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Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2020) 7(11), 25-31
R. B. Malabadi and R. K. Chalannavar (2020) / Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and
pharmacological updates
25
International Journal of Current Research in
Biosciences and Plant Biology
Volume 7 ● Number 11 (November-2020) ● ISSN: 2349-8080 (Online)
Journal homepage: www.ijcrbp.com
Review Article doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2020.711.003
Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany,
phytochemistry and pharmacological updates
Ravindra B. Malabadi* and Raju K. Chalannavar
Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India
*Corresponding author; e-mail: rbmalabadi_b3g@yahoo.com
Art i c l e I n f o
ABS T R ACT
Date of Acceptance:
18 October 2020
Date of Publication:
06 November 2020
Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) belongs to a family Lilliaceae is one of the
important endangered Indian herbal medicine known for adoptogenic and aphrodisiac
properties acts as rejuvenator. Traditionally, Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum)
root has been used to treat male impotence, oligozoospermia and erectile dysfunction.
Roots of safed musali are known to improve male reproductive performance by
increasing the testosterone level in male partner and consumption of green leaves as
immunity booster. Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) is a highly valued
medicinal plant in India and is considered as ―white gold‖ in Indian system of
Ayurveda. Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) is a rich source of over 25
alkaloids, vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins and
polysaccharides. A number of health tonics were prepared from safed musli. This
review paper highlights latest updates on ethnobotany and pharmacological activities of
safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum).
K e yw o r d s
Adoptogenic drug
Erectile dysfunction
Herbal medicine
Male impotence
Rejuvenator
Testosterone
Introduction
Chlorophytum borivilianum (Kannada: Dravanti)
commonly known as safed musli is an important
rare endangered tiny annual herb belongs to family
Lilliaceae (Bhat et al., 2018). Safed musli is known
for aphrodisiac, immunomodulatory activity and
anti-ageing properties (Kothari, 2004;
Chakraborthy and Aeri, 2009; Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012; Singh et al., 2012; Rungsung et
al., 2013; Kenjale et al., 2008 Bhat et al., 2018).
The centre of its origin lies in tropical and
subtropical Africa (Chakraborthy and Aeri, 2009).
Traditionally, C. borivilianum tuberous root has
been used for the treatment of male impotence,
oligozoospermia and erectile dysfunction since the
safed musali is very rich in glycosides. It works
very well in curing impotency (Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012; Desale, 2013; Giribabu et al.,
2014; Kenjale et al., 2008; Bhat et al., 2018).
Safed musli is used for the production of male sex
hormone testosterone and also used for the
effective execution of adrenal gland which is very
important for sexual arousal (Desale, 2013). Safed
musli is particularly used for individuals with low
sperm count and low libido which will improve
sexual weakness (Desale, 2013). Therefore, safed
musli is an excellent traditional herbal remedy for
several other male conditions, including infertility,
oligospermia or low sperm count, premature
ejaculation, and physical weakness. It has the
Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2020) 7(11), 25-31
R. B. Malabadi and R. K. Chalannavar (2020) / Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and
pharmacological updates
26
ability to increase the quality and quantity of male
sperm count, semen motility, and thereby
successful fertility could be expected (Desale,
2013). The rhizome powder of safed musli is also
consumed as a nutritive tonic with milk in case of
seminal weakness, impotency, used to cure fever
and leucorrhoea (Bhat et al., 2018; Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012). The consumption of safed musli
also increases the testosterone level in male
partner. Testosterone is an anabolic steroid in
males plays an important role in the development
of male reproductive tissues such as testes and
prostate.
Medicinal properties of safed musli
Because of its aphrodisial properties, and
spermatogenic potential, safed musli has been
mainly identified as a sex vitalizer or Desi viagra
or ‗Herbal viagra‘ (Sharma and Mazumdar, 2012;
Singh et al., 2012; Thakur and Dixit, 2006;
Giribabu et al., 2014; Kenjale et al., 2008). Safed
musli was also found to be significant protection
against stress induced changes. It also cures many
physical illness and weakness (Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012; Kothari, 2004).
Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli)
popularly known as the Indian Ginseng which is
traditionally used as a health promotive tonic, an
adoptogenic drug, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-
inflammatory, antipyretic, galactogogue, hyper-
cholesteremia, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic,
anthelmintic, antiulcer, antistress, antiviral,
antifungal, anti-tumour, anti-mutagenic,
antidiabetic, antimicrobial, larvicidal activity,
anticancer, anti- ageing process, aphrodisiac, and
total rejuvenator (Bhat et al., 2018; Deore and
Khadabadi, 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2010; Akki
and Patil, 2006; Singh et al., 2012; Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012; Rungsung et al., 2013; Elizabeth,
2001; Singh and Chauhan, 2003; Thakur and
Dixit, 2006).
The tuberous root of Chlorophytum borivilianum
(safed musli) are a constituent of ‗Chyawanprash‘
an outstanding rejuvenator (Singh et al., 2012). In
Indian system of Ayurveda, Safed musli
(Chlorophytum borivilianum) is considered as a
―Divya Aushad‖ or ―Rasayana‖ a nature‘s gift and
God-given wonder drug for the treatment of health
disorders as well as general debility (Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012; Rungsung et al., 2013; Kenjale et
al., 2008).
Around 300 species of Chlorophytum have been
found in tropical and sub tropical region
throughout world and seventeen species of
Chlorophytum had been reported in India
(Mayank and Dixit, 2008; Sharma and Mazumdar,
2012; Singh et al., 2012; Rungsung et al., 2013;
Elizabeth, 2001; Singh and Chauhan, 2003).
There are 8 common safed musali found in
different parts of India such as 1) Chlorophytum
borivilianum, 2) Chlorophytum arundinaceum 3)
Chlorophytum tuberosum 4) Chlorophytum
malabericum 5) Chlorophytum attenuatum 6)
Chlorophytum breviscapum 7) Chlorophytum
filicinus 8) Chlorophytum gonoclados (Mayank
and Dixit, 2008; Sharma and Mazumdar, 2012).
In India, it is widely distributed in Assam, Gujarat,
Madhy Pradesh, Rajasthan, found in Western Ghat
Forests of Karnataka, Konkana Maharashtra,
Chhatisgarh, Eastern Himalayas, and Tamilnadu.
However, over exploitation of Chlorophytum
borivilianum has decreased its distribution and
recorded as one of the endangered plant species
(Sharma and Mazumdar, 2012; Singh et al., 2012).
Therefore, cultivation of Chlorophytum
borivilianum in agriculture land during the month
of April-May as a cash crop is often indeed in some
parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka to meet commercial demand in national
and international market for pharmaceutical
industry (Elizabeth, 2001; Singh et al., 2012; Singh
and Chauhan, 2003; Sharma and Mazumdar,
2012; Kothari and Sigh, 2003). In general safed
musli tuberous roots were kept in the field for one
month before harvesting since this turn the colour
of the tuberous roots into dark brown which will
also increase the medicinal value of the tubers
(Kothari and Sigh, 2003). Harvesting tuberous
roots of Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli)
is done in the month of January-February (Singh
et al., 2012; Rungsung et al., 2013; Singh and
Chauhan, 2003; Elizabeth, 2001; Kothari and Sigh,
2003). Safed musli is propagated by using tubers
and seeds. However, seed germination of
Chlorophytum borivilianum is very low (10-14%)
(Kothari and Sigh, 2003). Furthermore, traditional
method of propagation using tuberous root was
found to be time consuming (Kothari and Sigh,
2003). Another problem is the overexploitations of
Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2020) 7(11), 25-31
R. B. Malabadi and R. K. Chalannavar (2020) / Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and
pharmacological updates
27
tuberous root due to increased commercial
demand have decreased the availability of tuberous
root for replanting. Hence in vitro technique of
shoot regeneration could be an efficient alternative
means of propagating the species (Ashraf et al.,
2014; Lattoo et al., 2006; Purohit et al., 1994;
Samantaray et al., 2009; Haque and Bera, 2011;
Shrivastava et al., 2016; Kumar et al., 2018).
Safed musli is also used in the treatment of
rheumatism, the leaves were consumed as
vegetable, as an expectorant, in various culinary
preparations, and a herbal remedy for knee pain
(Singh et al., 2012; Sharma and Mazumdar, 2012;
Kothari, 2004; Haque and Bera, 2011). Root
powder increases the lactation amongst the feeding
mothers and lactating cows (Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012; Singh et al. 2012). In addition to
this, stem, cladodes, seeds and rhizomes of safed
musli were also very important in Indian and
Unani traditional medicinal remedies for
treatment of spermatorrhoea, chronic leucorrhoea,
diarrhoea, dysentery, general debility, senile
pruritus, asthma and fatigue (Sharma and
Mazumdar, 2012).
A combination of safed musli leaves with other
herbs makes the human body resistant against the
attack of sex related diseases and also delays the
menopause (Sharma and Mazumdar, 2012;
Kenjale et al., 2008; Kothari, 2004; Desale, 2013;
Haque and Bera, 2011). Safed musli, a potent
ayurvedic aphrodisiac herb with multiple
functions in male partner are (Desale, 2013) 1)
Controls erectile dysfunction 2) Sperm count and
density vis-a-vis motility was increased as a result
of elevation in serum testosterone levels 3) Cures
premature ejaculation and increases the volume
and quality of ejaculation. 4) Booster for extra
energy for good health. 5) Improves the semen
quality. 6) Increases sperm count substantially
which plays a vital role in fertility (Desale,
2013). On the other hand the consumption of
safed musali in female partner improves overall
health with multiple functions such as 1) Checks
urinary tract infections; 2) Checks excessive
menstrual bleeding 3) Checks the menopause
(Desale, 2013).
Erectile dysfunction (ED) generally known as male
impotency is a major health disorder affecting
reproductive organ in male partner (Saxena et al.
2012; Sumalatha et al. 2010; Yakubu et al. 2008).
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is mainly due to dietary
factors, psychological disorders, androgen
deficiencies (testosterone deficiency,
hyperprolactinemia), chronic medical conditions
(diabetes, hypertension, vascular insufficiency
(atherosclerosis, venous leakage), penile disease
(Peyronie‘s, priapism, phinosis, smooth muscle
dysfunction), pelvic surgery (to correct arterial or
inflow disorder), neurological disorders
(Parkinson‘s disease, stroke, cerebral trauma,
Alzheimer‘s spinal cord or nerve injury), drugs
(side-effects) (anti-hypertensives, central agents,
psychiatric medications, antiulcer, anti-
depressants and anti-androgens), life style (chronic
alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking), ageing (decrease
in hormonal level with age) and systemic diseases
(cardiac, hepatic, renal pulmonary, cancer,
metabolic, post-organ transplant) (Saxena et al.
2012), and might be due to high levels of synthetic
hormones (known as Xenoestrogens) in our
diet/environment (Saxena et al. 2012).
Furthermore, other factors which influence Erectile
dysfunction (ED) are nutritionally imbalanced diet
resulting from poor quality of produces; and
extremely low levels of testosterone (Saxena et al.,
2012). Conventional medicine for curing Erectile
dysfunction (ED) are either surgery or a drugs such
as Erecaid, Viagra, Cialis and Levitra or
testosterone. In addition to this penile injections of
papaverine or prostaglandin were also used to
correct the male impotency (Saxena et al., 2012).
Good health is an important determinant of quality
of life (Saxena et al. 2012). The use of allopathic
drugs has resulted in the adverse side effects on the
human body and thus limit the use of such drugs
(Saxena et al., 2012; Sumalatha et al., 2010;
Yakubu et al., 2008). Therefore, the use of herbal
drugs could be used as an alternative chief herbal
medication. Many herbal drugs were used for the
treatment of male impotency (Erectile dysfunction)
(Saxena et al., 2012; Sumalatha et al., 2010;
Yakubu et al., 2008).
In Indian traditional herbal therapy, oral
consumption of different parts of Chlorophytum
borivilianum (safed musli) is considered as one of
the potential medicine for male impotency (Saxena
et al., 2012). Dried tubers were also used as a
curative for pre-natal and post-natal illness,
Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2020) 7(11), 25-31
R. B. Malabadi and R. K. Chalannavar (2020) / Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and
pharmacological updates
28
restorative and a strong health tonic and sexual
debilities (Sharma and Mazumdar, 2012; Haque
and Bera, 2011).
Phytochemicals in safed musli
In India, traditional use of herbal medicines known
as Ayurveda is being passed from one generation
to generation due to many reasons such as
availability, acceptability, compatibility, and
affordability (Malabadi, 2008; Malabadi and
Vijayakumar, 2008; Malabadi et al., 2009, 2010a,
2010b; Malabadi et al., 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c,
2012d; Malabadi et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2016c,
2016d, 2016e; Malabadi et al., 2017a, 2017b). The
phytochemical constituents of safed musali are
carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins and 25 alkaloids,
saponins and abundant amount of mucilage
(Sharma and Mazumdar, 2012; Singh et al., 2012).
Furthermore, stigmasterol and saponin named as
furostanol and Chlorophytoside-I (3b, 5a, 22R,
25R)- 26 - (β-Dglucopyranosyloxy)-22-hydroxy-
furostan-12-one-3yl-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-
4)-glucopyranoside has been isolated from safed
musali (Singh et al., 2012; Deore and Khadabadi,
2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2010). Fructo-
oligopolysaccharide has been isolated and
evaluated for antidiabetic activity (Deore and
Khadabadi, 2008a, 2008b; Haque and Bera, 2011).
Plant mucilage are pharmaceutically important
polysaccharide with wide range of applications
such as thickening, binding, disintegrating,
suspending, emulsifying, stabilizing, and gelling
agents. They have been also used as matrices for
sustained and control release drugs (Deore and
Khadabadi, 2008a, 2008b).
Other medicinal plants used in the
treatment of male impotency
The herbal medicinal plants used in the treatment
of male impotency are: 1) Allium sativum L.
(Garlic, Family-Liliaceae; parts used- bulb), 2)
Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Asparagus, Family-
Liliaceae; parts used-root), 3) Boerhavia diffusa
L. (Punarnava, Family-Nyctaginaceae; parts
used- root), 4) Cocculs cardifolia Linn. (Guduchi,
Family-Menispermaceae parts used-stem, leaf,
root), 5) Fadogia agrestis Schweinf. Ex Heim
(Black aphrodisiac, Family-Rubiaceae; parts
used- stem), 6) Myristica fragrans Houtt
Nutmeg, (Family- Myristicaceae; parts used-
seed), 7) Panax ginseng (Ginseng, Family-
Araliaceae, parts used-root), 8) Turnera
aphrodisiaca (Damiana, Family- Trneraceae;
areal part used), 9) Withania somnifera Linn.
(Ashwagandha, Family- Solanaceae; parts used-
leaf, root), 10) Pausinystalia yohimbe
(Yohimbine, Family-Rubiaceae; parts used-bark),
11) Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo; Ginkgoaceae; parts
used -leaves, seeds), 12) Tribulus terristeris
(Caltrop, Zygophyllaceae parts used-seeds), 13)
Asphaltum bitumen (Shilajit; parts used – pitch),
14) Mucuna pruriens (Kapi kacchu; Fabaceae,
parts used- seed), 15) Asparagus racemosus
(Shatawari, Family- Liliaceae, parts used- root),
16) Erythroxylem catuaba (Catuaba, Family-
Erythroxylaceae, parts used- bark), 17) Ipomoea
digitata (Vidari kandha, Family- Convolvulaceae;
parts used- root), 18) Anacyclus pyrethrum
(Akarakarabha, Family- Compositae, parts used-
root ), and 19) Allium tuberosum (Chienese chive,
Family- Zingiberaceae; parts used- seed) (Saxena
et al., 2012; Sumalatha et al., 2010; Yakubu et al.,
2008).
Conclusion
Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) is a rare
Indian medicinal plant. Safed musli is also
considered as one of the divine Indian herbal
medicine with many pharmaceutical applications,
used in the treatment of male impotence,
oligozoospermia and erectile dysfunction, arthritis,
diabetes, rheumatism, joint pain, and immunity
booster. The powdered form of the tubers can be
used daily as a general health tonic. The
consumption of safed musli leaves as vegetables
also provided immunity against many viral, fungal
and bacterial infections. The high demand for
tubers for medicinal purpose makes it a valuable
crop. At the same time, the tubers are traditionally
used as planting materials.
Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) plays
an important role in primary health care and
therefore, becomes an integral part of human life
to combat many health disorders. Safed musli
(Chlorophytum borivilianum) mucilage are
pharmaceutically important polysaccharide with
commercial importance. Therefore, Safed musli
(Chlorophytum borivilianum) is considered as a
valuable herbal medicine for the correction of
many health disorders without any side effects.
Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2020) 7(11), 25-31
R. B. Malabadi and R. K. Chalannavar (2020) / Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and
pharmacological updates
29
Conflict of interest statement
Authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
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How to cite this article:
Malabadi, R. B., Chalannavar, R. K., 2020. Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany,
phytochemistry and pharmacological updates. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 7(11), 25-31.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2020.711.003
