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37
Agro-Science Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension
Volume 19 Number 4 (October 2020) pp. 37 - 42
ISSN 1119-7455
SERO-PREVALENCE OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN APPARENTLY HEALTHY
NORMAL FEATHERED LOCAL CHICKENS IN IDO AND ATIBA LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREAS, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
*1Unigwe C.R., 2Shobowale O.M., 3Enibe F., 2Ajayi J.O. and 2Koleosho S.A.
1Department of Vet Biochemistry & Animal Production,
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
2Federal College of Animal Health & Production Technology, Ibadan, PMB 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria
3Ministry of Agriculture, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author’s email: robinsonunigwe@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted at Ido and Atiba Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State, Nigeria, to investigate
the prevalence of Newcastle disease (ND) using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) techniques.
A total of 376 normal feathered local chickens were sampled by collecting 2 ml of blood from each bird. Sera
that emanated from them were subjected to detection of ND antibodies using ELISA test kit. The data
collected were analyzed by inferential statistics. The results showed that the prevalence of ND as 11.70% and
15.43% at Ido and Atiba LGAs, respectively. Adult males showed higher prevalence as compared to adult
females in the two LGAs. Meanwhile the prevalence of ND in adults was higher than in the young in Ido but
the reverse at Atiba LGA. Combined prevalence was averaged at 13.56% in the two LGAs. The combined
results further showed that males (8.24%) were more susceptible to ND than females (5.32%) just like adults
(7.45%) were more susceptible than the growers (6.11%). It can be concluded that ND is prevalent in the study
areas. It can therefore be recommended that vaccination of local chickens should be vigorously implemented
since they are in the common environment/space with intensively managed birds to avert cross infection.
Key words: antibodies, ELISA, local chickens, Newcastle disease, prevalence
INTRODUCTION
Poultry production is the fastest growing
component of global meat production in
developing and transitional countries (Assa, 2012).
Rojendran and Mohanty (2003) indicated that
poultry farming has become foremost among the
subsidiary occupations of farmers to supplement
their incomes because it assures quick returns,
requires minimum space and investment, and can
be carried out by less skilled farmers. Poultry has
been identified as a major source of national
income that provides about 9-10% of nation’s gross
domestic product (GDP) worth $250 million
(Anzaku et al., 2014). In Nigeria, poultry
population is estimated to be 137.6 million, with
backyard poultry population constituting 84%
(115.8 million) and 16% (21.7 million) of exotic
poultry, with a higher percentage of this poultry
raised subsistently (FMARD, 2006). Indigenous
village poultry production is an important
economic activity for rural dwellers, and the poults
are kept for meat and egg and sold to earn extra
income (Abubakar et al., 2008). Unfortunately,
disease is a major hindrance to the realization of
the full potential of village poultry due to high
mortality it causes in Nigeria (Nwanta et al., 2008).
It was believed that the free range chickens act as
potential reservoir of infection to themselves and
the commercial birds (Emikpe et al., 2003). Munir
et al. (2012) stated that Newcastle disease (ND) has
been reportedly consistent from all continents
worldwide and is regarded as one of the most
economically important diseases of chickens and
other birds. The epizootics of Newcastle disease in
poultry continue to occur in Asia, Africa, Central and
South America while in Europe, sporadic epizootics
occur (Nauem et al., 2013). The negative impact of
the disease in both commercial and village poultry
production systems is of great significance especially
in Africa (Nwanta et al., 2006). Annual economic
losses in millions of dollars have been associated
with ND outbreak (Susta et al., 2011) and heavy
mortality pattern in poultry (Waheed et al., 2013).
The sustainability of this subsector is being
threatened as a result of incessant outbreaks of ND
in unvaccinated flocks and sporadically in
vaccinated flocks (Solomons et al., 2012).
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral
disease in domestic poultry, aviary and wild birds.
Aldous and Alexander (2001) classified the ND
strains into three pathotypes; highly virulent
(velogenic), intermediate (mesogenic) and non-
Please cite as: Unigwe C.R., Shobowale O.M., Enibe F., Ajayi J.O. and Koleosho S.A. (2020). Sero-prevalence of Newcastle disease in
apparently healthy normal feathered local chickens in Ido and Atiba L ocal Government Areas, Oyo State, Nigeria. Agro-Science, 19 (4) ,
37-42. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v19i4.7
38
virulent (lentogenic). Although, an overlap of these
strain classes exists in the field (Alexander, 2000).
Severity of the disease often follows the virulence
of the infecting strain amongst other factors such as
host immune status, co-infections with other agents,
age of host, environmental stress and endemicity
(Okwor and Eze, 2013). According to variation in
strains of ND-virus (NDV), the rate of mortality and
morbidity in a flock varies from 90-100% along
with decrease in egg production (Choi et al., 2010;
Haque et al., 2010). The clinical signs of ND are
known to vary based on the virulence and tropism
of the virus strain involved, species of the bird, age
of the host, immune status, and environmental
condition (Alders and Spradbrow, 2002). The
disease is characterized by respiratory, nervous,
gastrointestinal and reproductive impairments
(Nanthakuwar et al., 2000; Tiwari et al., 2004).
Vaccines are conventionally used to control and
prevent ND. Currently, many inactivated and live
ND vaccines ar e available around the world
(Shim et al., 2011; Xiao et al., 2013). It is known
that vaccination of poultry provides an excellent
means to lessen clinical signs of infection caused
by this virus (Alexander, 2003; Senne et al., 2004;
Kapczynski and King, 2005). It has also been
known for a long time that vaccination itself (with
live vaccines based on non-virulent virus strains)
may cause disease and reduced growth in vaccinated
birds (Alexander, 2003). For confirmation of the
ND, virus Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination
Inhibition Test, virus Neutralization Test, Enzyme
linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Plaque
Neutralization Test and Reverse-Transcriptase
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) can be used
(Alexander and Allan, 1974). Therefore, this work
was designed to investigate the prevalence of ND
in the study areas with the aid of ELISA kit.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study was carried out in the month of May
2018 at Ido (Bakatari, Eleso and Olosun) and Atiba
(Elegbo, Oya-Tutu and Ikolaba) Local Government
Areas (LGAs) in Oyo State, southwestern region of
Nigeria. Ido LGA is located between longitude
3°33´20´´ and 3°51´11´´ E and latitude 7°17´50´´
and 7°44´50´´ N (Olatunji et al., 2016), whereas
Atiba LGA lies within latitudes 3°49´31´´ and
3°59´34´´ N of the equator and longitude 8°34´44´´
and 8°35´38´´ E of the Greenwich Meridian
(Gbiri et al., 2019). The average annual
temperature and rainfall are 26.5 oC and 1,311 mm2
respectively whereas, Oyo city has latitude of 7°
51´ 9.25´´ N and longitude of 3° 55´ 52.50´´ E. Via
a pre-field survey, the villages were purposively
selected because of abundance of local chickens.
Blood Sample Collection
One hundred and eighty-eight (188) blood samples
were collected from birds in each Local
Government Area using sterile syringes via
brachial veins of the chickens. This summed up to
three hundred and seventy-six samples (376). Both
young and adult male and female chickens sampled
were kept under semi-intensive system where they
were allowed to roam and fend for themselves
during the day and retire back to their pens for
shelter and were sometimes given supplements in
the evenings. Two milliliters (2 ml) of collected
blood was deposited in a well labeled plain sample
bottle. The bottles were kept in slanting positions
for about 30 minutes for the blood to clot and the
sera decanted into the Eppendorff tubes and put in
ice pack for onward submission to the Avian
Virology Laboratory, University of Ibadan, for
preservation and laboratory analysis.
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit and
Preparation
The ND ELISA test kit (Version 2016-01) was
manufactured by Shenzhen Lvshiyuan
Biotechnology Co., Ltd. China. The GreenspringTM
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody ELISA
kit was developed to detect the NDV antibodies
level in chicken serum sample and can be used to
evaluate serological diagnosis of infected chickens,
epidemiological surveys of Newcastle disease virus
and analysis of Newcastle disease virus vaccine
status in chickens. Manufacturer’s guidelines were
carried out to detect the NDV antibodies.
Statistical Analysis
The results were subjected to descriptive statistics
using Statistical Package for Social Sciences
version17 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Prevalence for ND was calculated via the formular
outlined by Bennette et al. (1991) and
interpretation documented.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Prevelance of ND at Ido and Atiba LGA
Table 1 shows the prevalence of Newcastle disease
(ND) at various villages of Ido LGA comprising
Bakatari, Eleso and Olosun villages. Out of 63, 63
and 62 birds screened in these villages, a total of 9
(14.29%), 5 (7.94%) and 8 (12.90%) were sero-
positive for ND, respectively whereas at Atiba
LGA (Table 2), with respect to Elegbo, Oya-Tutu
and Ikolaba villages, out of 71, 60 and 57 birds
screened at each, 13 (18.31%), 7 (11.67%) and 9
(15.79%) birds, respectively were sero-positive for
the disease. At this LGA, out of the 188 birds
screened, 29 (15.43%) showed positivity for the
virus with an overall prevalence of 11.70%.
Sero-Prevalence of Newcastle Disease in Normal Feathered Local Chickens in Oyo State Nigeria
39
Sero-Prevalence of ND by Age and Sex
Table 2 shows the age/sex sero-prevalence of
Newcastle disease at the study areas. The results
further revealed that in Ido LGA, adult males
(4.26%) had the highest prevalence of the virus
followed by adult females (3.72%), grower males
(2.13%) and the least was grower females (1.59%).
This showed that males (6.39%) particularly adults
were more susceptible to the virus than females
(5.31%) whereas adults (7.98%) had more
susceptibility than the growers (3.72%) according
to the results. At Atiba LGA (Table 2), with respect
to Elegbo, Oya-Tutu and Ikolaba villages, out of
71, 60 and 57 birds screened at each village, 13
(18.31%), 7 (11.67%) and 9 (15.79%) birds
respectively were sero-positive for the disease. At
this LGA, out of the 188 birds screened, 29
(15.43%) showed positivity for the virus. It can
also be stated that males (10.11%) were more
affected than females (5.32%) similar to Ido LGA,
whereas the prevalence in the grower (8.51%) was
higher than in adults (6.92%) as opposed to Ido
LGA. Out of a total of 188 birds screened, 9
(4.79%) adult males, 10 (5.32%) grower males, 4
(2.13%) adult females and 6 (3.19%) grower
females were positive for the disease.
Table 3 shows the combined prevalence of
Newcastle disease in the study areas. From the 376
birds screened, 51 of them were sero-positive
resulting to overall prevalence of 13.56%. It further
showed that out of 84, 97, 97 and 98 chickens
screened, adult males, gr ower males, adult females
and grower females, 17 (4.52%), 14 (3.72%), 11
(2.93%) and 9 (2.39%) birds respectively showed
positivity. This further affirmed that males (8.24%)
were more susceptible to the disease than females
(5.32%). With respect to age, adults (7.45%) were
more susceptible than the growers (6.11%).
Table 1: Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease in the villages of Ido and Atiba LGAs, Nigeria
Villages
Male A/G
Female A/G
Total
No. positive by age
Total
positive
Prevalence
(%)
AM
AF
GM
GF
Ido LGA
Bakatari
14/12
21/16
63
3
2
3
1
9
14.29
Eleso
14/11
22/16
63
2
2
1
-
5
7.94
Olosun
13/11
22/16
62
3
3
-
2
8
12.90
Atiba LGA
Elegbo
18/13
20/20
71
4
4
2
3
13
18.31
Oya-Tutu
15 /10
20/15
60
2
3
1
2
7
11.67
Ikolaba
10/9
23/15
57
3
3
2
1
9
15.79
Total
84/66
128/98
376
17
17
9
9
51
13.56
Key: A/G - Adult/Grower, AM - Adult Male, AF - Adult Female, GM - Grower Male, GF - Grower Female
Table 2: Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease by age/sex in the villages of Ido and Atiba LGAs
No of birds
No positive
Prevalence (%)
Total
Male
Female
Ido LGA
Adult Male (AM)
41
8
4.26
4.26
-
Grower Male (GM)
34
4
2.13
2.13
-
Adult Female (AF)
65
7
3.72
-
3.72
Grower Female (GF)
48
3
1.59
-
1.59
Total
188
22
11.70
6.38
5.32
Atiba LGA
Adult male (AM)
43
9
4.79
4.79
-
Grower Male (GM)
63
10
5.32
5.32
-
Adult Female (AF)
32
4
2.13
-
2.13
Grower Female (GF)
50
6
3.19
-
3.19
Total
188
29
15.43
10.11
5.32
Table 3: Combined seroprevalence of Newcastle disease at the study areas
No. of birds
No. positive
Prevalence (%)
Total
Male
Female
Adult
Grower
Adult Male
84
17
4.52
4.52
-
4.52
-
Grower Male
97
14
3.72
3.72
-
-
3.72
Adult Female
97
11
2.93
-
2.93
2.93
-
Grower Female
98
9
2.39
-
2.39
-
2.39
Total
376
51
13.56
8.24
5.32
7.45
6.11
Unigwe C.R., Shobowale O.M., Enibe F., Ajayi J.O. and Koleosho S.A.
40
DISCUSSION
Newcastle disease is considered an endemic disease
among backyard and commercial poultry in Nigeria.
Despite vigorous vaccination trials and campaigns,
there were still reports of frequent outbreaks of the
disease in the country among village and
commercial poultry population (Okwor and Eze,
2013; Mai et al., 2014). However, sero-prevalence
survey still remains an important step towards
immediate detection and effective control of the
disease. The implication of the spread and the carrier
status of the rural household chickens could be of
importance considering the fact that rural chickens
were reported to constitute over 90% of chicken
population in Nigeria and are capable of scavenging
around the environment, spreading the NDV to
vaccinated and unvaccinated healthy exotic birds
(Musa et al., 2009). Several outbreaks of virulent
strains have been reported throughout the world,
and these strains are endemic in many countries
including Asia and Africa (Miller et al., 2010).
The sero-prevalence rates obtained in this work
were higher than those of Chukwudi et al. (2012)
who reported a prevalence of 3.2% for NDV in
clinically healthy chickens in Nsukka area, Enugu
State but were similar to the results of 17.0%
obtained by Abraham-Oyiguh et al. (2014) and
20.8% in local chickens by Daodu et al. (2019) at
various LGAs in Kwara State, as well as 14.1%
previously reported by Olabode (2012) in Kwara
State but differed from 32.2% reported in Kaduna
by Nwanta et al. (2008), in Nigeria. The difference
in prevalence could be adduced to the fact that
Chukwudi et al. (2012) worked on exotic birds that
were probably vaccinated against ND. Other
studies conducted on village chickens at live bird
markets in Nigeria by Ameji et al. (2011), Chollom
et al. (2013), Jibril et al. (2014) and Eze and Ike
(2015) showed 96, 35.8, 25.5 and 65.1% sero-
prevalence rates, respectively. These observed
differences in ND sero-prevalence showed ecological
area variation in NDV activity and may perhaps be
a reflection of the impact of environment on the
viability and spread of NDV and its epidemiology
(Eze and Ike, 2015). It has also been reported that
most village chickens in Nigeria are seldom routinely
vaccinated against ND using the conventional
vaccines (Okwor and Eze, 2011). Therefore,
detection of antibodies to ND in apparently healthy
chickens might be indicative of natural infection by
non-virulent or lentogenic strains of the virus that
might not cause clinical diseases but acts like
vaccine. However, at the period of sampling, some
birds might be incubating the disease in a subclinical
state (Chukwudi et al., 2012; Ibitoye et al., 2013;
Mai et al., 2014; Eze and Ike, 2015).
The results from this study which were obtained
in the Month of May were lower than the
prevalence of 80.9% reported by Ibitoye et al.
(2013) in Sokoto State, Nigeria, 81.8% by Boakye
et al. (2016) in Kumasi, Ghana, 55.5% and 53.7%
by Lawal et al. (2015) and Lawal et al. (2016) in a
ten-year retrospective study of ND cases reported
and diagnosed in Veterinary clinics in Gombe
metropolis, Nigeria. The difference might be as a
result of seasonality of Newcastle disease virus
having high occurrence in the months of March and
October which coincides with the onset of rainy
and dry seasons respectively. In addition, the
seasonality factor such as harmattan period when
there is extreme cold, wind and stress might also
contribute to the wide margins in the earlier works.
High wind movement could transfer infection from
one poultry house or flock to the other
(Manchang et al., 2004; Musa et al., 2009). In
contradictions too, Hadipour (2009) examined 350
blood samples of backyard chickens for NDV
antibodies and 37.56% of samples were positive,
and mean HI titre was 5.21. In another study on
village chickens in Iraq, 46% and 34.4% were
seropositive by ELISA and HI tests, respectively
(Aziz and Ahmed, 2010). Kite et al. (2007)
reported that 300 (39.84%) out of 753 surveyed
farms throughout Australia were positive for NDV
infection. In another report from Bangladesh,
78.04% samples of broilers and 96.67% of layers
were positive for NDV antibodies (Mozaffor, 2010)
whereas Ghaniei and Mohammadzadeh (2012)
reported 40.6% ND seroprevalence in Iran out of
383 blood samples collected from two slaughter-
houses in West Azarbayjan and subjected to HI
test. Lawal et al. (2016) reported 62.7% ND
seropositivity for local chickens and out of 320
guinea fowls and 39 pigeons sero-tested, 98
(30.6%) and 19 (48.7%) were seropositive for ND
antibodies respectively at Gombe State, Nigeria.
Therefore, detection of ND antibodies in this study
could be an indication of natural infection since the
poultry species sampled were adults and growers.
The presence of maternal antibodies can be ruled
out, because maternal antibodies disappear after the
age of 3-4 weeks (El-Yuguda et al., 2009).
Prevalence by Age and Sex Classification
The result obtained from this study showed that
Adults (7.45%) had higher prevalence when
compared to the growers (6.11%). This result was
not in agreement with Manchang et al. (2004) who
reported a higher prevalence in the Young/grower
(20.7%) against 12.1% in the Adults. The higher
prevalence in the adults might be as a result of
waned innate or non-specific immunity. The
implication of the spread and the carrier status of
the domestic birds could be of importance
considering the fact that rural chickens were
reported to constitute over 90% of chicken
population in Nigeria and are capable of
scavenging around the common environment
spreading NDV to vaccinated and unvaccinated
exotic birds (Musa et al., 2009). With regard to sex,
Sero-Prevalence of Newcastle Disease in Normal Feathered Local Chickens in Oyo State Nigeria
41
the results obtained in this study is in tandem with
the study of Jibril et al. (2014) who found higher
overall prevalence of ND in male chickens than in
females in Nigeria as well as that of Boakye et al.
(2016) in Ejisu-Besease (83.3%) and Ejisu-
Adumasa (98.4%) for females whereas the males
had 100% sero-positivity in Kumasi, Ghana. In
contrast, Awuni (2002) reported significantly
higher ND in females (hens) than males (cocks).
CONCLUSION
From this study, it can be concluded that the
overall sero-prevalence of 13.56% for ND was
quite moderate compared to most results obtained
elsewhere by other authors. Males have also shown
to be more affected than females. More so, adults
showed more susceptibility to ND than grower
indigenous birds.
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Sero-Prevalence of Newcastle Disease in Normal Feathered Local Chickens in Oyo State Nigeria
