Neurosis and Human Growth
... This point of view is shared by several scholars who assert that we have an innate resilience and drive toward self-actualization (sometimes referred to as the "true" or "real" self). The psychoanalyst Karen Horney (1950) proposed that the "real" self contains potential for growth, happiness, and willpower, and for achieving self-actualization. These scholars postulate that growth and flourishing spontaneously occur if one removes what hinders it from manifesting (Danielian & Gianotti, 2012Horney, 1950). ...
... The psychoanalyst Karen Horney (1950) proposed that the "real" self contains potential for growth, happiness, and willpower, and for achieving self-actualization. These scholars postulate that growth and flourishing spontaneously occur if one removes what hinders it from manifesting (Danielian & Gianotti, 2012Horney, 1950). For example, plants have an innate capacity to grow when one places them in the right environment. ...
... 158). According to Horney (1950), this real self is an "intrinsic potentiality" or "central inner force, common to all human beings" (p. 17) that is the core source of development. ...
In this chapter the workbook’s previous chapters are integrated into an explanation of the dynamics that underlie the cycle of addiction. It highlights that when the I-System becomes hyperactive, individuals forfeit their innate capabilities for creative thought, open-mindedness, and resilience, exhibiting instead overly stringent expectations or assumptions about themselves, others, and circumstances. By presenting examples of thought patterns that obstruct resilience, the authors demystify the nature of problematic and unrealistic “I-System Requirements” or “the shoulds” in life that often breed frustration, physical tension, shame, or withdrawal. The reader is then guided on how to neutralize these negative thoughts or what the authors term the Depressor Storyline. They describe a self-perpetuating cycle often created between a Depressor Storyline and the Fixer Storyline, which involves the Depressor generating negative thoughts that snowball into a Storyline, while the Fixer incessantly devises stories on how to rectify self, others, or circumstances. The objective is to find means to deactivate the hyperactive I-System Requirements, which is crucial to freeing individuals from restrictive and repetitive patterns to attain a state of Natural Functioning.
... Perfectionism was initially studied in clinical contexts where it was mostly thought to be a character trait with a defensive function. Karen Horney (1950) regarded one possible source of perfectionism to be unrealistically high and often authoritarian parental demands through childhood, and the resulting feelings of worthlessness, shame, and guilt. However, most fundamentally, "the child does not develop a feeling of belonging or we," something that awakens a "basic anxiety." ...
... Perfectionism, therefore, arises both as a defensive strategy to keep overwhelmingly painful feelings at a distance and as a compensatory strategy for a deeply rooted experience of being defective. Horney (1950) described the phenomenology of this type of perfectionism clear and vividly: ...
... On the other hand, people with socially prescribed perfectionism tend to overanalyze through rumination and worry about core personal values and future plans. From a psychodynamic perspective, perfectionism will imply a split in self-experience and personal identity between an idealized "perfect" self and an underlying sense of shame and worthlessness (Chen et al., 2015;Horney, 1950). Ricoeur (1991) describes life as "an activity and a passion in search of a narrative" (p. ...
Under what life conditions do individuals turn to perfectionistic striving and ideals as a solution? The present paper examines how people with perfectionism narrate their relationship to our shared existential vulnerability; that we are vulnerable as human beings, and that the ways we relate to this vulnerability have consequences for psychological health. In the present qualitative study, we explored the life narratives told by nine students with perfectionism, drawing on semi-structured life-story interviews. We conducted an explorative-reflexive thematic analysis and identified five themes: 1) Outside—Feeling Alienated, 2) Relating to Chaos, 3) Trying to Control the Painful and Uncontrollable, 4) Islands of Just Being and Positive Contact, and 5) Heading Toward a Balance Between Doing and Being. Their perfectionism can be seen as a way of handling existential vulnerability at a point in their lives where relational resources needed to stay firm in a vulnerable state are lacking. Perfectionistic themes influence their personal identity in the domain of narrative constructions, values, belongingness, and embodiment. Accomplishments were dominant themes in the plots of their narrative self-constructions and values. They felt their “self-made” identities kept others at a distance. However, we also found strivings for a more fulfilling life with broader self-definitions.
... Karen Horney y Wilhelm Reich, dos autores cuyas propuestas fueron clave en la consolidación de su propio pensamiento(de Araújo y Holanda, 2018; Peñarrubia, 1998). Karen Horney desarrolló una aproximación al psicoanálisis que enfatizaba el papel desempeñado por las variables sociales y culturales en la conformación de la personalidad(Castaño y Ávila, 2013; de Araújo y Holanda, 2018;Horney, 1991). La autora sostuvo que "la neurosis no es tan sólo el resultado de la supresión de algún impulso instintivo, sino principalmente de dificultades relacionadas con las demandas [socioculturales] que se imponen sobre el individuo" (de Araújo y Holanda, 2018, p. 251). ...
... que se imponen sobre el individuo" (de Araújo y Holanda, 2018, p. 251). En este sentido, Horney planteó que "la angustia no resulta solo del temor del individuo a sus propios impulsos, sino más bien del temor al peligro que acarrea expresar impulsos reprimidos que pudieran ser peligrosos en una sociedad determinada"(Castaño y Ávila, 2013, p. 232).Horney (1991) pensaba que en todo individuo existe una tendencia natural hacia el desarrollo de su pleno potencial (autoactualización), un impulso innato cuya expresión se vería obstaculizada por los mandatos y valores culturales que se imponen sobre la persona en desarrollo. Esta idea plantea una alternativa a la noción freudiana tradicional según l ...
La psicología humanista y el psicoanálisis suelen ser representados como dos corrientes teóricas contrapuestas e irreconciliables. Ambos enfoques se presentan en forma dicotómica, reproduciéndose un relato equivocado acerca de la relación que la segunda y la tercera fuerza han mantenido a lo largo de su historia. Este relato tiende a omitir los numerosos lazos genealógicos que emparentan a estas dos tradiciones a través del intercambio personal y académico entre los fundadores del movimiento humanista norteamericano (Maslow, Rogers, May, Perls, etc.) y algunos destacados representantes del psicoanálisis post-freudiano (Adler, Rank, Horney, Sullivan, etc.). En este artículo se presenta un breve repaso por los principales vínculos que conectan a la segunda y la tercera fuerza de la psicología, demostrando que las bases conceptuales y clínicas de la psicología humanista se forjaron, en gran medida, a partir de la recepción de un conjunto de ideas provenientes del campo del psicoanálisis post-clásico.
... Karen Horney: In her book Neurosis and Human Growth (Horney, 1950), particularly her subtitle -"The Struggle Toward Self-Realization", she set the hurdle in place in her chapter "The Tyranny of the Should" (Ibid, pp. 64-85) -"We are less aware of the harm done our feelings by these pervasive should than of other damage inflicted by them" (Ibid, p. 84). ...
Veteran & Youth Mental Health, Reduce Federal Debt – Time for Solutions
The methodology is Teacher In-Service in the classroom with Veterans leading the approach and with support provided by a doctoral student with an approved dissertation plan, a Police Officer who has been credentialed in Community Affairs, the classroom Teacher, and the students. The initial session is formal, the subsequent session is with a different Veteran and says to the students "What are we working on". Delivery is limited to Middle School students.
... It also has the advantage of being psychometrically valid (Furnham, Trickey and Hyde, 2012: 908). Furnham et al. (2012) report that factor analytic studies of the HDS have yielded three factors: Moving Against Others, Moving Away from Others and Moving Towards Others (Horney, 1950). Table 1 Eager to please, reliant on others for support, and reluctant to take independent action Source: Gaddis and Foster (2013: p.8) ...
Dark Triad personalities (DT: psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism) adversely affect organisational functioning. There were three research questions: (1) Can DT personality measures be derived from the Hogan Development Survey (HDS)? (2) Will age, tenure, and gender moderate the relationships between the DT personality measures and job performance? (3) What are the relationships between scores on the DT personality measures? Four hypotheses were framed from the research questions and tested on a sample of 918 managers. Three new DT scales were derived from the HDS, using a mapping exercise based on Ferrell and Gaddis’s (2016) research findings. All scales showed acceptable Alpha reliabilities. The mapping exercise provided evidence of construct validity. An analysis of high scorers on pairings of the three DT scales showed divergent validity. Partial correlation results showed significant negative correlations between psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism and job performance, demonstrating criterion validity. Organisations could use the new DT scale scores for screening applicants, for identifying future management potential and providing developmental feedback to employees.
... Claire Benn sive that they delay beginning tasks (procrastination), abandon them midway or avoid them entirely." 18 It is the fear and anxiety that accompanies perfectionism that means that avoidant and counter-productive behaviour is engaged in. This fear and anxiety is generated by the required nature of the demands that perfectionists place themselves under. ...
... Finally, neo-freudians also postulate that low self-regard motivates aggression. For example, Horney (1950) and Adler (1956) theorized that aggression and antisocial behavior are motivated by feelings of inferiority rooted in early childhood experiences of rejection and humiliation. Tracy and Robins (2003) suggested that individuals protect themselves against feelings of inferiority and shame by externalizing blame for their failures on other people which leads to feelings of hostility and anger toward other people.For adolescents, the anger stimulus is social. ...
... Relationship among the six dimensions of psychological health networking sites. Bullying is a predictor of delinquent behaviour[28] and can have a detrimental impact on the mental health of young victims[29][30][31][32][33]. ...
Juvenile delinquency is a complex social problem that affects the individual in all strata of society. It implies the involvement of juveniles in activities which is illegal by the law. These antisocial acts of juveniles can be due to an inappropriate upbringing, lack of emotional support and material deprivation of family. Therefore, this study aimed to look at quality of life and psychological health among juvenile delinquents in Udaipur. Subjects for this study were 30 juvenile delinquents using a purposive sampling technique, 15 boys and 15 girls between 14-18 years of age who were undergoing institutionalized in two rehabilitation centers. Quality of life scale was used to measure quality of life and self-structured questionnaire was used to assess psychological health. The Pearson correlation showed that there was positive correlation between psychological health and all the six dimensions of psychological health: spirituality/religion/personal beliefs and thinking/learning/memory and concentration. In the light of research findings, we recommend a strong need to educate every child this may further help to eradicate poverty. There is also a strong need on the part of parents to keep check on their children in this way they will restrain them to develop delinquent personality.
... Daha fazla kazanma rekabetine giren bireyler, kendi çıkarlarını önceleyerek başkasının çıkarlarını düşünmez. Bu durum insanlar arasında çatışmaya yol açar (Horney, 1950). Zaman, ekonomi, teknoloji, siyaset ve yeni uygulamalar ile toplumsal değerler dönüşmeye başlamıştır. ...
1980’li yıllardan itibaren dünyayı etkileyen neoliberal akım, özünde İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında oluşan Keynezyen Ekonomik Modeli ile refah devletleri anlayışını değiştirerek, klasik liberal ekonomi modelinin önerdiği gibi devletin küçültülmesini ve serbest piyasa ekonomisini temeline almıştır. Onu yeni kılansa küreselleşmenin tüm dünyayı pazar olarak hedeflemesidir. Piyasanın beklentisi; devletin küçüldüğü, sosyal devlet uygulamalarının azaldığı ortamda, bireylerin kendi koşullarını iyileştirerek şartlara adapte olmasıdır. Böylece, koşulları geliştirenler iyi okullarda okuyup iş bulabilir; gelirini artırabilir, iyi sağlık hizmeti, iyi ev, daha fazla tüketim fırsatı ve daha iyi (!) hayata kavuşabilir. Yoksa devletin şartlı destekleriyle piyasada yalnızca tüketici olabilmektedirler. Devlet, kurallarla sınırları belirlemiş, yükümlülükleri olmadan piyasa gözetiminde sorumlu kurum rolüne bürünmüştür. Fakat bireyler kimi zaman kurallar arasındaki boşluklardan faydalanabilmektedir. Bu kuralsızlıkları ifade eden “anomi”yi ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, serbest piyasa ekonomisinde, anomi kavramıyla açıklanabilecek bir statü değiştirme çabasının toplumsal olarak nasıl soruna dönüştüğü ve taraflarca nasıl normalleştirildiği “Queenpins filmi” üzerinden ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Film, neoliberal akımın tüketicilere sunduğu fazlasını tüketme hırsını konu alması, oluşan anomi durumunu detaylı örneklendirdiğinden önemlidir. Film, betimsel analiz yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Böylece hem neoliberalizm tüketici ilişkisi hem de bireysel kazanma hırsı ve anomi ilişkisi filminin çözümlemesi üzerinden ortaya konmuştur. Queenpins kelimesi İngilizcede, bir grubun, organizasyonun veya operasyonun başarısı için gerekli olan kadın demektir.
... Opisuje on, jak często dana osoba działa indywidualnie, samotnie, niezależnie od innych, a jak często wspólnie z innymi -w różnych rolach i formach powiązania. Źródeł tego rozróżnienia można szukać w teorii Horney [25], która wymienia następujące orientacje w stosunku do innych: dążenie ku ludziom lub dążenie przeciw ludziom albo odsuwanie się od ludzi. Teorie potrzeb tłumaczą wybór postawy w interakcjach z innymi ludźmi bądź poszukiwanie dystansu. ...
Cel pracy
Praca prezentuje analizę narracji osób chorych na schizofrenię pod kątem opisów działań. Celem jest poszukiwanie zmian we wzorcach aktywności pod wpływem doświadczenia kryzysu psychotycznego.
Metoda
Porównano trzy fragmenty autonarracji stworzonej przez osoby po doświadczeniu kryzysu psychotycznego dotyczące okresów: przed zachorowaniem, w trakcie choroby oraz w okresach remisji. Materiałem były opowieści 26 osób chorych na schizofrenię na temat ich życia i spostrzegania siebie w wymienionych okresach. Dokonano językowej analizy tekstów wyróżniając wyznaczniki sześciu wybranych wzorców aktywności odnoszących się do poczucia sprawstwa i intencjonalności działań. Zastosowano analizę frekwencyjną i metody wielozmiennowe dla porównywania względnej częstości ich występowania w narracjach.
Wyniki
Opisy aktywności w trakcie choroby są mocniej wysycone wzorcami zewnętrznego umiejscowienia kontroli, nieosobowej kontroli działania, unikania, działań indywidualnych, stanów w porównaniu do okresu remisji, a szczególnie opisów funkcjonowania przed zachorowaniem.
Wnioski
Wyniki analizy narracji osób chorych na schizofrenię wskazują na obniżenie poczucia sprawstwa związane z przeżywaniem stanów chorobowych (subiektywnie definiowanych). Ten deficyt motywacyjny dotyczy także okresów remisji po aktywnej fazie choroby, choć w mniejszym stopniu. Analiza wzorców motywacyjnych ukazuje różnice opisów własnej aktywności wskazujące na występowanie pod wpływem kryzysu psychotycznego różnych sposobów budowania autonarracji i tożsamości narracyjnej w ujęciu retrospektywnym. Zmiany te dotyczą głębokich warstw ukrytych w związku formy narracji z treścią. Wskazują one na inne obrazy siebie (pozycje ja czy głosy autonarracji) jako osoby zdrowej, chorej i w remisji – szczególnie w aspekcie postrzegania własnego sprawstwa.
... The ideal self has become a major construct in modern psychology (see, e.g., E. T. Higgins, 1987;E. T. Higgins et al., 1985;Markus & Nurius, 1986), and has been built on ideas originating in Freud (1922/1948), Horney (1950, Jacobson (1954), Reich (1954), Rogers (1961, and Sandler et al. (1963), among others 27 . The modern concepts of an ideal self and an ought self (as well as an actual self) can be found in E. T. Higgins et al. (1985), who define the ideal self as "a person's representation of the attributes that someone (self or other) would like the person, ideally, to possess-someone's aspirations, hopes, or goals for the person" and the ought self as "a person's representation of the attributes that someone (self or other) believes the person should or ought to possess" (p. ...
Abstract (English)
This study of a 10-week Japan-Canada university online intercultural exchange investigated the motivation to learn English of 17 Japanese participants (engineering majors). In this study, students used video posts (consisting of a video recording of a student speaking while looking directly into the lens of a webcam, as well as the text of the recording, and images) as the main form of communication.
This sequential explanatory mixed-methods study used the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) questionnaire (Dörnyei & Taguchi, 2010) with three added scales from Ryan (2008), to measure change in variables related to motivation to learn English. T-tests of Japanese student data showed significant increases in the means of Ideal L2 Self, International Empathy, and Linguistic Self-Confidence, and a large effect size for Interest in the English Language (IEL), as well as a significant decrease in Integrativeness. There was a significant increase in the correlation of Item 48-Identification (from the Integrativeness scale) with ILE (Intended Learning Effort) from T1 to T2. Promotion, IEL, Ideal L2 Self, and Item 51-Liking English had significant correlations with ILE at T2 that were not present at T1. Short-term effort to learn English increased but long-term effort (ILE) did not.
This study showed that identification with an external referent (an L2 role model) may be internalized to a student’s ideal L2 self, and that a strong ideal L2 self can act as a goal that inspires effort to learn the L2. Analysis at the individual level revealed that four students experienced strong changes in motivation. The motivation of two students increased because they became motivated by their peers. They set new goals of study abroad, and achieved these goals. Two other students could not communicate well in English and soon lost motivation. One of them, a self-identified otaku who wanted to support Japanese culture, disidentified strongly with a partner in Canada whom he perceived to be immodest. The study ends with a call for greater integration of L2 motivation theory with mainstream motivation theory, as self-efficacy and goal-setting emerged in qualitative analysis and are linked to increases in effort to learn English.
Abstract (Japanese)
要旨
本研究は、10 週間の日加大学間オンライン異文化交流会を対象に、工学部日本人参加者 17 名の英語学習に対するモチベーションを調査したものである。本研究では、学生はビデオ投稿（学生がウェブカメラのレンズを直視して話すビデオ録画、録画のテキスト、画像で構成）を主なコミュニケーション形態として用いた。
この逐次定量・定性混合型研究法では、L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS、L2 動機付け自己システム) 調査 (Dörnyei & Taguchi, 2010) に Ryan (2008) から３つの尺度を追加し、英語学習意欲に関する変化を測定した。日本人学生のデータのt検定では、Ideal L2 Self（理想的な L2 自己）、International Empathy（国際的共感）、Linguistic Self-Confidence （言語的自信）の平均値が大きく増加し、IEL（Interest in the English Language) は大きな効果量が見られ、Integrativeness （統合性）は大きく減少した。また、項目48-Identification（目標識別、Integrativeness（統合性）尺度より）とILE（Intended Learning Effort（意図的学習努力））の相関は、T1からT2にかけて有意に増加した。進歩達成（「Promotion」）、IEL、理想のL2自己、項目51-「英語が好き」は、T2でILEとの有意な相関が見られ、これはT1で見られなかった。短期的な英語学習努力は増加したが、長期的な英語学習努力（ILE）は増加しなかった。
本研究では、外的参照対象（L2ロールモデル）と同一化し、学生の理想的なL2自己に内面化され、強い理想的L2自己がL2の学習努力を鼓舞する目標として作用する可能性があることを明らかにした。個人レベルの分析では、4人の学生に強いモチベーションの変化が見られた。2名の学生のモチベーションが上がったのは、仲間に刺激されるようになったからであった。また、２人とも、留学という新たな目標を設定し、それを達成できた。もう2人は、英語でのコミュニケーションがうまくいかず、すぐにモチベーションが下がってしまった学生である。そのうちの1人は、自称オタクで、日本文化を促したいと思っていたが、カナダのパートナーの１人が見せびらかしていると感じ、結果として人として拒否した。最後に、質的分析の結果、自己効力感や目標設定が英語学習努力の上昇に導く可能性があることから、L2モチベーション理論を主流のモチベーション理論とより統合されることを求めて、本研究は終了する。
... The father plays an equally important role as the mother in forming the children's security (Zhang, 2012a). In contrast, according to Horney's (1950) theory of anxiety, growing up without the love of parents and the warmth of family creates insecurities. Meanwhile, resilience is remarkably positively correlated with the psychological security of left-behind children (namely, students with poor academic performance) (Xu et al., 2013). ...
Introduction
This study aimed to explore the association between father presence and adolescent resilience and the mediating role of psychological security and learning failure. Examining the mediating effects of learning failure and the chain mediating effect of psychological security and learning failure elucidated the link between father presence and adolescent resilience.
Methods
The present study conducted a questionnaire survey among Chinese middle school students on father presence, resilience, psychological security, and learning failure. The survey collected 626 valid responses.
Results
The findings showed that father presence, psychological security, learning failure, and resilience were significantly positively correlated; father presence had a direct effect on adolescent resilience, and psychological security and learning failure both mediated the relationship between father presence and adolescent resilience; psychological security and learning failure served as chain mediators between father presence and adolescent resilience.
Discussion
This study aimed to provide theoretical and practical insights into the field of family education.
... Authenticity is overwhelmingly perceived as a fundamental aspect of well-being in counseling psychology (Yalom, 1980; Frontiers in Psychology 04 frontiersin.org Horney, 2013), despite its legitimate criticisms (Lasch, 1978). Pugh et al. (2017) define essentialist and existentialist approaches to authenticity in relation to a conception of selfhood. ...
Most conceptions of well-being either ignore suffering or assume an ideal version of human life in which suffering would be eliminated. This trend is especially emblematic of positive psychology. Recent research on well-being indicates a mediating function of meaning in life between suffering and well-being demonstrating that making sense of past experiences is significantly correlated with high presence of meaning in life. Hence, meaning-making serves the role of an active coping mechanism that alleviates suffering. This and related strategies of defining, measuring, and augmenting well-being however overlook a form of suffering that is ineliminable and in fact essential to personal growth. In this paper the insights of the existentialist philosopher Søren Kierkegaard are developed to formulate an integrated conceptualization of well-being that regards “negative” affects as crucial for a rich and complete life. The complexity of the relationship between meaning in life, suffering, and authenticity concerning well-being are discussed. A synthetic perspective on the subjective dimension of the experience of suffering and on the objective nature of human limitations that often cause suffering is discussed in relation to the notions of meaning in life and authenticity. Finally, an integrated conceptualization of well-being is posited. It entails suffering as constitutive of meaning in life and authenticity, which are key components of a well-lived life.
... Neuroses themselves became the foci of the socio-psychoanalytic approach of Karen Horney (1950); and most relevant to UDT, she outlined three types of neuroses that arise from the person being subjected to some degree of dominance (as can be seen from Table 2.4, each occupies the lowest three UDT stages of habituation directly under the stage associated with dominance). Over time, these became classified in terms of different patterns of social attraction: Moving Against in the form of aggression, Moving Away in the form of a social withdrawal -or in UDT terms -Disconnect associated with Depression, and finally Moving Toward in the form of an interpersonal Dependence. ...
To all Developmentalists, the undeniable failure rates for Developmental Interventions across the paradigms of Psychology, Organizational Science and Economics, which range from 50% for the former to 100% for the latter, should be truly shocking; and while they are alarming in their own right, they also signal a fundamental paradigmatic deficit, and it is one that is already acknowledged across the board, because, across each domain, the same fundamental remedy for the common deficit has been prescribed, and that remedy is “Learning”, whether it is as Learning Life, Learning Organization, Learning Region, Learning Economy or more recently by Nobel Economist Joe Stiglitz, Learning Society, which he refers to as the only viable long-run Government strategy. However, he and his co-author Bruce Greenwald, like others, have had little option but to defer the operationalizing of this Vision to Psychology; and even though there is such demand for a model of Developmental Learning from both outside Psychology and also internally, from prominent Psychologists such as Dan McAdams, no such model has been devised – until now.
UDT is peer-reviewed as equally valid and operationalizable across each of these paradigms, i.e., for developmental diagnosis and intervention for people, organizations and also macro socio-economic systems such as regions and nations. The modelling for each of these three levels of system – already understood as micro-, meso- and macro socio-economic system – is presented in four different volumes with the emphasis in Vol. 1, on the Psychology behind the model and what it brings to the discipline in terms of both theory and practice.
The model comprises of 7 Levels encompassing a sequence of 15 Developmental Phases through which humans naturally learn developmentally, and these Phases correspond with – but also complete – existing models of both natural and interventionist development, so that, in effect, each school is shown to have been seeing some of the same patterns, but through different lenses, and based on different and ultimately, limiting assumptions. UDT also shows how such developmental learning stalls along this progression in well-established patterns of corresponding Habituation Stages such as Groupthink at (2a), and how progression or degradation is affected by the Attractors of ultimate Maturity and Immaturity. The Levels are called Inversion, Critical, Equilibrial, Operational, Complexity, Creativity and finally, Leadership where the ultimate Maturization Phase is called Regenerative Leadership which encompasses Regenerative Eco-System – a concept that applies equally as e.g., Family, Organization or Economy where the system produces offspring that are integratively independent but networked whether as children, spin-off enterprises or enterprise clusters, respectively.
Along these Phases, functional dimensions called Construct Capabilities, that are significant to a system’s maturization can be diagnosed and developed. Failure rates are shown to be either due to interventions being overpitched relative to the previously undiagnosable learning level of the system, or through missing any of the Phases. Diagnosis with UDT optimizes traction for interventions which also gain in terms of sustainability from the normatively prescribed developmental process through the Phases. Critically, the model differentiates between systems, including people, who can take on board developmental intervention as a “next-Phase” process, from those who need radical process starting at Phase (1a); while concluding that much of the success reported across Developmentalism is dependent on the maturity of the client system (person or organization) in the first place.
In Psychology, such methodology can be used discretely through frameworks that are introduced; or more broadly, the model can provide an overarching architecture to guide and offer completion to established clinical process in practice, and it can also provide structure and discipline to more recent methods such as Open Dialogue with which it already shows considerable correspondence. One example of correspondence is that between the lowest Level’s three Stages of Habituation with DSM-5’s three Clusters of Personality-Disorders, and UDT can be seen to add considerable value to understanding and profiling them as well as operationalizing recovery, and particular attention is given to Narcissistic Personality Disorder – the prevalence of which is reported in terms of being an epidemic in prevailing Western society. It is also shown how the lowest Stage (1a) is always a drag on development in a process called Inversion that also finds common ground with established theory; and unfortunately, it is also shown that Inversion is very clearly observable in the demise of families and organizations, but is also evident in many prevailing threats to Democratic systems.
Many other issues are elaborated. For example, the concepts of Linear, Lateral and Integrative Mindset Configurations are already established to different degrees in Psychology and the other paradigms, but each are now extended considerably. They are now shown to be critical in different Phases of Development while Habituation patterns for each are associated with different stages, so that the understanding of how each shapes Personality and Culture and then leads to distinctive debilitating friction in systems, is greatly enhanced. Similarly, the concept of Culture which is seen as the collective equivalent of Mindset is transformed. The best existing theory delineates ten different types which map directly onto the hierarchy, and in the order in which they are shown to relate to higher productivity and returns for both organizations and nations alike; so again, UDT finds construct validity through correspondence with existing modelling, while at the same time bringing completion (with five other culture types), as well as operationalization of what has been a most troublesome but nebulously-operationalized concept.
The new model is shown to illuminate many other issues in society. The demise of grand theory and religion are implicated in the rise of Post-Modernist Skepticism, disrespect for authority, rise of authoritarianism, etc., which all poses an existential threat to Democracy and international order. UDT clearly shows the immaturity of all of the fallen theories and religions, and Vol. 1 introduces how Vol. 3 focuses on re-establishing, modelling, and operationalizing Emotional Maturity to bolster family life and counter failure in this area as measured by family breakup; and also, a model of Spiritual Maturity that has been eroded by different Religions that are, in turn, shown to have been shaped by particular different immature Mindsets and Cultures, and where failure is measured in terms of the catastrophic damage of religious conflict at the macro level but also Inversion at all levels of society.
Furthermore, it is proposed that UDT can provide a broad platform to build the called-for Learning Society, but as a Phase on the journey toward an optimal Regenerative Society, especially if re-enforced by UDT modelling outlined across all 4 Volumes.
The conclusion arises that UDT offers a single means of unifying a disjointed paradigm in Psychology, fulfils Psychology’s obligation to other paradigms, and facilitates it taking its rightful place at the center of world affairs that at all levels of our world can now benefit from working developmentally in congruence with human nature rather than antagonizing it.
... Henry tries to get rid of the trauma of unspeakability and goes one step ahead from pronunciation to proficiency in colloquial English, which (Horney, 2013) calls "basic anxiety." Henry realizes that proficiency is also essential, as, without that, "there is no fair way for us to fight" (Lee, 1995), with any white person. Kim (2015) on the deplorable condition of Henry says that Henry suffers from trauma due to "the tensions between the desire for belonging and success, " whereas Lelia also observes that Henry "look(s) like someone listening to himself, " and is not confident enough to utter the right words at the right time in front of native speakers. ...
The premise of this study is to look at the intergenerational transferal of language and racial trauma of Asian immigrants in general and Korean–American immigrants in particular to a western country, the United States of America. This study investigates trauma from a psychological standpoint, based on Chang-Rae Lee’s novel Native Speaker. In describing a marker of citizenship, the novel’s title also points to who is the native language speaker and who is a native of a country, and why one who is not may be excluded. The Korean immigrants’ vulnerability to the English language and racial differences highlights their status as minority “others,” and they suffer from transgenerational trauma. As a result of transgenerational traumatic effects, Henry (the protagonist) has various traumatic side effects such as dysphasia, aphasia, and parasomnia and finally leaves no stone unturned to recuperate from trauma. The Trauma of the Unspeakable theory by Michelle Balaev is used in this article to show how trauma affects people’s minds.
... It is no secret that Karen Horney's (1950) notion of the "tyranny of the shoulds" was definitely an early influence on Ellis' belief that "absolute, dogmatic evaluative thought" produced and maintained much in the way of psychological disturbance (Ellis & Dryden, 1997, p. 3). ...
This thesis aimed, firstly, to test the psychological effects of two psychological interventions designed to enhance the psychological strength of competitive athletes; and, secondly, to possibly determine which intervention might be considered superior to the other. The third aim of this thesis was to explore the results of the findings in terms of both their shared and differential theories. The two psychological approaches in question were Rational-Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT) – supplemented with adjunctive Mental Skills Training (MST) techniques and the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) approach. To test the psychological strengthening effects of both interventions and to compare the results, a non-equivalent pre-test post-test control group design was followed which utilised a control group along with purposive sampling. Various dependent variables were investigated using seven instruments. Variables tested included: - mental wellbeing, irrational beliefs, mental toughness, achievement motivation and competitive anxiety, as well as anger and frustration levels and subjective performance. The instruments used to capture these variables were: - The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF); Shortened General Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (SGABS); the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ); the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT); as well as one five-point Likert question written by the researcher and one question from the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI). Seventy-one male adolescent rugby players, from three different schools were sourced to take part in this study. Thus 32 (Mage = 17.33; SD = 6= .729) participants from one high school completed the seven-session REBT-Based MST intervention. 21 (Mage = 17.23; SD = .669) from another school completed the seven-module MAC intervention and 18 (Mage = 15.52; SD = .326) from an additional school were used as a control group school. All three group participants filled out the instrument questionnaires prior to undergoing the various interventions and just following it. Each intervention’s sessions were about an hour to an hour and fifteen minutes long. The control group just filled out the instrument questionnaires in about the same time frame that the other schools had their pre- and post-intervention assessments. The results demonstrated that generally both interventions improved the psychological strength of their players more so than the control group, however, the REBT intervention decreased irrationality and improved subjective performance measures more significantly when compared to the other treatment group.
Bu kitap Öğretmen Adaylarının Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılımlarının Özgünlük ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık İle İlişkisinin İncelenmesi amacıyla üretilmiştir.
Background: Lack of self-acceptance is one of the most pervasive factors threatening people’s psychological well-being. Objectives: This study aims to explore the roots and underlying causes of a lack of self-acceptance through the lived experiences of psychologists specializing in the field of self-acceptance. Methods: A reflexive thematic analysis, based on the approach by Braun and Clarke, was conducted using 30 in-depth interviews. Participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling methods. To enhance the trustworthiness of the research, Lincoln and Guba's criteria were applied. Results: The overarching theme identified was “Tripartite adversities involved in the formation of a lack of self-acceptance.” This theme comprised intrapersonal factors (“Existential Insecurity”), interpersonal factors (“Deficits in Nurturance,” “Restricted Autonomy,” “Disrupted Trust,” and “Exposure to Strict Standards”), and socio-cultural factors (“Minority Group Status”). Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that the roots of a lack of self-acceptance are complex and multifaceted. Addressing this issue has significant implications for improving self-acceptance, which is an integral component of many contemporary therapeutic modalities targeting trans-diagnostic factors such as perfectionism, self-criticism, and shame.
Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in psychoanalytische Antisemitismusforschung mit dem besonderen Augenmerk auf transgenerationale Tradierungsprozesse extremen Traumas in Familien von Überlebenden der Shoah. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Ruptur in einer Encountergruppe mit Angehörigen der Dritten Generation nach dem 7. Oktober untersucht und Überlegungen zu den psychosozialen Folgen von Erfahrungen mit Antisemitismus heute und einer damit in Zusammenhang stehenden Reaktualisierung eines extremtraumatischen Vertrauensverlustes abgeleitet. Dabei werden psychoanalytische Modelle zur Genese eines basalen Grundvertrauens und die darauf Bezug nehmenden frühen Überlegungen zum Vertrauensverlust bei Überlebenden der Shoah sowie Jean Amérys Ausführungen zum eingestürzten Weltvertrauen herangezogen.
Bu çalışma, evrensel bir kişisel gelişim sistemi olan yoga ile iletişim becerileri ve aile içi iletişim kalıpları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek üzere tasarlanmış nitel ve nicel araştırma tekniklerinin kullanıldığı betimsel bir araştırmadır. Çalışma, haftada en az iki gün ve en az 6 aydır düzenli olarak yoga yapan 18 yaş üstü kadın ve erkeklerden oluşan “Benzeşik Örnekleme Yöntemi” ile seçilen 106 gönüllünün katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin toplanması amacıyla “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “İletişim Becerileri Ölçeği” ve “Aile İletişim kalıpları Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Veri analizinden elde edilen sonuçlar SPSS programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. 6 aydan az süredir yoga yapan katılımcıların iletişim becerileri ile aile içi iletişim kalıpları arasında anlamlı pozitif ilişki bulunmuştur. Aile içi iletişim kalıpları arttıkça iletişim becerileri de artmaktadır. Ayrıca 6 ay ve üzeri süredir yoga yapan katılımcıların aile içi iletişim kalıpları ile iletişim becerileri arasında anlamlı pozitif ilişki bulunmuş ve aile içi iletişim kalıpları artışa paralel olarak iletişim becerilerinin artığı görülmüştür.
Perfectionism is characterized by beliefs and feelings that drive individuals to pursue unattainable standards of excellence and impeccability, often at the expense of their psychological and physical well-being. It correlates with many psychopathologies and a heightened suicide risk; and it can be also an aspect of a multiplicity of personality disorders. Perfectionism seems a common phenomenon among psychological practitioners too, and the very few studies that focus on it overall suggest that perfectionism in therapists is negatively correlated with therapy effectiveness, and positively correlated with therapist emotional distress (e.g., negative emotions toward patient characteristics or demands); but it is not clear the mechanism underlying these correlations. In this paper we present a hypothesis on the process underlying the relationship between therapist perfectionism, therapist emotional distress, and ineffectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Starting with a parallel analysis of a clinical case and supervision over it, we show that perfectionism may be part of an overall organization of the meaning of the experience that the therapist brings into the relationship, which we call Prototypical Adaptive Modality of Existence (PAME). We show how the therapist's perfectionist PAME functions as an automatic process that hinders intersubjective attunement with the patient; finally, we show how a supervisory process focused on the shared exploration of the therapist's perfectionist PAME, of its developmental genesis, and of its impact on the supervisory relationship can modulate the therapist's perfectionism, foster attunement with the patient, functionally modify the line of intervention, and foster a positive outcome.
У статті представлено теоретичний аналіз поняття «Я-концепції» особистості як психологічного феномену. Зазначено, що «Я-концепція» виступає базовим феноменом функціонування, організації життєдіяльності та прояву суб’єктності особистості. Метою дослідження виступає проаналізувати підходи до визначення поняття та структури феномену «Я-концепції» особистості, диференціювати терміни «Я», «Я-концепція», «Я-система» «Я-образ», «ідентичність особистості» та вказати на їх відмінність, співвідношення або тотожність. Отримані результати теоретичного дискурсу свідчать, що «Я-концепція» трактується як система уявлень людини про себе, про власні соціально-демографічні характеристики, когнітивні здібності, поведінкові прояви, психологічні властивості. Феномен «Я-концепції» виступає підструктурою особистості, яка інтегрує в собі широкий спектр «Я-образів», що визначає функціонування особистості в цілому. Визначено, що «Я-концепція» виникає у наслідок соціальної взаємодії та формує переконання індивіда про себе на основі власних та оцінок навколишніх. Зазначено, що деструктивні впливи на «Я» структуру особистості, можуть порушувати сприйняття себе, самооцінку, провокувати виникнення невротичних, депресивних станів, погіршувати якість життя та функціонування особистості. Позитивний образ себе, підтримка доброзичливих стосунків із членами соціального оточення, автономія людини як суб’єкта життєдіяльності, усвідомленням власної особистості та прагненням до самовдосконалості забезпечує якість психологічного благополуччя особистості. Перспективу дослідження вбачаємо у подальшому вивченні та концептуалізації основних психологічних складових прояву особистості, яка пережила травматичний досвід сексуальної експлуатації в дитинстві. Практичною значущістю дослідження виступає подальша розробка стратегій психологічної допомоги для збереження психічного здоров’я та благополуччя особистості з травмою інцесту.
If you want to grow your branches high and wide as a mindset practitioner, it is important you develop a deep system of roots in the origins and history of mindset psychology. However, opportunities to study the history of mindset tend to be few and far between. This paper presents a short history of mindset from the perspective of the many people who have explicitly used the term, alongside people who have studied similar ideas, and the fields supporting lineages and traditions. You are invited to study this history, as well as to contribute to a shared and ongoing process of making the history of mindset more visible for all to see and learn from.
Our knowledge of personality is very extensive. It is understandable that we try to substantiate this knowledge in an artistic way. This means that we have to connect it and make sense of it with explanations. Such explanations are called models or theories. This chapter is devoted to the presentation of the most important psychological models and theories of personality. There are more of them. We divide them into several groups in which they are discussed. Within these groups you will find dispositional theories and models, psychoanalytic models and theories, behavioral-social-cognitive models and theories, humanistic models and theories, self-concept models and theories, and bio-evolutionary models and theories.
The article examines the current problem of social and psychological adaptation of Ukrainian war migrants of the third age, in particular in the context of their resettlement to Poland. Full-scale military agression in Ukraine led to a significant demographic crisis in the country as many citizens, including people of the third age, were forced to leave their homes and seek refuge in neighboring countries, in particular in Poland. Factors that influence the adaptation process of this group of migrants are analyzed, including the socio-cultural environment, psychological state, family and community support, as well as economic conditions. It is indicated how the language barrier complicates adaptation and the relationship of migrants with the local population. Emphasis is placed on the need to provide support and resources for the war migrants of the third age to facilitate their successful adaptation and integration in the new social environment. The study also highlights Poland’s experience in accepting and adapting this group of migrants and possible ways to overcome the socio-psychological challenges they face.
Mevcut araştırmanın temel amacı, deneyime açıklığın işle bütünleşme üzerindeki doğrudan ve dolaylı etkilerini (öz yeterlik aracılığıyla) mükemmeliyetçiliğin koşullu etkilerine göre düzenleyici-aracı model kapsamında incelemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Akademisyen ve öğretmenlerden oluşan 539 katılımcıya ilişkin veri, analizlerde kullanılmıştır. Araştırma hipotezlerini test etmek için Hayes Process Macro uzantısı (Model 58) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarında, deneyime açıklığın, öz-yeterliği ve işle bütünleşmeyi pozitif etkilediği; öz yeterliğin işle bütünleşmeyi pozitif etkilediği bulgulanmıştır. Deneyime açıklık ve öz-yeterlik arasındaki ilişkide mükemmeliyetçiliğin düzenleyici rolü olduğu görülmüştür. Düşük mükemmeliyetçilik koşulunda deneyime açıklığın öz-yeterliği pozitif etkilediği, yüksek mükemmeliyetçilik koşulunda deneyime açıklığın öz-yeterliği negatif etkilediği, orta mükemmeliyetçilik koşulunda deneyime açıklığın öz-yeterliği etkilemediği saptanmıştır. Benzer şekilde, öz-yeterlik ve işle bütünleşme arasında mükemmeliyetçiliğin düzenleyici rolü olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Düşük ve orta mükemmeliyetçilik koşulunda öz-yeterliğin işle bütünleşmeyi pozitif etkilediği, yüksek mükemmeliyetçilik durumunda öz-yeterliğin işle bütünleşmeyi istatiksel olarak etkilemediği görülmüştür. Deneyime açıklığın işle bütünleşme üzerinde öz-yeterlik aracılığıyla dolaylı pozitif etkisinin sadece düşük düzeyde mükemmeliyetçilik koşulunda anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ikili zıtlıklar sadece düşük ve orta düzeyde mükemmeliyetçilik koşulunda anlamlı olduklarından, düşük ve orta düzeyde mükemmeliyetçi bireylerde, deneyime açıklığın öz-yeterlik aracılığıyla işle bütünleşme üzerindeki dolaylı etkilerin mükemmeliyetçilik seviyelerine göre koşullu olduğu; yüksek mükemmeliyetçilik düzeyine sahip bireylerde deneyime açıklığın öz-yeterlik aracılığıyla işle bütünleşme üzerindeki dolaylı etkisinin, mükemmeliyetçiliğe bağlı olmadığı ortaya konmuştur.
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novel Purple Hibiscus shows how Kambili and Jaja, two teenage siblings, ultimately develop a tendency to combat their psychological tensions in a domestically abused environment under the God-like dictatorship of their father. Their father’s extremely imposing attitude induces anxiety in both teenagers while subjugating their necessary freedom. The research focuses on the development of both siblings as adolescents, as adolescence is an important phase of life in developing a person’s individuality. The work attempts to show the necessary transition in both siblings, Kambili and Jaja, leading to a healthy growth process as they display defiance to overcome the psychologically traumatic experience.
This article analyses the digital literary criticism, which got rid of the obsession of academic Babylon in the field of literary criticism in the 1980s and revealed a more diverse field of voice, inspiring endless possibilities of variation in the transformative stage of criticism. The advent of the Internet has created a participatory field for literary criticism and a platform to weaken the distinction between identity and power. Equality disrupts the validity of authority and the structure of the knowledge circle, which is also the reason why digital literary criticism has a certain degree of carnivalesque traits. The authors believe that literary criticism in a digital context is no longer obsessed with the confusion of history and the uncertainty of time. While capturing the pulse of globalisation, it at the same time ardently embraces the value of desire endowed by consumer culture. The article points out that Chinese literary criticism in the new era is a product of the construction of multidimensional relations in a digital context, which sheds the shackles of historical context and rushes into the age of digitalisation. With the rapid flow of consumption, a very open, inclusive, and complex space of media discourse has emerged. The results of the study show that a group of numerous critics belonging to the postmodernist perspective is forming in the digital world. The authors conclude that in the confrontation between tradition and modernity, in the complex interweaving of elitist consciousness and mass consumption, in the struggle for discursive position between media and literature, digital literary criticism differs from traditional in terms of aesthetic standards, criticism style, criticism language and media platform, creating the macro future development of Chinese literary criticism with its independent attitude, revolutionary impulse and irresistible courage.
Vom Scheitern spricht man wenn Führungskräfte, die lange erfolgreich waren, in ihrem Aufstieg stagnieren und/oder gänzlich vom Karrierepfad abkommen (z.B. entlassen werden). Obwohl ein Großteil der Führungskräfte über ihre (Berufs-)Lebensspanne hinweg die Erfahrung des Scheiterns macht und dies für die Führungskräfte selbst sehr belastend und für die Unternehmen mit hohen Kosten verbunden ist, wird dieses Thema weithin tabuisiert und verdrängt. Das Kapitel soll Wege aufzeigen, das nur vermeintlich plötzliche Scheitern von Führungskräften frühzeitig zu erkennen, in Situationen des Scheiterns adäquat zu reagieren und einen produktiven Umgang mit Scheitern zu finden.
Purpose The purpose of the present article is to systematize knowledge about perfectionism - the relatively stable tendency to set unrealistic expectations for oneself or others. The article reviews studies conducted in recent years and presents the evolution of views on the development and importance of perfectionism for individual adjustment. Theses Knowledge about perfectionism is constantly expanding, which makes it necessary to describe the history of the study of this phenomenon, the evolution of ways of thinking, and the theoretical models that have emerged over the past decades. There are relatively few publications on this subject in the Polish literature, and the presented article aims to at least partially fill this gap. We present the results of a study on the relationship between perfectionism and important areas of human functioning, such as health, work and interpersonal relations, and point out factors associated with the development of this characteristic. We also present the most popular measures of perfectionism. Conclusion Perfectionism, initially viewed as an unambiguously negative disposition and treated as a predictor of psychopathology, in light of studies conducted in recent years should be treated as a complex personality characteristic that manifests itself manifests itself in different manner, including positive and adaptive ones.
The purpose of the book is to explore and explicate the noumenon of human life, to decipher the philosophical question—that is, “what is man?”, which mankind has been confronting for thousands of years, to advance and develop the noumenon of human life—“structure and choice,” and to construct the ontology of human life—“the theory of structure and choice.”
The current study investigates the longitudinal association between grandiose narcissism and multidimensional perfectionism over 2 years in adolescence. We adopted the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept, which differentiates between two aspects of grandiose narcissism. We also considered multiple dimensions of perfectionism, including Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) and two forms of Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP), namely the tendencies to set high standards of performance (SOP-Striving) and to engage in overly critical self-evaluations (SOP-Critical). The study was conducted in a sample of Italian high school students (n = 331). Concurrent correlations indicated that Admiration was positively related to SOP-Striving and, to a lesser extent, to SOP-Critical and SPP. Rivalry was also positively related to the three perfectionistic dimensions, although correlations were smaller in size than those found for Admiration. Prospective associations between narcissism and perfectionism were analysed using a Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model. Results showed that the predominant direction of effects was from narcissism to perfectionism, particularly from Admiration to SOP-Striving and SPP. Findings were discussed in terms of their implications for the understanding of the narcissism-perfectionism link.
Compassion, and especially self-compassion, are commonly understood as being antithetical to leadership and organisational success. In this article, a review of research from different scientific disciplines indicates that these positive affiliative emotions are as much a part of human survival and wellbeing, as are the need for personal safety and achievement. Counter-intuitively, this research indicates that allowing for self-compassion can influence increases in personal and organisational achievement. In the second part of the paper, a model of coaching is presented that can support the development of self-compassion, as well as organisation-wide compassion. We propose that experienced executive coaches can enhance business leaders’ self-compassion in three phases. The first gauges and leverages the client’s readiness for increasing self-compassion. In the second phase, noticing, feeling and responding to suffering are applied to the client’s lived experiences. Finally, the executive coach uses four coaching dimensions to inform actions in client meetings that help to enhance self-compassion. In the final section of the paper indications for future research in the area of self-compassion as a leadership asset are provided.
Willa Cather’s short story “Paul’s Case” depicts how constant reproaches and invalidation of parents and teachers make an adverse effect on a child’s personality growth that might lead to tragic end of life. Paul, a motherless child, is suspended from the class and is brought in front of the inquisition jury at the office of Pittsburg High School for his clarification of his ill manners. He could not satisfy the jury the reasons for his manners and they suggest his father not to let Paul to work in the concert where he works as an usher. Then his father finds him a job in a business office from which he steals money and goes to New York. There he spends money lavishly but as the amount lowers and he comes to know that his father is coming to receive, he fears to meet him and commits suicide. This article explores how constant reproaches and invalidation mar the personality of a child from humanistic psychological perspective. Carl Roger’s Humanistic perspective of personality growth assumes that a child possesses full potentials for his or her growth and if he or she is given appropriate environment for his growth, he experiences full growth. But the social or familial imposition of their obligations mar the growth and sometimes such obligations lead to death of a child. Paul, who is suppressed and invalidated at home and at school uses concert as a place to comfort. As his father does not let him work there, he finds no palace to ease him. In the desperate mood, he steals money and spends lavishly for sometimes. But the thought of meeting his father distresses him so much that he finds no other ways than committing suicide.
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