: vocal pathology may cause postural changes, and on the contrary, postural changes may affect voice production. 9,10 A group of researchers conducted several studies of normal and healthy individuals about this subject during vocal effort, defining quantitative postural parameters. ...
... Since the newborn is rather insensitive to noise the reaction and fear for loud and/or sudden noises, a Startle reflex develops somewhat later and is conditioned. The common denominator for both anxiety and fear is an irritation of at least one of the branches of the eighth cranial nerve (Feldenkrais, 1988). Although it has been argued that The Moro reflex and the Startle reflex are different entities (e.g., Rousseau et al., 2017) they are thought to be part of the same developmental chain (Goddard Blythe, 2014) and therefore we find it likely that they are two sides of the same coin. ...
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This focused review is based on earlier studies which have shown that both children and adults diagnosed as having developmental coordination disorder (DCD), benefited from sensorimotor therapy according to the method Retraining for Balance (RB). Different approaches and assessments for children and adults in regard to DCD are scrutinized and discussed in comparison to RB which mainly includes (a) vestibular assessment and stimulation (b) assessment and integration of aberrant primary reflexes and (c) assessment and stimulation of auditory and visual perception. Earlier results indicate that the process of Sensorimotor therapy using RB techniques could be described according to a conceptual Kinesthetic-Vestibular Developmental Model (KVDM) whereby the training elicited temporary physical and psychological regressions followed by transformations i.e., positive physical and psychological development. We have also seen that this recurring pattern is similar for children and adults. In our conceptual model vestibular stimulation (perceptual priming) stimulates the nervous system, which might enhance object-related priming. This perceptual priming will also assist the suppression of persistent aberrant primary reflexes. In order to develop effective methods for assessment and intervention of DCD over the life span the importance of primary reflex inhibition and vestibular stimulation as well as a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches have to be considered.
... [1][2][3][4][5] Feldenkrais published the first description of the relationship between posture and vocal production in 1949. 6 Vibration of vocal fold mucosa generated by the passage of exhaled air produces a fundamental tone, which, modified by amplification and resonance in the upper airways, results in human voice. Thus, for vocal production, in addition to the correct closure and vibration of vocal folds, dependent on the position of the larynx, good respiratory and resonance function is necessary, functions also profoundly influenced by body posture. ...
Article
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The role of posture in vocal performance is recognized for many years. Speech therapists and singing teachers use this knowledge to correct bad postures to improve vocal quality with good results, although most of that knowledge is empirical. This review evaluates the influence of posture and balance on voice. Modification in posture secondary to exogenous stimulation can affect voice, while alterations to the voice production mechanism can cause modifications in posture. Vocal effort results in segmental alterations of posture, accompanied by global postural changes. Dysphonic individuals demonstrate a greater displacement of the centre of gravity forward, which results in postural instability, increasing muscular work to maintain the posture and balance. After vocal rehabilitation, dysphonic patients presented an improvement in posture parameters in static and dynamic posturography. Posturography evaluation of patients before and after vocal treatment may represent a clinically useful variable in evaluating the efficacy of vocal therapy.
... Such discussions of "health", "intelligence", "conscious exercise" and "ease" in movement seem to support the idea that a healthy body is one which can adapt easily to various situations in order to move without injury or tension, but also can act with a degree of self-motivated agency toward inquiring into his own means, and the most useful methods of action. "The most useful" is defined by those practitioners who study the relationship between patterns of moving, functional alignment and pain (see Todd 1937, Faust 1998Feldenkrais 1949Feldenkrais , 1972Feldenkrais , 1992Alexander 1923Alexander , 1932Egoscue 1992Egoscue , 2000Egoscue , 2004, but it can just as readily be defined by the researcher of movement who inquires seriously into his own movement habits and their effects upon his body. In many cases, the observation of an experienced movement practitioner can help foster the self-reflective bodily consciousness needed to identify and begin to change such habits. ...
... According to Feldenkrais, "so smart is the human brain, that learning to do something with ease and facility once, can be sufficient to bring about change even after the brain has done that thing ineffectively a thousand times." If one "part" of the brain fails, than other parts can take over… if brain cells die, they can at times be replaced, or other parts can be recruited to take over their function [35]. ...
... Starting in the 1940ies, Moshe Feldenkrais, nuclear engineer (doctor of the Sorbonne) and expert judoka, developed his method of improving the functioning of the mind-body -which is viewed as an inseparable whole - (Feldenkrais 1949, Buckard 2015. Feldenkrais considered movement both a crucial tool for re-education (Feldenkrais 1972), as well as being constitutive of many if not all of the functions one might want to improve. ...
Article
Paper in preparation, see: http://www.feldenkrais-lernen.at/Survey/survey-explanation.html
... Movement based approaches such as Alexander Technique (Drake 1991), the Feldenkrais method (Feldenkrais 1977), Chi Gung, Body Mind Work, work on breathing for example Pranayama (Yyengar Yoga 1966), contact based improvisation, and other movement improvisation, extended vocal technique, and relaxation could be of great benefit and should be developed in collaboration with people on the autistic spectrum. On a fundamental level we need to develop a variety of ways in which people can access their voices and bodies. ...
... Because of that, in persons with hyperfunctional dysphonia, disorders within the musculoskeletal system occur very often, involving the muscular-fascial-ligamentous system and disturbing the posture of the whole body [7,8]. The relation between body posture and production of sound was noted as early as 1949 by Feldenkreis [9]. Incorrect head position, lumbar hyperlordosis and bringing the chin forward cause excessive tension of the suboccipital and neck muscles and in consequence chronic tension and shortening of the cricothyroid muscle, and habitual IJOMEH 2012;25(3) 227 the health spa by laryngologists/phoniatrists working in the Voivodeship/Regional Centres of Occupational Medicine in the whole of Poland. ...
Article
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Occupational voice disorders are accompanied by increased tension of the external laryngeal muscle which changes the position of the larynx and consequently disturbs the conditions of functioning of the vocal tract. The aim of the study is to assess the use of osteopathic procedures in the diagnosis and treatment of occupational dysphonia. Study subjects included 40 teachers with chronic diseases of the voice organ (38 women and 2 men) aged from 39 to 59 (mean age: 48.25). Before and after the voice therapy the osteopathic examination according to Libermann's protocol was performed as well as phoniatric examination including laryngovideostroboscopy (LVSS), assessment of the maximum phonation time (MPT) and the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) score. The voice therapy, scheduled and supervised by a laryngologist-phoniatrician and conducted by a speech-language pathologist, was supplemented with osteopathic myofascial rehabilitation of the larynx. The chi-square McNemar test and non-parametric Wilcoxon matched pairs test were applied in the statistical assessment. The applied interdisciplinary treatment including osteopathic and vocal therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in tenderness of muscles raising the larynx (cricothyroid ligament, sternocleidomastoid muscles, and pharyngeal constrictor muscles) and in lowering the tonus (geniohyoid muscles, pharyngeal constrictor muscles and sternocleidomastoid muscles). A significant improvement was also observed in the case of dysfunction of the cricothyroid joint examined during glissando and yawning, as well as in asymmetry of the thyrohyoid apparatus. Moreover, the therapy resulted in significantly better normalization of the head position and better control of the centre of gravity of the body. Statistically significant post-therapy improvement was observed in the phoniatric examination, including VHI scores, MPT results and parameters of videostroboscopic examination. The use of osteopathic therapy helps significantly improve the functions of the vocal tract in patients with occupational dysphonia.
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Dorsal Practices is a process-based, interdisciplinary artistic collaboration between choreographer Katrina Brown and writer–artist Emma Cocker. This research enquiry explores the notion of dorsality and the cultivation of a back-oriented awareness in relation to how we as sentient bodies orientate to the self, others (human, more-than-human), and interconnected world. Since 2021, Dorsal Practices has unfolded through the interrelation of three fields of experimental, embodied research practice: movement-based practices, conversation practices, and experimental reading practices. Dorsal Practices explores how the tilt or inclination towards dorsal (dis)orientation might enable new modes of thinking–perceiving and being–with, and more connected, sustainable ways of living and aliveness based on the reciprocal, entangled relationship between self/environment. We ask: How does the cultivation of a back-oriented awareness and attitude shape and inform our embodied, affective, and relational experience of being-in-the-world? Rather than a mode of withdrawal, of turning one’s back, how might a back-leaning orientation support an open, receptive ethics of relation? Central to this enquiry is an attempt to explore how different linguistic practices might be developed in fidelity to the embodied experiences of dorsality: how the experiences of listening, languaging, even thinking, might be shaped differently through this embodied tilt of awareness and attention towards the back.
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U pozadini svakog postizanja vrhunskog rezul-tata stoji trening. Cilj trenažnog procesa jest osigu-rati optimalne uvijete za razvoj najvažnijih sposo-bnosti odabranog sporta. Praksa i teorija zajedno svakodnevno nastoje pronaći učinkovitije metode treninga. Feldenkrais-metoda proučava mogućnosti pro-mjene automatiziranih obrazaca pokreta, tj. navika. Vježbama ove metode moguće je utjecati na pobolj-šanje kvalitete pokreta, što je potpomognuto posti-zanjem bolje kontrole. Zasnovana je na neuroplasti-čnim sposobnostima učenja ljudskog mozga. Kvaliteta, tj. koordinacija pokreta povećava se procesom učenja. Kada igrač dostigne izvjesnu ra-zinu kvalitete, započinje samo koristiti pokret. Tada igrač postaje ciljno orijentiran, a time daljnji razvoj kvalitete stagnira (Feldenkrais, 1972.). Želimo li mi-jenjati obrazac pokreta, moramo biti svjesni, uzro-čno-posljedičnom vezom, na koji način ga radimo. Radimo li pokret brzo, uglavnom koristimo usta-ljeni obrazac pokreta sa smanjenom mogućnošću promjene. Inhibirano stanje mišića logaritamskom funkcijom Weber-Fechnerovog zakona povećava senzoričke sposobnosti koje su ključne za perce-pciju razlika u pokretu. Također, učenje se odvija u uvjetima eksperimentiranja, odnosno "igre". Uspi-jemo li pronaći optimalnu, tj. koordinacijski preci-zniju kontrolu, pokret postaje lakši i brži. Ovo istraživanje pokušaj je potvrde prethodno navedenih hipoteza o učinkovitosti vježbi Felden-krais-metode u optimalizaciji kvalitete pokreta, ra-zvoju koordinacije i time ostalih motoričkih spo-sobnosti, poput eksplozivnosti, brzine, agilnosti i fleksibilnosti.
Article
The Italic I is a practice-based collaboration between writer-artist Emma Cocker and interdisciplinary artist Clare Thornton that explores the different states of potential made possible through purposefully surrendering to the event of a repeated fall. Parallel to capturing the event of a repeated fall through performance and its documents, our collaborative activity has involved the production of a textual lexicon for reflecting on the different episodes within falling, generated through the ‘free-fall’ of conversational exchange. Central to our enquiry has been the production of an artists’ publication (of the same title as the project), through which an attempt is made to capture and communicate the event of falling visually and linguistically. This article presents a reworked version of The Italic I, as a central point of leverage and departure against which to elaborate upon the conceptualisation, construction and potential application of this publication as a propositional training or exercise device. Less a step-by-step manual for instructing another on how to fall, the publication The Italic I is proposed as a training spur or prompt for developing the capacity to operate against expectation, for cultivating a wilfully non-corrective tendency in thought, speech and action.
Chapter
The recent orientation of clinical sexology tries to go beyond the dogmatism of the former models which emphasized either fantasy (psychoanalysis) or behavior (behaviorism). Between these two tendencies (to which it is necessary to add the pharmacological approach) appear two approaches underlining as well the communication (family therapy) and the body language.
Chapter
Der Begriff Prävention steht für alle medizinischen und sozialen Anstrengungen, die Gesundheit zu fördern und Krankheiten und Unfälle zu verhüten bzw. negative Folgen so gering wie möglich zu halten.
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The author describes her work as a Feldenkrais practitioner with a seriously retarded woman that led her to experience dramatic changes in her being-in-the world.
Article
The Feldenkrais Method provides an opportunity for neuromucular re-education through sensory-motor awareness. This paper provides a brief description of the application of the Method, discusses the two interrelated modes of instruction (Awareness Through Movement [ATM] and Functional Integration [FI]) and highlights some of the principles used in the Feldenkrais Method. An ATM lesson and a case study using FI are included.
Article
This paper, the first of a three part series, explores the principle of least effort applied to the quadriceps. The next installment describes manual therapy of the anterior thigh, in particular, the freeing of benign patello-femoral tension. The concluding installment describes a movement therapy approach aiding the patient in awareness and in the exercise of choice in levels of exertion. Quadriceps contraction is necessary in many activities of daily living, but only in bursts. The need for sustained effort is rare. In fact, quadriceps activity is extraneous in most stationary recumbent, standing and sitting positions. Despite the current belief that it is prudent to conserve resources, uninterrupted yet subtle quadriceps contraction is commonplace. Such effort is easy to learn but difficult to correct. This pattern may be demonstrated using the Wartenberg pendulum test. The test may also be used as a self-awareness procedure for re-training relaxation. For the clinician, valuable information may be gained by observing foot trajectory, shin carriage, extraneous exertion and quality of motion. Inquiry after these features may sharpen diagnosis and improve treatment.
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The application of neurofeedback to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in returning veterans is described herein and is illustrated with two case histories. Initially, frequency-based electroencephalogram training was employed to promote functional recovery, in the manner of the traditional sensorimotor rhythm/beta approach. An optimization procedure was employed in which the reinforcement frequency is tailored to the client on the basis of symptom response, with particular regard for the regulation of arousal. Low frequencies, down to .01 Hz, have been found especially useful in the remediation of post- traumatic stress disorder. This training was complemented with traditional alpha-theta work as pioneered at the Menninger Foundation and by Peniston. The objective here is experiential, because prior traumas typically are revisited in a nonforced, nontraumatic manner. The benign witnessing of traumas consolidates the experience of safety for which the prior training laid the groundwork. Collectively, this approach has been found to be much better tolerated than traditional exposure therapies. In addition, it is helpful in the shedding of substance dependencies that are common in treatment-resistant PTSD
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Structural integration (SI), known popularly as 'rolfing', is a systematic program of postural repatterning via connective tissue manipulation that has gained increased attention and application during the current Renaissance of natural therapies. SI has also been the object of jokes and misconceptions, as in "Rolfing-isn't that the one where they flay your muscles off the bone and make you scream about your mother?" The intent of this series is to allay some of these misconceptions by briefly defining the scope of SI practice, and presenting a general outline of Dr. Rolf's central contribution, the multi-session protocol of the Structural Integration 'Recipe' and the somatic balance it is designed to evoke. The variations among various current Structural Integration programs will be explored, and an alternate version of the SI protocol based on longitudinal myofascial continuities is also presented.
Article
The ability of the Feldenkrais® Method to reduce state anxiety was investigated. Specifically, both a single Feldenkrais® Awareness Through Movement lesson and a 10-week Feldenkrais®Awareness Through Movement programme were studied. Participants volunteered to take part in one 1-hour class each week for 10 weeks. Individuals who declined to participate in the 10-week programme were given the opportunity to participate in a single 1-hour lesson during week 5. Participants were divided into two groups: new and returning students, based on previous experience with Awareness Through Movement lessons. Participants were administered the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al. 1983) prior to the beginning of the first lesson (week 1 – T1), immediately before and after the fifth lesson (week 5 – T2 and T3), and after the final lesson (week 10 – T4). Findings indicated that state anxiety scores decreased significantly over a single lesson (T2–T3) for both new (n=13) and returning (n=42) students. In addition, state anxiety scores were significantly lower after the 10-week programme (T4) when compared with baseline scores (T1) for new (n=3) and returning (n=42) students, with new students experiencing a significantly greater reduction than returning students. These findings can be interpreted as further support for the efficacy of the Feldenkrais® Method in reducing state anxiety.
Article
models of human nature / psychoanalysis and neo-Freudian personality systems / body-oriented models of therapy and growth developed by Wilhelm Reich and others / positive, growth-oriented models of Maslow and humanistic psychology present a transpersonal perspective within three interrelated domains / understand transpersonal psychology as a discipline that combines and blends the concerns and approaches of these domains (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Some people are unable to relax even in a resting position. Undoubtedly, this interferes with manual therapy. Presumably, letting go requires a feeling of safety. If so, for those without neuromusculoskeletal pathology, all that may be needed is encouragement. But this must move beyond words; safety and comfort must be experienced somatically. Safety requires stability. In those unable to relax, stability is purchased through persistent and, sometimes, wide-ranging muscular co-activation. Skeletal opposition, a different stabilization strategy, permits more relaxation and is more efficient since it uses only bursts of muscular co-activation. To reach maximal efficiency of movement there must be trust in the safety of unstable equilibrium. Creating suitable conditions for this somatic learning is the subject of this paper. Introduced are two concepts useful in describing movement excellence; each with two sub-divisions. Skeletal opposition is discussed in two forms: centrifugal and centripetal. Secondly, centration strategies, either expansile or load-bearing, are discussed with examples. Described in earlier installments was Wartenberg's pendulum test (Wartenberg, R., 1952. Knee dropping test. This test, designed for diagnosing spasticity, can assess relaxation. Also presented were four other tests: abrupt relaxation test, supine head–ankle oscillation test, isometric tense-relax testing and ballistic perturbation testing, the last three recumbent. Four telltale signs of extraneous muscle effort were outlined, as were four signs of relaxation. Myofascial techniques, at three levels of scale, were illustrated. Torsional oscillation, scalable in application, was introduced as both test and treatment. Speculations regarding oscillation as therapy were presented. These include the simultaneous use of two asymmetric oscillations to reach deeper using reflection and refraction; force collimation using bridge points; standing waves and oscillatory still points.
Article
Although social conflict has obvious ties with physical combat, the literature on social conflict ignores its corporeal substratum. Reviewing that literature yields a paradigm of sources of conflict comprising six major variables: hostility level, reactivity, rigidity, moral righteousness, weak conflict-aversive values, and ineffective dampening factors. Each of those variables has some representation in the body. Realizing this enables us to ask what kinds of conflict-relevant meanings emanate from processes within the human body itself, and what supra-organismic variables imbue bodily conduct with meanings that relate to conflict. That analysis in turn opens up a new dimension of the general theory of action by way of amending Parsons-Lidzes’s concept of the behavioural system. The chapter suggests calling this the actional organism– the subsystem of action where the organism’s input of energies and the inputs from sources of meanings meet and interpenetrate.
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The results of most recent studies have generally indicated an improvement in mood after participation in aerobic exercise. However, only a few researchers have compared mindful modes of exercise with aerobic exercise to examine the effect of 1 single session of exercise on mood. In the present study, the authors assessed state anxiety, depressive mood, and subjective well-being prior to and following 1 class of 1 of 4 exercise modes: yoga, Feldenkrais (awareness through movement), aerobic dance, and swimming; a computer class served as a control. Participants were 147 female general curriculum and physical education teachers (mean age = 40.15, SD = 0.2) voluntarily enrolled in a 1-year enrichment program at a physical education college. Analyses of variance for repeated measures revealed mood improvement following Feldenkrais, swimming, and yoga but not following aerobic dance and computer lessons. Mindful low-exertion activities as well as aerobic activities enhanced mood in 1 single session of exercise. The authors suggest that more studies assessing the mood-enhancing benefits of mindful activities such as Feldenkrais and yoga are needed.
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