ArticleLiterature Review

The Therapeutic Effect of Aromatherapy on Insomnia: a Meta-Analysis

March 2021
Journal of Affective Disorders 288

DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.066

Authors:

Background : Insomnia is a more and more common sleep disorder, which affects health and quality of life. Aromatherapy is one of the effective treatments to improve sleep quality. This paper is to comprehensively evaluate the existing research on aromatherapy as a treatment of insomnia to verify its therapeutic effect. Results : 16 studies (19 comparisons) met inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for meta-analysis. The results showed that aromatherapy had a significant effect on improving sleep quality (WMD: -2.52; 95% CI: -3.24 to -1.79). Subgroup analysis showed that different types of patients from different countries can improve their sleep quality through aromatherapy. The inhalation group, rather than the massage group had an obvious therapeutic effect, which may be due to the number of studies using massage included in our analysis is too small. What's more, different intervention duration does not seem to have a significant effect on the efficacy of aromatherapy. Conclusion : Aromatherapy has a significant effect on improving sleep quality. It can be used as one of the non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia, and relevant guide should be formulated to facilitate future clinical applications.

2nd International Acharaka Congress Proceedings Book

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Egzersiz nörogenesizde önemli bir nötrofin olan BDNF’i etkiler

Pain and sleep after open-heart surgery—inhalation peppermint essence: double-blind randomized clinical trial

Article

Aug 2023

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inhaling peppermint essence on pain relief and sleep quality after open-heart surgery. Methods In a double-blind randomised clinical trial carried out in Iran in 2020, 64 cardiac patients were selected by convenience sampling and randomly allocated to aromatherapy (n=32) and placebo (n=32) groups. The aromatherapy and control groups received inhaled aromatherapy using peppermint essence and distilled water, respectively. Data gathering tools were the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and St Mary’s Hospital Sleep Questionnaire. Data were analysed using an independent t-test, χ ² test, Mann–Whitney U test and generalised estimating equation analysis. Results The mean severity of pain in the aromatherapy and placebo groups was 3.22±0.88 and 4.56±0.90, respectively, which was a statistically significant difference (p=0.0001). The mean sleep scores after the intervention on day 1 were 20.10±4.90 and 25.76±6.36 in the aromatherapy and placebo groups, respectively, and 18.63±5.56 and 22.62±5.69, respectively, on day 2. The difference between the two groups was statistically significantly different after the intervention in terms of sleep quality (p<0.05). Conclusion Aromatherapy attenuated pain and improved sleep quality after open-heart surgery. Peppermint essence aromatherapy is therefore recommended after surgery.

Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils

Book

Mar 2023

Special Issue of Antioxidants MDPI

Effectiveness of Aromatherapy on Ameliorating Fatigue in Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

Background: Fatigue is a common symptom in adults that may cause physical and psychological problems and reduce quality of life. Aromatherapy could possibly provide relief for those suffering from fatigue. Here, we evaluated the effect of aromatherapy on fatigue in adults. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature, SinoMed, Wanfang, and Chinese Scientific Journal Database databases for randomized controlled trials of aromatherapy treatment for fatigue in adults from their inception to June 2021. Two reviewers searched independently, extracted the characteristics of the studies, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and Stata v. 14.0. Results: Nineteen studies were included in this systematic review. Aromatherapy had a significant effect on fatigue (standardized mean difference -0.64, 95% confidence interval-1.14, -0.15, I2 94.4%, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis according to aromatic type, substance, frequency, treatment duration, intervention, outcomes measurement, and population type showed that aromatherapy had a significantly greater effect in the intervention group, compared to the control group. Funnel plots and Egger's test indicated no significant publication bias. Conclusion: Our results suggest that aromatherapy ameliorates fatigue in adults who suffer from chronic diseases. A rigorous intervention program and larger randomized controlled trials are needed.

Plantas medicinais ajudam a combater a insônia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

O uso de plantas medicinais faz parte da história da humanidade a muitas décadas, no entanto, essa cultura até então que estava um pouco esquecida vem ganhando espaço novamente. Objetivou-se com esse estudo realizar um levantamento bibliográfico no ano de 2021 de estudos relacionados a meta-analises da insônia. Para os termos descritores, citam-se: Insomnia, herbal medicine and meta-analysis, com ênfase nas revisões voltadas para terapia da insônia. Foram encontrados 34 artigos de revisão, dois foram eliminados após leitura de resumo e 31 não falavam diretamente sobre insônia e sua cura com plantas medicinais e apenas um fazia um levantamento da cura da insônia com plantas através da aromoterapia. Com o auxílio da técnica de meta analise no estudo utilizado observaram que a aromaterapia é eficiente no tratamento da insônia. Fizeram um levantamento de 417 artigos, onde ao final para a pesquisa usaram as respostas de 19 artigos de 2014 a 2020. A insônia é prevalente na população brasileira e o uso de plantas medicinais, com atividade sedativa, destaca-se entre os tratamentos.

Natural Interventions To Treat Sleep Deprivation As A Risk Factor For Coronary Heart Disease. A Commentary on the Aavailable Research

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Adrian Isaza

According to the World Health Organization, there has been over 3 million deaths reported in the world due to COVID 19. In spite of an increasing number of vaccinated people across the world it is important to keep evaluating the pathophysiology of this disease and the mechanism of action for all the interventions that show improvement. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes sequestration and apoptosis of eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes which lead to lymphopenia, eosinopenia and overall immunosuppression. Lymphocytes in particular form part of both the acquired and innate immune system. This commentary will evaluate some nutritional supplements that may decrease the severity of symptoms associated with COVID 19 and whether reducing cortisol can potentially be the mechanism behind decreasing the severity of COVID 19 symptoms.

The Effectiveness of Lavender Aromatherapy on Perineal Suture Pain among Postpartum Women

Article

Jan 2025

It is estimated that perineal tears occur in as many as 57% of women who are in normal labor. Pain associated with perineal sutures is experienced by ninety percent of mothers in Indonesia due to perineal tears. When a mother experiences pain from a perineal suture when walking (33%), sitting (39%), or sleeping (45%), it interferes with her ability to move around, which might lead to difficulties being experienced. In accordance with the findings of Widayani's research, the discomfort that postpartum women experience in the form of perineal suture pain can be alleviated by the utilization of non-pharmacological methods, one of which is the provision of aromatherapy. This quasi-experimental study utilized a design consisting of a pre-test and a post-test for a single group. A total of fifteen respondents were chosen through the process of purposive sampling to make up the specimen. The study instrument was utilized with the use of a perineal pain score observation sheet. The Mann-Whitney test and the Paired Samples T-Test were utilized in the data analysis. There is a significant difference in the level of discomfort experienced by postpartum women who have undergone perineal suture procedures before and after receiving lavender aromatherapy (p = 0.011). It has been demonstrated that aromatherapy with lavender can alleviate the severity of discomfort associated with perineal sutures in women who have recently given birth. Health professionals, particularly midwives, are anticipated to implement complementary midwifery care by administering lavender aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological approach to alleviate the severity of pain associated with perineal sutures

Aromatherapy and Essential Oils: Holistic Strategies in Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Integral Wellbeing

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2025

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a variety of ancient therapies with origins in cultures such as those of China, Egypt, Greece, Iran, India, and Rome. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classifies these integrative therapies into five categories: (1) mind–body therapies, (2) biological practices, (3) manipulative and body practices, (4) energy medicine, and (5) whole medical systems, including traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine. This review explores the role of biological practices utilizing aromatic plants, particularly through inhalation aromatherapy and massage with essential oils, as effective complementary strategies within health systems. The review compiles information on the most commonly used plants and essential oils for holistic health maintenance from a complementary and alternative perspective. Given their accessibility and relative safety compared to conventional treatments, these therapies have gained popularity worldwide. Furthermore, the integration of essential oils has been shown to alleviate various psychological and physiological symptoms, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disorders, neuropathic pain, nausea, and menopausal symptoms. Among the studied plants, lavender has emerged as being particularly notable due to its broad spectrum of therapeutic effects and its designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as “Generally Recognized as Safe”. Other essential oils under investigation include eucalyptus, damask rose, sandalwood, vetiver, calamus, frankincense, chamomile, lemon, grapefruit, tangerine, orange, sage, rosemary, garlic, and black pepper. This study emphasizes the potential benefits of these aromatic plants in enhancing patient well-being. Additionally, it underscores the importance of conducting further research to ensure the safety and efficacy of these therapies.

THE EFFECT OF LAVENDER AROMA THERAPY ON THE SLEEP QUALITY OF PREGNANT WOMEN TM III

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2024

Hajar Nur Fathur Rohmah

Good quality sleep will maintain maternal health during pregnancy and provide maternal health by providing sufficient energy during labor. This has an impact on normal physiological changes during pregnancy such as increasing the size of the uterus, physical discomfort and increasing the hormone progesterone. The solution to improve the quality of mother's sleep is by providing lavender aromatherapy. This research is to prove the effect of lavender aromatherapy on third trimester pregnant women. The research design is quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest one group design approach. Population of all third trimester pregnant women in Bantarjaya Village, Pebayuran, Bekasi. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling technique with a total of 31 respondents. Sleep quality was measured using the PSQI questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using the paired sample t-test. The results of data analysis show that p value = 0.000. So the hypothesis in this study is accepted, namely that there is an influence of lavender aromatherapy on sleep quality in third trimester pregnant women. Based on research results, the use of lavender aromatherapy can be a safe choice for pregnant women to improve sleep quality.

Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality in older adults: A meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2024
MEDICINE

Background Aromatherapy has been proposed as a complementary therapy to enhance sleep quality and regulate mood. However, few studies have specifically examined the efficacy of aromatherapy in managing sleep disorders in older adults. Therefore, the present study aims to systematically review the impact of aromatherapy on sleep quality among older adults. Methods It employed a meta-analysis design. A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted across 7 databases to identify randomized controlled trials examining the effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality in older adults. Two researchers independently assessed the quality of the literature. The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis checklist. Results Aromatherapy demonstrated effectiveness in improving sleep quality among older adults (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.38 to −0.66; P < .001). Subgroup analyses based on aroma types, intervention modalities, and treatment durations revealed enhanced efficacy with lavender as the sole aroma (SMD = −1.39; 95% CI = −2.06 to −0.72; P < .001), non-inhaled aromatherapy (SMD = −1.73; 95% CI = −2.26 to −1.2; P < .001), and aromatherapy administered for less than 4 weeks (SMD = −1.16; 95% CI = −1.68 to −0.64; P < .001). Notably, significant effects of aromatherapy on anxiety (SMD = −0.83; 95% CI = −1.24 to −0.42; P < .001) and depression (SMD = −0.85; 95% CI = −1.30 to −0.39; P < .001) in older adults were also observed. Conclusion This study indicates that aromatherapy improves sleep quality in older adults, with single-use lavender, non-inhalation aromatherapy, lasting less than 4 weeks being particularly effective. Aromatherapy also alleviates depression, but its effects on anxiety require further evaluation.

The effectiveness of aromatic extract on insomnia: a meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024
SLEEP BREATH

Purpose Insomnia is a global health issue that imposes social and economic burdens. Aromatherapy is regarded as a promising alternative medicine for improving sleep quality. This meta-analysis was conducted to explore the potential of aromatherapy for addressing insomnia. Methods Seven databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from their inception through August 12, 2023. Data were synthesized using random-effect pairwise meta-analysis, with standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) reported. The risk of bias of each RCT was appraised using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis, publication bias diagnosis were also performed. Results A total of 14 studies with 1043 participants were included. The meta-analysis revealed a significant difference between the intervention and control groups (SMD: -1.63, 95% CI: -2.20 to -1.04). Sensitivity analysis showed that, whichever study was omitted, the conclusions of the remaining studies did not reverse. Among the 14 RCTs included, 6 were deemed to have a low overall risk of bias, and 8 were found to have some concerns. Subgroup analysis revealed that Iran had a more significant therapeutic effect than other regions. The effects of rose and citrus aurantium are more obvious than those of lavender. The different treatments in the control groups, intervention durations and sleep quality questionnaires had impacts on therapeutic effects, while discrepancies were not significant for different health conditions. Conclusion Aromatic essential oil has a significant therapeutic effect on insomnia. Further research on the mechanisms and guidelines for implementing aromatherapy is needed. This meta-analysis has been registered in PROSPERO with the ID CRD42023454070.

Exploring the Physiological Response Differences of β-Caryophyllene, Linalool and Citral Inhalation and their Anxiolytic Potential

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Essential oils with β-caryophyllene, citral, and linalool as key compounds often exhibit some anti-anxiety like effects in aromatherapy. However, evidence of the effect of these three compounds through human inhalation remains limited. It is worth exploring their potential anxiolytic effect through the olfactory pathway, and finding out whether the three compounds lead to different physiological responses. A total of 48 subjects were randomly assigned to three odor (β-caryophyllene, citral, and linalool) inhalation groups and one control (odorless jojoba oil) group. Stress stimulation was induced using n-back and mental arithmetic tasks. The odor was administered before the task test session. Assessments including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), electroencephalogram (EEG) activities, facial expressions, several physiological indicators, and a self-report scale of subjective perception of the odor environments were carried out. The changes before and after inhalation, as well as the inter-group differences, were analyzed. Both β-caryophyllene and citral inhalation led to a significant decrease in anxiety levels, while only β-caryophyllene resulted in a notable reduction across both sub-scales of STAI. Following the odor inhalation, heart rate significantly decreased in all three groups, with the β-caryophyllene group exhibiting the most pronounced decline. While the systolic blood pressure of the linalool group demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Regarding facial expressions, β-caryophyllene significantly increased the ratio of 'Happiness' and decreased the ratio of ‘Fear'. In the non-task state, citral reduced the power of frontal alpha, delta, and theta waves while β-caryophyllene had a similar effect. All odor inhalation groups showed increased delta and theta waves after the task compared with the control group, with the β-caryophyllene group having notably lower frontal beta waves. β-Caryophyllene and citral exhibited good anti-anxiety effects. Subjects receiving different odors showed different EEG and physiological responses, indicating the differences in emotional regulation ways among the three compounds.

Effect of Lavender Oil Leg Massage on Physical, Cognitive, and Psychological Variables of Patients with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most important non-communicable risk factors that cause cardiovascular diseases. Complementary therapies including massage and aromatherapy are widely used in the management of HTN. However, studies on aromatherapy massage in HTN are limited. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lavender oil leg massage on physical (cardio pulmonary function), cognitive, and psychological variables of patients with HTN. Materials and methods: A parallel-group randomized controlled trial, comprising 100 HTN patients aged 44.99 ± 5.39 years who were recruited and randomly divided into the study group (SG) and control group (CG), was conducted. The SG received lavender oil leg massage, while the CG received supine rest for 20 min. Outcome variables like blood pressure (BP), pulse rate (PR), random blood sugar (RBS) level, oxygen saturation, pulmonary function, oral temperature, trail making test (TMT) A and B, and state anxiety and mindfulness were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: The within-group analysis showed a significant improvement in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, PR, RBS, TMT-A, TMT-B, and state mindfulness both in the SG and CG. However, a significant reduction in state anxiety was observed only in the SG unlike the CG. Moreover, the between-group analysis showed a significant improvement in state mindfulness and state anxiety in the SG compared to the CG. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that lavender oil leg massage is effective in reducing BP and RBS, and improving cognitive function in hyperten-sive patients. In addition, it is more effective in reducing anxiety and improving mindfulness than rest in supine position in patients with HTN.

ISAR Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Studies Abbriviate Tittle-ISAR J Mul Res Stud Aromatherapy of Frankincense dalzielii pyrolysis: Historical and its efficacy on Tail cuff's cardiac quantification in acute high fat-fed rats

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

According to my inherited custom, the dried West African Frankincense dalzielii undergo pyrolysis in a charcoal burner during religious services, actively undergoing metabolites' sublimation and the members eventually inhaled the resultant but major essential effluent smoke, and to date, the health benefits of the incense fragrance haven't been evaluated up till now, as traditionally used by our religious forefathers. The principle, "Let food be thy medicine, and medicine be thy food", advocated by Hippocrates (460-377 BC), the father of modern medicine is very germane. Hence, I thus investigated the beneficial role of B. dalzielii frankincense and myrrh smoke as it's usually applied during worship in most Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Taoist, and Buddhist Chinese religious centers, and as it perhaps modulates the adiposity, cardiac rate, systolic and diastolic values of high fat fed Wistar male rats, within an acute duration of 60days using Tail cuff measuring device. Rats (n =21) were used in this study and equally divided into three groups, within which the third group fed high-fat chow were exposed to 30g of B. dalzielii frankincense and myrrh smoke for one hour, emanating from incense-charcoal burner twice daily, morning and night for 60 days. During the period, weights of all the rodents were measured, noted twice a week, and at exactly 24 hours after the last exposure, cardiac rate, systolic and diastolic values were quantified using a Tail cuff device at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan. Group 2 assaulted with the high fat diet (HFD) only, revealed a significant increase in adiposity, blood pressure, and heartbeat, while group 3 co-exposed to the smoke of B. dalzielii resources with the HFD showed a significant reduction in the latter to near normal group. More so, agility and active responses in the co-treated group were of imminent accomplishment. This investigation demonstrated that B. dalzielii smoke could attenuate high fat diet triggered adiposity, positive inotropism, and high heart pressure.

Aromatherapy for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

May 2024

A BSTRACT Objectives Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications following surgical procedures. While drug-based treatments are standard, there is increasing interest in nonpharmacological alternatives, such as aromatherapy, due to potential benefits and minimal side effects. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of aromatherapy in preventing PONV. Materials and Methods A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases for studies published up to May 2023. The included studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies of interventions that examined the impact of aromatherapy on PONV. The risk of bias was assessed, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach was employed to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. Results Eleven studies were selected for review, with eight RCTs included in the meta-analysis. Aromatherapy effectively reduced postoperative nausea severity (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.64 to −0.22; P = 0.010), but the reduction in vomiting episodes was not statistically significant (SMD: −0.81, 95% CI: −1.98-0.37; P = 0.180). Subgroup analysis indicated that ginger essence, lavender, and peppermint oils were particularly effective in managing postoperative nausea. However, due to significant statistical heterogeneity and potential biases in the studies, the results should be interpreted with caution. The certainty of the evidence, as evaluated by the GRADE approach, was low. Conclusion Preliminary evidence supports the potential benefit of aromatherapy in reducing the severity of postoperative nausea. However, given the low certainty of current evidence, more rigorous and standardized research is needed. The safety, affordability, and potential benefits to patient comfort make aromatherapy a promising area for further research in postoperative care.

Socialization and Training on Making Vegetable Pesticides from Papaya Leaves (Carica Papaya. L) and Garlic (Allium Sativum) with the Community of Taba Air Pauh Village

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

The purpose of this community service project is to transfer information and skills about the art of producing aromatherapy candles using natural ingredients like coffee, lemongrass, and lime to the residents of Tapak Gedung Village, Tebat Karai District, Kepahiang Regency. The technique used for community service projects in Tapak Gedung Village, Tebat Karai District, Kepahiang Regency, including teaching people how to make aromatherapy candles out of lime and coffee beans. The residents of Tapak Gedung Village, Tebat Karai District, Kepahiang Regency, have learned how to make aromatherapy candles from natural materials nearby, and this could lead to the residents of Tapak Gedung Village becoming financially independent. This is based on the outcomes of community service activities involving training in the production of aromatherapy candles from coffee beans and lime.

Efektivitas Aromaterapi terhadap Kualitas Tidur dan Kecemasan

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy on sleep quality and anxiety in elderly adult population patients. The method used is a systematic review related to the management of sleep disorders and anxiety with aromatherapy. The results showed that aromatherapy given by inhalation and massage methods with lavender, rosa damascene, chamomile and neroli essential oils for at least three nights and a maximum of thirty days was considered to have an effect on sleep quality and anxiety. Conclusion, aromatherapy is effective in improving sleep quality and reducing anxiety. Keywords: Anxiety, Aromatherapy, Sleep Quality

Moringa seed essential oil improves sedative and hypnotic effects by increasing GABA in the hypothalamus and reducing 5-HT levels in serum through the olfactory pathway in rats

Preprint

Full-text available

Oct 2023

Insomnia is a common frequently occurring disease, and the therapeutic drugs have dependence and side effects. Moringa is a kind of plant used for both medicine and food. Moringa seed (MS) is rich in volatile oil. Nowadays, MS has been initially used to treat nervous system disease; however, there are few reports on the treatment of insomnia with essential oil of MS by aromatherapy. Therefore, this study aimed to extract MS essential oil and analyze its effect of improving sleep through animal experiments. This study used petroleum ether thermal extraction abstract essential oil in MS. It was subjected to compositional analysis using Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). SD rats were divided into seven concentration groups (Control, Model, Natural Recovery, Positive Control, High, Medium and Low). The insomnia model was established by intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenyl alanine (PCPA) when the successful model establishment, the Positive Control group was injected with chloral hydrate solution; essential oil at concentrations of 10%, 5%, and 2.5% was used for aromatherapy in the High, Medium and Low groups; 1% Tween-80 was used for aromatherapy in the Natural Recovery group. The results of MS essential oil were analyzed by observing the general condition of rats in each group, open field test, pentobarbital sodium righting test, detecting the content of serum 5-HT and hypothalamic GABA. It was found to be rich in oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stigmasterol, γ-Stigmasterol, and other substances by GC-MS in MS essential oil. Through the general condition of rats, behavioral tests as well as blood biochemical assays. It is known that MS essential oil aromatherapy can reduce the rat's reciprocal tear behavior, increase the rat's activity interest, and exploration ability and increase the content of 5-HT in rat serum and GABA in the hypothalamus. Therefore, MS have a sedative and hypnotic effect.

Time-Dependent Analysis of Human Neurophysiological Activities during an Ecological Olfactory Experience

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023
BSRCCS

It has been demonstrated that odors could affect humans at the psychophysiological level. Significant research has been done on odor perception and physiological mechanisms; however, this research was mainly performed in highly controlled conditions in order to highlight the perceptive phenomena and the correlated physiological responses in the time frame of milliseconds. The present study explored how human physiological activity evolves in response to different odor conditions during an ecological olfactory experience on a broader time scale (from 1 to 90 s). Two odors, vanilla and menthol, together with a control condition (blank) were employed as stimuli. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in four frequency bands of interest, theta, alpha, low beta, and high beta, and the electrodermal activity (EDA) of the skin conductance level and response (SCL and SCR) were investigated at five time points taken during: (i) the first ten seconds of exposure (short-term analysis) and (ii) throughout the entire exposure to each odor (90 s, long-term analysis). The results revealed significant interactions between the odor conditions and the time periods in the short-term analysis for the overall frontal activity in the theta (p = 0.03), alpha (p = 0.005), and low beta (p = 0.0067) bands, the frontal midline activity in the alpha (p = 0.015) and low beta (p = 0.02) bands, and the SCR component (p = 0.024). For the long-term effects, instead, only one EEG parameter, frontal alpha asymmetry, was significantly sensitive to the considered dimensions (p = 0.037). In conclusion, the present research determined the physiological response to different odor conditions, also demonstrating the sensitivity of the employed parameters in characterizing the dynamic of such response during the time. As an exploratory study, this work points out the relevance of considering the effects of continuous exposure instead of short stimulation when evaluating the human olfactory experience, providing insights for future studies in the field.

Evaluation of the essential oil samples that are sold as “Eucalyptus oil” on the market in Türkiye in terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria

Article

Jan 2023

The effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling with or without Citrus aurantium essential oil on sleep quality in pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial

Article

Feb 2023
SLEEP BIOL RHYTHMS

Sleep disorder is very common during pregnancy. Non-pharmacological treatments are a priority to improve the sleep pattern. This study aimed to determine the efect of cognitive–behavioral counseling with or without Citrus aurantium essential oil on sleep quality (primary outcome) and anxiety and quality of life (secondary outcomes). This randomized controlled trial was performed on 75 pregnant women in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The irst intervention group received 8 sessions of cognitive–behavioral counseling and aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil 15–20 min before bedtime. The second intervention group received cognitive–behavioral counseling and aromatherapy with placebo and the control group received only routine prenatal care. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Pregnancy-Speciic Quality of life Questionnaire, and Pregnancy-Speciic Anxiety Scale were completed before and after intervention. After the intervention based on ANCOVA test and by adjusting the baseline score, the mean score of anxiety in the intervention group 1 (AMD: − 4.54; 95% CI − 6.79 to − 2.28) and intervention group 2 (AMD: − 3.30; 95% CI − 5.60 to − 0.97) was signiicantly lower than the control group. Also, the mean score of quality of life in intervention group 1 (AMD: 2.55; 95% CI 0.45–4.65) and intervention group 2 (AMD: 2.72; 95% CI 0.60–4.83) was signiicantly higher than the control group, but there was no statistically signiicant diference between the study groups in terms of sleep quality (P > 0.05). Also, there was no statistically significant diference between the two intervention groups after the intervention in terms of anxiety (P=0.379) and quality of life (P= 0.996). Cognitive–behavioral counseling reduced anxiety and improved quality of life. However, further trials are required to reach a definitive conclusion.

Essential Oils: Chemical Constituents, Potential Neuropharmacological Effects and Aromatherapy - A Review

Article

Dec 2022

Background Essential oils (EOs) are a plant-derived volatile mixture. Due to their extensive biological activity, EOs have been utilized as ancient remedies to treat a variety of illnesses. Objectives Our review aims to expand our understanding of EOs’ biological activity on the central nervous system (CNS) and to highlight the importance of utilizing EOs in CNS disorders. Method A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Springer Link, Wan-fang database, and Chinese Biomedicine Database (CBM). The search was conducted to collect relevant journals and contents using the following terms: "essential oils", "aromatherapy", "essential oils" and "CNS". Language of publications was unlimited. Results EOs are concentrated volatile aromatic liquids extracted from natural plants with different chemical compositions, obtained by physical and chemical methods such as distillation and pressing. This paper explores the effects of EOs products on CNS including promoting intelligence, improving sleep, promoting cognition and memory, anti-anxiety and depression, sedation and anti-epilepsy. EOs exert their neuropharmacological effects through blood circulation or the olfactory system. This paper summarizes clinical studies showing that aromatherapy could improve sleep, relieve preoperative anxiety and postoperative PONV, relieve gynecological disease pain, and play a role in hospice care. Conclusion The present findings suggest that EOs have neuropharmacological effects such as nootropic, sleep improvement, anti-dementia, anti-anxiety and depression, analgesic effect, and antiepileptic, emphasizing the importance of EOs in CNS disorders and indicating the potential clinical application.

Citrus Essential Oils in Aromatherapy: Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Citrus is one of the main fruit crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Approximately half (40–47%) of the fruit mass is inedible and discarded as waste after processing, which causes pollution to the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic compounds found in significant quantities in oil sacs or oil glands present in the leaves, flowers, and fruit peels (mainly the flavedo part). Citrus EO is a complex mixture of ~400 compounds and has been found to be useful in aromatic infusions for personal health care, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, color enhancers in foods and beverages, and aromatherapy. The citrus EOs possess a pleasant scent, and impart relaxing, calming, mood-uplifting, and cheer-enhancing effects. In aromatherapy, it is applied either in message oils or in diffusion sprays for homes and vehicle sittings. The diffusion creates a fresh feeling and enhances relaxation from stress and anxiety and helps uplifting mood and boosting emotional and physical energy. This review presents a comprehensive outlook on the composition, properties, characterization, and mechanism of action of the citrus EOs in various health-related issues, with a focus on its antioxidant properties.

Evaluation of Marketed Rosemary Essential Oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in Terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria

Article

Nov 2022

Objectives: Various pure rosemary essential oil containing commercial products are in demand for their health-promoting and cosmetic claims in Türkiye. Although they are natural and harmless, they should be in compliance with European Pharmacopoeia (EP) criteria. Therefore, in this study, 15 rosemary oil samples sold in pharmacies, herbal shops, and online platforms in Türkiye were investigated in terms of "Rosemary Oil" EP 10.0. monograph criteria. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the current quality status of rosemary essential oils in the Turkish market. Materials and methods: Appearance, fatty oils and resinified essential oils, relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid value tests were performed according to EP 10.0 and compared with the given standards. In addition, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were conducted on all samples for advanced understanding of their phytochemical profile and harmony with EP standards. Results: Fifteen pure rosemary oil-containing products from the Turkish market were evaluated. All of the samples were licensed as cosmetic products in Türkiye via the Ministry of Health. 83.1 to 96.9% of the ingredients of all samples were determined via GC-MS analysis. Results demonstrated that none of the samples from the Turkish rosemary essential oil market fully complied with the EP rosemary oil monograph standards. Conclusion: Considering our data, it was revealed that enhanced regulations and auditing mechanisms are needed to improve the quality of products. When the difference between the sources of purchase is assessed, pharmacies are still better locations to obtain such products.

Efektivitas Warm Water Footbath dan Aromatherapy Terhadap Kualitas Tidur Lansia: Systematic Review

Article

Jul 2022

Background: The aging process in the elderly affects the quality of sleep. More than 50 percent of the elderly meet sleep disorders ranging from mild to severe degrees. Various studies have been carried out to improve the quality of sleep in the elderly, but it is not yet known which is the most effective.Objective: To determine the effectiveness of warm water footbath and aromatherapy on the sleep quality of the elderly.Method: This research includes a systematic review. Search articles using the keywords "footbath", "sleep quality", "elderly" and "aromatherapy", "sleep quality", and "elderly" in the Cochrane database, ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Article screening uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method. Assessment of the quality of articles using a questionnaire guide The Joanna Briggs Institute.Outcome: Obtained three articles related to warm water footbath intervention and 2 related to aromatherapy. Both affect on improving the sleep quality of the elderly, but a warm water footbath is considered more effective than aromatherapy.Conclusion: Warm water foot bath therapy is more effective than aromatherapy in improving the sleep quality of the elderly.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Proses penuaan pada orang lanjut usia (lansia) berpengaruh terhadap kualitas tidur. Lebih dari 50 persen lansia mengalami gangguan tidur, mulai dari derajat ringan hingga berat. Berbagai penelitian terkait intervensi yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas tidur lansia telah dilakukan, di antaranya adalah warm water footbath dan aromaterapi. Belum diketahui mana yang paling efektif dari kedua intervensi tersebut.Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas terapi warm water footbath dan aromatherapy terhadap kualitas tidur lansia.Metode: Penelitian ini termasuk systematic review. Pencarian artikel menggunakan kata kunci “footbath”, “sleep quality”, “elderly” dan “aromatherapy”, “sleep quality”, “elderly” pada database Cochrane, ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, dan Google Scholar. Skrining artikel menggunakan metode preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Penilaian kualitas artikel menggunakan panduan kuesioner The Joanna Briggs Institute.Hasil: Diperoleh tiga artikel terkait intervensi warm water footbath dan 2 artikel terkait aromatherapy. Keduanya berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kualitas tidur lansia, tetapi a warm water footbath dinilai lebih efektif dibandingkan aromatherapy.Simpulan: Terapi warm water footbath lebih efektif dibandingkan aromatherapy dalam meningkatkan kualitas tidur lansia.

The Effects of Inhalational Lavender Essential Oil Aromatherapy on Sleep Quality in Hemodialysis Patients: A Before-and-After-Intervention Trial

Article

Oct 2023

One of the most essential physical prerequisites for human survival is sleep. Patients undergoing hemodialysis often experience a lack of sleep, and it is one of the decisive variables in dialysis patients' quality of life. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of inhaling lavender essential oil on sleep quality in hemodialysis patients. A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the before-and-after intervention trial, which took place in a tertiary care hospital's dialysis unit. The study participants were selected using the purposive sampling technique and they received lavender oil inhalation therapy. The sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The mean age of the participants was 55.11 (SD = 8.45) years. The mean posttherapy Pittsburgh Global Sleep Quality Index score was 8.8 ± 1.89 compared with the pretherapy score of 14.73 ± 1.53. Patients undergoing hemodialysis experienced a substantial improvement in sleep quality (P < .05). Aromatherapy using lavender oil is effective in enhancing sleep quality in hemodialysis patients.

Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, and the Effects of Aromatherapy in Adult Patients

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

The purpose of this study is to reveal the chemical and biochemical characteristics and the potential aromatherapy applications of the essential oil (EO) of Salvia officinalis (common sage) within a hospital environment. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Three types of sage EOs were included in this study: two commercial oils and one oil obtained by in-house hydrodistillation. Based on the findings , these EOs were included in different chemotypes. The first two samples were similar to the most common chemotype (α-thujone > camphor > 1,8-cineole > β-thujone), while the in-house sage EO revealed a high content of 1,8-cineole, borneol, α-thujone, similar to the Dalmatian type. The latter sample was selected to be evaluated for its antioxidant and medical effects, as borneol, a bi-cyclic monoterpene, is known as a substance with anesthetic and analgesic effects in traditional Asian medicine. The study suggests that the antioxidant capacity of the sage EO is modest (33.61% and 84.50% inhibition was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively), but also that the inhalation of sage EO with high borneol content by hospitalized patients could improve these pa-tients' satisfaction.

Inhalation Aromatherapy via Brain-Targeted Nasal Delivery: Natural Volatiles or Essential Oils on Mood Disorders

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Mood disorders, also often referred to as affective disorders, are a group of psychiatric illnesses that severely impact mood and its related functions. The high medical expenditures have placed a significant financial burden on patients and their families. Aromatherapy is an alternative and complementary treatment that utilizes essential oils (EOs) or volatile oils (VOs) to achieve major therapeutic goals. In general, EOs are volatile chemicals that enter the body primarily through skin absorption and/or nasal inhalation. In addition, they can work through oral administration. Inhalation aromatherapy has shown unique advantages for treating mood disorders, especially depression, anxiety and mental disorders such as sleep disorder, which have been validated over the last decade through clinical and animal studies. Accumulating evidence has shown that EOs or VOs can bypass the blood-brain barrier to target brain tissue through the nasal-brain pathway. Subsequently, they act on the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and limbic system in the brain to improve symptoms of anxiety, depression and improve sleep quality. Here, we review the natural aromatic plants’ volatiles or essential oils used commonly as adjuncts to manage mood disorders and illustrate the mechanisms of inhalation aromatherapy, and mainly summarized the application of transnasal inhalation aromatherapy in depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. We conclude that aromatherapy does not cause side-effects, which is vastly different from commonly used psychotropic drugs. Inhalation aromatherapy via brain-targeted nasal delivery offers potentially efficacious treatment for mental disorders and merits further study.

Fast Relief of Acute Musculoskeletal Pain in Different Body Parts Following Exercise - A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Human Study with Curcuma longa and Boswellia serrata Extracts

Article

Mar 2022

Acute pain in different parts of the body viz., head and neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs tend to be perceived differently. A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study was conducted on 232 healthy participants with acute musculoskeletal pain. The participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of 1000 mg of Curcuma longa and Boswellia serrata extract formulation (CBF, Rhuleave-K) or placebo. The participants were categorized according to the location of the pain- head and neck, upper limb, lower limb, trunk, and general body following exercise. Pain intensity was analyzed using a numerical rating scale (NRS) at intervals of 30 minutes up to 6 hours. NRS was taken at rest, on movement and applying pressure on the affected part. The perceptible pain relief (PPR) and meaningful pain relief (PPR) was assessed using the double stopwatch method. In the CBF group, the pain intensity in the head and neck region had a 100% reduction at rest, on movement and pressure (p=0.02) and in generalized body pain, 100% at rest and movement and 97% reduction on applying pressure (p=0.06). Pain in the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb respectively showed a significant reduction of 99%, 97%, and 97% (p<0.001) in the CBF group at rest, on movement and pressure whereas the placebo group showed negligent change. The PPR and MPR obtained at head and neck (40, 160 min), upper limb (52, 167 min), trunk (75, 216 min), lower limb (74, 175 min), and generalized body pain (75, 240 min) in CBF group were significantly faster than the placebo group (p<0.001). CBF can be recommended as a fast-acting alternative to current therapies for acute musculoskeletal pain affecting head and neck, upper and lower limbs, trunk, and general body pain.

Visualizing Research Trends and Identifying Hotspots of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Nursing Technology for Insomnia: A 18-Years Bibliometric Analysis of Web of Science Core Collection

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Objective To explore the research hotspot and frontier direction of TCM nursing of insomnia and provide reference for the follow-up study of the optimal scheme of TCM nursing of insomnia. Background Insomnia is a common sleep-wake disorder, affects 6–10% of adults and was associated with independent higher risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. TCM Nursing Techniques of insomnia has a long history and has shown a definite impact. However, it's still lack of analysis in the field of the most commonly used and effective techniques, as well as the co-morbidities associated with insomnia. Therefore, the database was searched and analyzed to find effective TCM Nursing Techniques for insomnia and related diseases related to insomnia. Method Randomized controlled trials on the intervention of TCM Nursing Techniques in insomnia were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection and imported into CiteSpace 5.6.R5 visualization software. The works of literature were co-cited by keywords authors and institutions for visual analysis, and the co-morbidities associated with insomnia of TCM Nursing Techniques in literature was extracted manually. The symptoms of co-morbidities associated with insomnia were imported into Cytoscape 3.9.0 software and clustered by CytoHubba. Result As of October 20, 2021, the literature published in the last 20 years from Web of Science Core Collection was screened, and the publication period of the included literature was from 2004 to 2021. From 2016 to now, the total number of articles has been increasing. A total of 146 articles were included, and the highest production year was 2020. There is little cooperation between states, institutions, and authors. China (including Hong Kong and Taiwan) and Hong Kong Polytech University are leading countries and institutions in this area. MYUNGHAENG HUR is the most cited author, and J ALTERN COMPLEM MED is the most cited journal. According to cluster analysis and keyword frequency, auricular therapy, aromatherapy, and acupressure are the three most commonly used techniques. While the top five co-morbidities are fatigue, anxiety, depression, pain and hemodialysis. The three frontier topics and the main research directions are sleep quality, comorbid insomnia and clinical trial design. Conclusion We found that acupressure, aromatherapy, and auricular acupoint therapy are the most commonly used nursing methods of TCM to intervene in insomnia. However, these studies have limitations such as small sample size, lack of objectivity in evaluating sleep quality, and high heterogeneity of intervention measures, which are not conducive to forming TCM clinical nursing guidelines. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt objectified sleep quality evaluation methods, select suitable acupoints according to TCM theories, and design multi-center large-sample clinical trials based on the safety principle of randomized blind control. This study provides an in-depth perspective for insomnia research on TCM Nursing Techniques and includes information for follow-up research on TCM Nursing Techniques of insomnia.

The Effect of Copaiba Oil Odor on Anxiety Relief in Adults under Mental Workload: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

Background: Aromatherapy has been proved to be effective in alleviating anxiety in practices and research. Recently, copaiba oil (CPO) is popular in the market and is recommended for anxiety relief in aromatherapy practice. However, relevant scientific research is still lacking. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the anxiety-relieving effect of CPO inhalation in 22 adults. Jojoba oil was used as the control treatment. N-back and mental arithmetic tasks were used as stress stimulation. CPO or control intervention was carried out after the n-back training phase. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), EEG activities, physiological indexes including heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), blood oxygen saturation, and salivary cortisol were assessed in different phases of the experimental process. Results: There was no significant difference in the change of HR and BP between the CPO and control groups before odor intervention. The S-AI scores of the CPO treated participants decreased after the n-back and mental arithmetic tests and were significantly lower than those of the participants who received control treatments. The HR and salivary cortisol of participants who received CPO intervention significantly decreased during the n-back and mental arithmetic tests. Furthermore, a remarkable decrease of beta wave activity was observed in the left midfrontal region (F3) when the participant received the CPO intervention. Conclusion: The study's findings supported that the CPO odor showed beneficial effects on alleviating anxiety based on several indicators in subjective, physiological, and EEG measurements.

Wearable Aromatherapy Feedback System for Sleep Monitoring and Intervention: Using Single-Channel EEG and a Lightweight Model

Conference Paper

Dec 2024

Sleep is a daily activity essential for well-being, yet many modern individuals experience sleep problems, and prolonged poor sleep negatively impacts both physiological and psychological health. Aromatherapy, an emerging complementary alternative medicine, has shown promise as a sleep aid, but it lacks objective and reliable monitoring and control methods. To address this gap, we propose a wearable, portable sleep monitoring and aromatherapy system that utilizes single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from the prefrontal lobe for sleep detection and provides aromatherapy feedback based on the detected sleep state. Our system incorporates a lightweight model based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, enabling on-board execution and classification. Trained on the publicly available Sleep-EDF dataset, the model achieves a classification accuracy of 85.1% and a macro-F1 score of 79.5%. The combination of our developed EEG sensor and the proposed model presents a promising solution for effective sleep monitoring and intervention, aiming to enhance sleep quality.

Aromatherapy was used to explore the sedative and hypnotic effects of Moringa seed essential oil on insomnia rats

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024

Moringa is a type of plant that is used both for medicinal and food. Moringa seed (MS) are rich in volatile oil and have initially been employed to treat diseases of the nervous system. Insomnia, a prevalent neurological disorder, has led to this study's aim: to extract the essential oil from MS and analyze its potential to improve sleep. This study utilized petroleum ether for the thermal extraction of the essential oil from MS, which was then subjected to compositional analysis using Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS). P‐chlorophenyl alanine (PCPA) was used to induce an insomnia model in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Following the successful establishment of the model, the MS essential oil was administered at concentrations of 10%, 5%, and 2.5% to investigate its sedative and hypnotic effects. The efficacy of the MS essential oil was assessed by observing the general condition of rats in each group, conducting an open field test, a pentobarbital sodium righting test, and measuring the serum 5‐HT (5‐hydroxytryptamine) levels and hypothalamic GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid) content. GC–MS analysis of the MS essential oil revealed a rich composition, including oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stigmasterol, and γ‐stigmasterol, among other substances. Through the assessment of the rats' general condition, behavioral tests, and blood biochemical assays, it was inferred that MS essential oil aromatherapy can reduce the rat's locomotor activity, increase their interest in activity and exploration, enhance the serum 5‐HT levels, and elevate hypothalamic GABA content. Consequently, it can be concluded that MS essential oil has a sedative and hypnotic effect.

Ambient chemical and physical approaches for the modulation of sleep and wakefulness

Article

Oct 2024
SLEEP MED REV

The efficacy and mechanism of action of the Umei decoction in insomnia: A randomized active-controlled clinical trial

Article

Oct 2024

Effects of Aromatherapy on Physical and Psychological Symptoms in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Article

Jul 2024
CANCER NURS

Background Numerous physical and psychological symptoms experienced by cancer patients seriously affect their normal lives. Many academics and medical professionals have attempted to use aromatherapy in this situation to help cancer patients manage their physical and emotional problems. Objective To systematically investigate the efficacy of aromatherapy on physical and psychological symptoms in cancer patients. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was performed. Four electronic databases were searched. The review process followed a registered priori review protocol and was reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed in parallel. Results Twenty-six studies with 2912 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that aromatherapy significantly improved sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. We performed a subgroup analysis according to the different plant or animal aromatics contained in the oil, which found that lavender oil significantly reduced preoperative anxiety. In addition, aromatherapy massage was superior to inhaled aromatherapy in reducing anxiety. Moreover, cancer patients who used aromatherapy reduced the frequency of vomiting in 24 hours. Conclusions Aromatherapy is a useful treatment for improving sleep quality and reducing symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, and depression in cancer patients, as well as the frequency of vomiting over 24 hours. Implications for Practice Healthcare providers can use aromatherapy to alleviate psychological and physical symptoms in cancer patients. The use of lavender oil and massage is recommended in clinical settings to improve anxiety symptoms in cancer patients.

2023 Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia in Adults – Brazilian Sleep Association

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Chronic insomnia disorder (simplified in this document as insomnia) is an increasingly common clinical condition in society and a frequent complaint at the offices of different areas of health practice (particularly Medicine and Psychology). This scenario has been accompanied by a significant evolution in treatment, as well as challenges in approaching patients in an appropriately way. This clinical guideline, coordinated by the Brazilian Sleep Association and the Brazilian Association of Sleep Medicine and counting on the active participation of various specialists in the area, encompasses an update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia in adults. To this end, it followed a structured methodology. Topics of interest related to diagnosis were written based on theoretical framework, evidence in the literature, and professional experience. As for the topics related to the treatment of insomnia, a series of questions were developed based on the PICO acronym (P – Patient, problem, or population; I – Intervention; C – Comparison, control, or comparator; O – Outcome). The work groups defined the eligible options within each of these parameters. Regarding pharmacological interventions, only the ones currently available in Brazil or possibly becoming available in the upcoming years were considered eligible. Systematic reviews were conducted to help prepare the texts and define the level of evidence for each intervention. The final result is an objective and practical document providing recommendations with the best scientific support available to professionals involved in the management of insomnia.

The effect of lavender foot baths on postoperative pain and sleep quality in comparison with foot baths with warm water only – A prospective randomized controlled study

Article

Oct 2023

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) hydrosol based on serotonergic synapse for insomnia

Article

Jul 2023
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been widely used as a traditional remedy for insomnia, depression and anxiety in China and Western countries. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that rosemary has important applications in neurological disorders. However, the mechanism of action of rosemary hydrosol in the treatment of insomnia is not known. Aims of the study: Insomnia is closely linked to anxiety and depression, and its pathogenesis is related to biology, psychology, and sociology. Rosemary is a natural plant that has been used to treat insomnia and depression and has good biological activity, but its material basis and mechanism for the treatment of insomnia are not clear. Here, we report on the role of aqueous extracts of rosemary in the treatment of insomnia. Materials and methods: The study was based on network pharmacology, using a combination of RNA-sequencing, "quantity-effect" weighting coefficients, and pharmacodynamic experiments. DL-4-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) was intraperitoneally injected into SD rats to replicate the insomnia model with a blank, model, diazepam, and rosemary hydrosol low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were set up for the experiment. The key pathways in the treatment of insomnia with rosemary hydrosol were analyzed by molecular docking, open field assay, ELISA, western-Blot, Rt-PCR, and immunohistochemical assay. Results: Rosemary hydrosol was analyzed by GC-MS to identify 19 components. 1579 differential genes were obtained by RNA-Seq analysis, 533 targets for rosemary hydrosol and 2705 targets for insomnia, and 29 key targets were obtained by intersection. The KEGG results were ranked by "quantity-effect" weighting coefficients, resulting in serotonergic synapse was the key pathway for the treatment of insomnia with rosemary hydrosol. Molecular docking results showed that 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, 3-methyl-4-isopropylphenol, caryophyllene, and citronellol of rosemary hydrosol acted synergistically to achieve a therapeutic effect on insomnia. Caryophyllene acts on the HTR1A target by upregulating 5-HT1AR, leading to increased 5-HT release, and upregulation of ADCY5, cAMP, PKA and GABAA at serotonergic synapses; citronellol upregulated ADCY5 and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, and 3-methyl-4-isopropylphenol up-regulated GABAA to improve insomnia symptoms. In open-field experiments, ELISA kits (5-HT, GABA, and DA), Western-blotting, Rt-PCR and immunohistochemical assay experiments, insomnia rats in the low-, medium- and high-dose groups of rosemary hydrosol showed different degrees of improvement compared with the model group. Conclusions: It was shown that rosemary hydrosol may exert its therapeutic effects on insomnia through serotonergic synapses by combining RNA-Seq, "quantity-effect" weighting coefficients network pharmacology and pharmacodynamic experiments. We have provided a preliminary theoretical study for the development of rosemary hydrosol additive into a beverage for the treatment of insomnia, but it needs to be studied in depth. This study was conducted in rats and the results have limitations and may not apply to humans.

Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on improving sleep quality in depressed patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Article

Jul 2023
J PSYCHOSOM RES

Objective: Depression and sleep are closely related and tend to affect each other. To improve the sleep quality in depressed patients and the depression severity, there is an urgent need to find safer and more effective treatments - non-pharmacological interventions. This network meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of non-pharmacological interventions on improving sleep quality of patients with depression. Methods: All published literature were searched from four databases (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science) as of November 2022. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Systematic Review Manual 2.0 bias risk assessment tool. The primary outcome was sleep quality and, the secondary outcome was depression severity. Results: This study included 26 randomized controlled trials, involving 11 interventions and 3748 depressed patients. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (SMD: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.63,3.96), aromatherapy (SMD: 3.95; 95% CI: 0.71,7.19), and acupuncture (SMD:3.49; 95% CI: 0.88,6.10) statistically and significantly improved sleep quality, compared to education only. CBT and acupuncture both were significantly more effective than education in depression severity. The cluster analysis showed that acupuncture, exercise, and cognitive-behavioral therapy were considered to be more effective non-pharmacological interventions. Conclusion: Non-pharmacological interventions are promising in the daily care of depressed patients. In future research, we should value the need for psychological and social aspects of psychiatric care and make better use of nonpharmacological interventions through the biopsychosocial model. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023402316).

Clinical Applications of Essential Oils

Chapter

Jun 2023

Clinician Wellness—Self-Care for Staying Healthy: How Nature and Horticultural, Culinary, and Botanical Medicine Can Improve Clinicians' Health

Article

Jun 2023

Michelle Loy

Human heart rate variability under the influence of aromatherapy with sweet orange and pine oils

Article

Mar 2023

Aromatherapy is one of the simplest and most effective methods of influencing the functional state of a person. Purpose: to study the human heart rate variability under the influence of aromatherapy with sweet orange and pine oils. Methods: The aromatherapy session was carried out for 25 minutes. Before and after the aroma session, the sVMR of the subjects was determined and the heart rate was recorded on the VNS-micro hardware-software complex of the NeuroSoft company. Results: The maximum R-R intervals after rest were significantly higher than at rest before rest. The net regulatory effect (SDNN) increased significantly. The activity of the autonomous regulation circuit (RMSSD), the total wave power (TP), the power of the low-frequency component of the spectrum (LF), the power of the high-frequency component of the spectrum (HF) have increased significantly. The centralization index (IC) increased after the rest. Under the influence of the smell of pine, changes in heart rate variability and spectral power are insignificant. Significant changes in the power of the high-frequency component of the spectrum (HF) were observed under the influence of the smell of orange - it significantly decreased. The centralization index (IC) has increased. Conclusion: After the rest, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system decreased, the activity of the autonomous regulation circuit increased, the influence of the vagus and the influence of subcortical and cortical centers of regulation increased. Aroma session with oils of pine or sweet orange reduces the effectiveness of the vVMR of the subjects, while a 25-minute inhalation of pine aroma oil reduces the effectiveness of the vVMR to a greater extent.

Insomnia

Chapter

Apr 2023

When experiencing mental health challenges, we all deserve treatments that actually work. Whether you are a healthcare consumer, student, or mental health professional, this book will help you recognize implausible, ineffective, and even harmful therapy practices while also considering recent controversies. Research-supported interventions are identified in this book and expanded upon in a companion volume. Chapters cover every major mental disorder and are written by experts in their respective fields. Pseudoscience in Therapy is of interest to students taking courses in psychotherapy, counseling, clinical psychology, and behavior therapy, as well as practitioners looking for a guide to proven therapeutic techniques.

Efetividade da atenção farmacêutica nos cuidados com pacientes pediátricos oncológicos

Chapter

Jan 2022

Anais do II Congresso Brasileiro de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde e I Congreso Académico Latinoamericano de Sauld Integrativa

Conference Paper

Jan 2021

HUZUREVİNDE YAŞAYAN YAŞLI BİREYLERDE AKILCI İLAÇ KULLANIMININ BELİRLENMESİ

Chapter

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Akılcı olmayan ilaç kullanımları, hem dünyada hem de ülkemizde toplum sağlığını etkileyen önemli bir sorundur. Yaşlılarda da ilaç kullanımın fazla olması, ilaç kullanımıyla ilgili sorunları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışma Bayburt ilinde huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerin akılcı ilaç kullanım durumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak yapıldı. Çalışma evrenini Bayburt’ta faaliyet yürüten Memnuse Evsen Huzurevi Yaşlı Bakım ve Rehabilitasyon Merkezi’nde yaşayan yaşlı bireyler oluşturdu. Çalışmada örneklem seçimine gidilmeyip tüm evrene ulaşılmaya çalışıldı. Çalışmaya gönüllülük usülü ile dahil olan, iletişim kurmayla ilgili ağır engeli bulunmayan, genel durumu stabil olan 28 yaşlı birey alındı. Veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu ve Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı Ölçeği (AİKÖ) kullanıldı. Veriler 15-22 Şubat 2022 tarihleri arasında araştırmacılar tarafından yaşlılarla yüz yüze görüşme tekniğiyle toplandı. Veriler IBM SPSS 25 paket programda analiz edildi. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edildi. Çalışmada Mann Whitney U testi ve Kruskal Wallis testi kullanılarak istatistiksel analiz yapıldı. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler sayı ve % olarak verildi. Yaşlı bireylerin %39,3’ünün 60-74 yaş arası, %60,7’sinin erkek, %46,4’ünün bekar, %53,6’sının ilköğretim mezunu ve üstü olduğu bulundu. Yaşlı bireylerin %57,1’i şuandaki sağlık durumunu ne iyi ne kötü olarak değerlendirdi. Yaşlı bireylerin %28,5’inin hipertansiyonu olduğu, %89,3’ünün ilaçlarını düzenli kullandığı ve ilaçlarını almayı unutmadığı saptandı. Yaşlı bireylerin %75’inin doktora muayene olmadan eczaneden ilaç almadığı, %92,9’unun komşuların/yakınların tavsiyesiyle ilaç kullanmadığı, %10,7’sinin komşuların/yakınların tavsiye ettiği ilacı doktordan reçete etmesini talep ettiği belirlendi. Yaşlı bireylerin günde en fazla 11 ilaç kullandığı ve günlük ilaç kullanım miktarının ortalama 2,21±2,11 olduğu bulundu. AİKÖ toplam puan ortalaması 57,57±7,75 olduğu bulundu. Cinsiyet ve eğitim durumu ile AİKÖ puanı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadı (p>0,05). Yaş gruplarıyla AİKÖ puanı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (H=7,595, p=0,022). Sonuç olarak huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerin akılcı ilaç kullanım düzeylerinin ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu ve genç yaşlı bireylerde ileri yaşlı bireyelere göre akılcı ilaç kullanım düzeylerinin daha iyi olduğu söylenebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı, Huzurevi, Yaşlı Birey

HUZUREVİNDE YAŞAYAN YAŞLI BİREYLERDE AKILCI İLAÇ KULLANIMININ BELİRLENMESİ

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Mar 2022

FULL TEXTS BOOK Gerontology

Conference Paper

Mar 2022

Zahide Akeren

The Effect of Aromatherapy on Sleep Quality and Fatigue Level of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Study

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of inhaled aromatherapy on the sleep quality and fatigue level of the institutionalized elderly. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 59 elderly individuals (30 in the intervention group and 29 in the control group) who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. Aromatherapy (lavender oil) inhalation was administered to individuals in the intervention group half hour before their sleep every day for a month in accordance with aromatherapy protocol. No administration was applied to the control group. The data were collected using the Elderly Description Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Fatigue Severity Scale. Forms were completed in the beginning of administration and in the follow-up at the end of 4 weeks (baseline and last follow-up). In the study, it was determined that aromatherapy administration improved sleep quality (P < .001) and decreased fatigue severity in the elderly (P < .05). The study should be replicated in a different group.

Effects of Aromatherapy with Lavender and Peppermint Essential Oils on the Sleep Quality of Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2020
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

One of the problems of cancer patients is sleep disorder. Given the absence of studies on comparing the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender and peppermint on the sleep quality of the cancer patients, this study was performed to compare the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender and peppermint essential oils on the sleep quality of cancer patients. For this purpose, 120 patients were randomly allocated to three groups of lavender, peppermint, and control. The intervention groups received three drops of the essential oil for 7 days. In the control group, aromatic distilled water was used instead. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) was used. Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between the mean PSQI scores of three groups, while the difference was statistically significant after the intervention. The mean PSQI scores were lower in lavender and peppermint groups than in the control group. Aromatherapy can improve the sleep quality of cancer patients. To confirm the findings, more studies should be done.

Aromatherapy: The Effect of Lavender on Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Patients Treated With Chemotherapy

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2018
Clin J Oncol Nurs

Ayse Ozkaraman

Background: A cancer diagnosis is a serious stressor that is associated with anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and inability to fulfill daily routines. Many pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options are available to help patients with cancer manage anxiety. Objectives: This randomized, controlled trial examined the effects of lavender oil aromatherapy on anxiety and sleep quality in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: 70 patients were randomly assigned to a lavender oil group, a tea tree oil group, and a control group with no oil. A patient identification form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Pittsburgh Quality Sleep Index (PSQI) were used to measure anxiety and sleep quality before and after chemotherapy. Findings: State anxiety before and after chemotherapy did not vary among groups. The authors compared trait anxiety values before and after chemotherapy and found a significant difference in the lavender group. In addition, a significant change in PSQI measurements before and after chemotherapy was observed.

European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017
J SLEEP RES

This European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia was developed by a task force of the European Sleep Research Society, with the aim of providing clinical recommendations for the management of adult patients with insomnia. The guideline is based on a systematic review of relevant meta-analyses published till June 2016. The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians involved in the management of insomnia, and the target patient population includes adults with chronic insomnia disorder. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system was used to grade the evidence and guide recommendations. The diagnostic procedure for insomnia, and its co-morbidities, should include a clinical interview consisting of a sleep history (sleep habits, sleep environment, work schedules, circadian factors), the use of sleep questionnaires and sleep diaries, questions about somatic and mental health, a physical examination and additional measures if indicated (i.e. blood tests, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram; strong recommendation, moderate- to high-quality evidence). Polysomnography can be used to evaluate other sleep disorders if suspected (i.e. periodic limb movement disorder, sleep-related breathing disorders), in treatment-resistant insomnia, for professional at-risk populations and when substantial sleep state misperception is suspected (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is recommended as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia in adults of any age (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). A pharmacological intervention can be offered if cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is not sufficiently effective or not available. Benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and some antidepressants are effective in the short-term treatment of insomnia (≤4 weeks; weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Antihistamines, antipsychotics, melatonin and phytotherapeutics are not recommended for insomnia treatment (strong to weak recommendations, low- to very-low-quality evidence). Light therapy and exercise need to be further evaluated to judge their usefulness in the treatment of insomnia (weak recommendation, low-quality evidence). Complementary and alternative treatments (e.g. homeopathy, acupuncture) are not recommended for insomnia treatment (weak recommendation, very-low-quality evidence).

The Effects of Aromatherapy Massage on Sleep Quality of Nurses on Monthly Rotating Night Shifts

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2017
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

The goal of this study is to examine the effects of aromatherapy massage on sleep quality of nurses with monthly rotating night shifts. Subjects were enrolled at a medical center in central Taiwan with overall score ≥ 5 of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups. They were validated by pretests during their first graveyard shift in the trial period and the sleep quality information was collected by using the PSQI and sleep detectors. During the second graveyard shift, the treatment group received aromatherapy massage and the control group rested in the same aromatherapy room after work. All subjects filled out the PSQI surveys and the sleep quality information was collected during massage or resting and the following night. We found that the total PSQI was significantly decreased in the treatment group following the aromatherapy massage. Specifically, the components such as subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbance, and daytime dysfunction were significantly decreased. However, there were no significant changes of average PSQI scores between the two groups before and after intervention. Taken together, our study suggested that aromatherapy massage could improve sleep quality of nurses with monthly rotating night shift.

The effect of orange peel essential oil on postpartum depression and anxiety: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Data

Full-text available

Sep 2015

Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality and anxiety of patients

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2015
Nurs Crit Care

In intensive care units (ICUs), patients cannot sleep well. Aromatherapy is used for depression, anxiety, relaxation and disorders related with sleep and stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lavender essential oil on the sleep quality and anxiety level of patients in coronary ICU. A total of 60 patients in coronary ICU participated in this study. A randomized controlled study was conducted with 60 patients in a province located in the southeast of Turkey. After informing the patients in both groups about the study, they were administered a questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scale. The patients in the intervention group were given 2% lavender essential oil via inhalation for 15 days after which they were administered the same scales again to evaluate the sleep quality and anxiety. As for the control group, they were administered the same scales again after 15 days without the inhalation of lavender essential oil. Comparison of the PSQI and BAI scores of the patients in the control and intervention groups before and after the intervention showed statistically significant differences in the change in favour of the intervention group (p < 0·05). Lavender essential oil increased quality of sleep and reduced level of anxiety in patients with coronary artery disease. As a non-invasive, cheap, easily applicable, cost-effective, independent nursing intervention and appropriate for cardiac patients, lavender essential oil could be applied in ICUs. © 2015 British Association of Critical Care Nurses.

Lavender Fragrance Essential Oil and the Quality of Sleep in Postpartum Women

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2015

Labor and delivery is a stressful stage for mothers. During these periods, sleep-related disorders have been reported. The problems of inadequate sleep include decrease in concentration, judgment, difficulty in performing daily activities, and an increase in irritability. Even the effects of moderate sleep loss on life and health quality can be similar to sleep deprivation. some research aggravated by aromatherapy on sleep quality in different periods of life so might be useful for the improve of sleep quality in postpartum women. This study aimed to determine the effect of aromatherapy on the quality of sleep in postpartum women. The sample was recruited from medical health centers of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. This study was a randomized clinical trial with the control group. A total of 158 mothers in postpartum period (with certain inclusion criteria) were enrolled in the study and assigned randomly to two groups of control and intervention. Lavender fragrance (made by Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Co.) was used by participants in the intervention group nightly before sleeping. The fragrance was dropped on cotton balls, which were placed on a cylindrical container at mothers' disposal. Keeping the container at a projected distance of 20 cm, the participants inhaled 10 deep breaths and then the container was placed beside their pillow until morning. This procedure was done 4 times a week for 8 weeks. For the control group, the same intervention was done with the placebo. The instrument for collecting data was Pittsburgh sleep quality index, which was completed at the baseline, fourth, and eighth weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed using independent t test and repeated measures analysis of variance calculated by SPSS16. Before the intervention, there were no significant differences between mothers in two groups (P > 0.05). After 8 weeks follow up, a significant improvement appeared in mothers' sleep quality in the intervention group. Aromatherapy increased sleep quality mean score (±SD) from 8.2911 (± 2.1192) to 6.7975 (± 2.3663) (P < 0.05), but in the control group sleep quality mean score (±SD) changes from 8.4557 (± 2.3027) to 7.5696 (± 1.1464) (P > 0.05). Comparing sleep quality between control and intervention groups after 8 weeks from the beginning of the intervention indicated that aromatherapy was effective in the improvement of mothers' sleep quality (P < 0.05). Considering the effects of aromatherapy on the improvement of mother's sleep quality during postpartum period, aromatherapy has been suggested as a non-pharmacological method for the improvement of the maternal health.

Effect of Lavender Aromatherapy on Vital Signs and Perceived Quality of Sleep in the Intermediate Care Unit: A Pilot Study

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2014
AM J CRIT CARE

Background: Sleep deprivation in hospitalized patients is common and can have serious detrimental effects on recovery from illness. Lavender aromatherapy has improved sleep in a variety of clinical settings, but the effect has not been tested in the intermediate care unit. Objectives: To determine the effect of inhalation of 100% lavender oil on patients' vital signs and perceived quality of sleep in an intermediate care unit. Methods: A randomized controlled pilot study was conducted in 50 patients. Control patients received usual care. The treatment group had 3 mL of 100% pure lavender oil in a glass jar in place at the bedside from 10 pm until 6 am. Vital signs were recorded at intervals throughout the night. At 6 am all patients completed the Richard Campbell Sleep Questionnaire to assess quality of sleep. Results: Blood pressure was significantly lower between midnight and 4 am in the treatment group than in the control group (P = .03) According to the overall mean change score in blood pressure between the baseline and 6 am measurements, the treatment group had a decrease in blood pressure and the control group had an increase; however, the difference between the 2 groups was not significant (P = .12). Mean overall sleep score was higher in the intervention group (48.25) than in the control group (40.10), but the difference was not significant. Conclusion: Lavender aromatherapy may be an effective way to improve sleep in an intermediate care unit.

Effects of Aromatherapy on the Anxiety, Vital Signs, and Sleep Quality of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Patients in Intensive Care Units

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on the anxiety, sleep, and blood pressure (BP) of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). Fifty-six patients with PCI in ICU were evenly allocated to either the aromatherapy or conventional nursing care. Aromatherapy essential oils were blended with lavender, roman chamomile, and neroli with a 6 : 2 : 0.5 ratio. Participants received 10 times treatment before PCI, and the same essential oils were inhaled another 10 times after PCI. Outcome measures patients' state anxiety, sleeping quality, and BP. An aromatherapy group showed significantly low anxiety ( = 5.99, < .001) and improving sleep quality ( = -3.65, = .001) compared with conventional nursing intervention. The systolic BP of both groups did not show a significant difference by time or in a group-by-time interaction; however, a significant difference was observed between groups ( = 4.63, = .036). The diastolic BP did not show any significant difference by time or by a group-by-time interaction; however, a significant difference was observed between groups ( = 6.93, = .011). In conclusion, the aromatherapy effectively reduced the anxiety levels and increased the sleep quality of PCI patients admitted to the ICU. Aromatherapy may be used as an independent nursing intervention for reducing the anxiety levels and improving the sleep quality of PCI patients.

Bias in Meta-Analysis Detected by a Simple, Graphical Test

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1997

Objective: Funnel plots (plots of effect estimates against sample size) may be useful to detect bias in meta-analyses that were later contradicted by large trials. We examined whether a simple test of asymmetry of funnel plots predicts discordance of results when meta-analyses are compared to large trials, and we assessed the prevalence of bias in published meta-analyses. Design: Medline search to identify pairs consisting of a meta-analysis and a single large trial (concordance of results was assumed if effects were in the same direction and the meta-analytic estimate was within 30

The Effect of Lavender Aromatherapy on Autonomic Nervous System in Midlife Women with Insomnia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of 12 weeks of lavender aromatherapy on self-reported sleep and heart rate variability (HRV) in the midlife women with insomnia. Sixty-seven women aged 45-55 years, with a CPSQI (Chinese version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) greater than 5, were recruited from communities in Taiwan. The experimental group (n = 34) received lavender inhalation, 20 min each time, twice per week, for 12 weeks, with a total of 24 times. The control group (n = 33) received health education program for sleep hygiene with no intervention. The study of HRV was analyzed by time- and frequency-domain methods. Significant decrease in mean heart rate (HR) and increases in SDNN (standard deviation of the normal-to-normal (NN) intervals), RMSDD (square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals), and HF (high frequency) of spectral powers analysis after lavender inhalation were observed in the 4th and 12th weeks of aromatherapy. The total CPSQI score of study subjects was significantly decreased in the experimental group (P < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed across the same time period (P = 0.776) in the control group. Resting HR and HRV measurements at baseline 1 month and 3 months after allocation showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The study demonstrated that lavender inhalation may have a persistent short-term effect on HRV with an increase in parasympathetic modulation. Women receiving aromatherapy experienced a significant improvement in sleep quality after intervention. However, lavender aromatherapy does not appear to confer benefit on HRV in the long-term followup.

Adolescent Insomnia as a Risk Factor for Early Adult Depression and Substance Abuse

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2008

To evaluate the association between adolescent insomnia and mental health during adolescence and young adulthood. Cross-sectional and prospective study. School and in home. Nationally based population sample of 4494 adolescents, 12 to 18 years old at baseline (mean = 15.83 years), with 3582 young adults, 18 to 25 years old (mean = 21.25 years) at 6- to 7-year follow-up. Self-report measures of mental health. Insomnia symptoms were reported by 9.4% of the adolescents. Cross-sectionally, adolescent insomnia symptoms were associated with use of alcohol, cannabis, and drugs other than cannabis; depression; suicide ideation; and suicide attempts (all P values < 0.01) after controlling for sex. Prospectively, insomnia symptoms during adolescence were a significant risk factor for depression diagnosis (odds ratio = 2.3) in young adulthood after controlling for sex and baseline depression. This study is the first to longitudinally evaluate insomnia symptoms during adolescence as a risk factor for mental health problems in young adulthood. The findings indicate that insomnia is a prevalent problem for adolescents and argue for future treatment-outcome studies to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of various insomnia interventions in this age group.

Insomnia in Men—A 10-Year Prospective Population Based Study

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2001

to prospectively analyze changes in the prevalence of insomnia and the relationship between insomnia, aging, lifestyle, and medical disorders a longitudinal population survey. a randomly selected population sample of 2,602 men (age 30-69 years) from Uppsala in Sweden. all participants answered a questionnaire on sleep disturbances, lifestyle factors, and medical disorders in 1984 and again in 1994. The prevalence of INSOMNIA was 10.3% in 1984 and 12.8% in 1994. No significant correlation was found between age and insomnia in any of the two time periods. Insomnia in 1994 was independently related to having insomnia in 1984 (OR=6.45), being over-weight (BMI> 27 kg/m2) (OR=1.35), physical inactivity (OR=1.42), alcohol dependence (OR=1.75), psychiatric disorders (OR=8.27) and joint/low back disorders (OR=2.95). The number of subject with reported insomnia in 1984 but not 1994 was 149. Subjects that quit smoking during the time period had an increased likeliness of remission (OR=2.70) while men who were overweight were less likely to remit (OR=0.43). We conclude that in men insomnia is related to lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity and alcohol dependency but not to aging. Medical disorders such as joint and low back disorders and psychiatric illnesses also increase the risk of reporting insomnia. This study demonstrates the close relationship between quality of sleep and overall health status.

Symptom Reports in Severe Chronic Insomnia

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2002

To describe patterns and severities of the daytime and nighttime symptoms of chronic insomnia patients. Exploratory chart review from clinicians' evaluation summaries, a self-report screening instrument, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 (HSCL90). A regional sleep disorders referral clinic. 94 patients with chronic insomnia (DSM-IV code 307.42), classified into the subgroups "Primary Insomnia," "Depression-Related," "Anxiety-Related," and "Other". N/A. Frequent symptoms occurred not only in nocturnal domains (e.g., sleep disturbances, environmental sensitivity), but also in daytime domains (e.g., cognitive difficulties, sleepiness). Compared to primary insomnia patients, those with depression-related insomnia endorsed more severe symptoms. All subgroups endorsed a generally similar symptom profile when single symptoms were considered in isolation. When considered conjointly, severe symptoms typical of depression and generalized social alienation had a high negative predictive value for primary insomnia. The number of severe symptoms on the HSCL90 was related to fewer sleep hours in the nonprimary insomnia subgroup but not in the primary insomnia subgroup. Patients with chronic insomnia report significant daytime as well as nighttime symptoms. Depression-related and primary insomnias were separable only by some highly characteristic symptoms of depression. Diagnostic subgroups of insomnia patients may vary in how their overall distress relates to diminished self-reported sleep. Nighttime and daytime symptoms need to be assessed together when measuring insomnia severity.

Efficacy of inhaled Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential oil on sleep quality, quality of life and metabolic control in patients with diabetes mellitus type II and insomnia

Article

Jan 2020
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Ethnopharmacologic relevance: Lavandula angustifolia Mill (lavender) odor was traditionally used as sleep enhancer. Previous studies have shown interaction between insomnia, quality of life and control of diabetes mellitus (DM). Insomnia is suggested to increase the risk of depression and decrease the quality of life in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of inhaled Lavandula angustifolia Mill. as a complementary therapy for insomnia in diabetic patients. Methods: In a randomized crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial, 52 patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and insomnia, defined as Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale-20(PIRS-20)>5,were treated with inhaled lavender or placebo for two periods of 4 weeks duration with one week interval as washing period. Sleep quality, quality of life and mood status were assessed by PIRS-20, WHO Quality of Life-BREF(WHOQOL-BREF) Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale respectively, at baseline and end of each period of study. Fasting blood glucose (FBS), calorie intake and physical activity were measured before and after the interventions. Results: At the end of study, data of 37 patients (all received both lavender and placebo in cross-over design) were analyzed. Based on crossover analysis the first treatment was not effective on the second treatment. Inhaled lavender resulted in a significant better outcome compared to placebo according to mean PIRS-20, WHOQOL-BREF and Beck Depression Inventory scores in both crossover arms. Likewise there was a significant better outcome in PIRS-20 domains for quality and quantity of sleep after Inhaled lavender compared to placebo. No significant improvement was observed in fasting glucose in lavender compared to placebo administration period. Conclusion: Inhaled lavender can improve sleep quality and quantity, quality of life and mood in diabetic patients suffering from insomnia with no significant effect on metabolic status.

The effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender and chamomile oil on anxiety and sleep quality of patients with burns

Article

Dec 2019
BURNS

Introduction: Regarding the importance of anxiety management and improvement of the quality of sleep in patients with burn injuries, this study aimed to determine the effect of aromatherapy massage (using aromatic oils of lavender and chamomile) on the anxiety and sleep quality of the patients with burn injuries. Method: In a quasi-experimental study, 105 patients with burns were recruited by convenience sampling method and then assigned into three groups (control, placebo massage, and combined aromatic oil massage). The study intervention was performed 20min before bedtime in three sessions, within a week. The control group was only under daily routine care. The study data were collected using the Persian version of Spielberg's anxiety scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used to analyze the data in SPSS version 20. Results: The results showed a significant difference among the three groups in terms of anxiety score (P<0.001) and in terms of sleep quality after the intervention (P=0.027). Conclusion: Since the aromatherapy massage as a non-pharmacological and simple method can improve the anxiety and quality of sleep in patients with burns, it is suggested that nurses and burn medical care team apply it to reduce burn patients' anxiety and promote their sleep quality. Applying massage alone also reduces anxiety in burn survivors.

Comparing the effects of massage and aromatherapy massage with lavender oil on sleep quality of cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial

Article

Mar 2019
Compl Ther Clin Pract

Introduction Sleep disorder is a common problem in cardiac patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of massage and aromatherapy massage on sleep quality of cardiac patients. Materials and methods in this study, 150 subjects were randomly allocated into 1)massage, 2)aromatherapy massage and 3)control. In the massage group, the subjects received hands and feet massage using sweet almond oil. In the second group, the massage was performed on the same areas using a mixture of lavender and sweet almond oil. Data collection tool included Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Before and after the intervention, the PSQI was completed by the subjects. Results There was a significant difference between the mean scores of PSQI before and after the intervention in the intervention and control groups, but this difference was not statistically significant between the two intervention groups. Conclusion Massage and aromatherapy massage can improve the sleep quality in cardiac patients.

Efficacy of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena in the improvement of sleep quality of cancer patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Article

Feb 2019
Compl Ther Clin Pract

Effect of Lavender cream with or without footbath on sleep quality and fatigue in pregnancy and postpartum: a randomized controlled trial

Article

May 2018

Background: Sleep disturbance and fatigue are frequent complaints during pregnancy and postpartum. We assessed the effectiveness of Lavender cream and footbath on sleep quality and fatigue in pregnancy and postpartum. Methods: In this trial, 141 women with sleep disturbance at 25–28 weeks gestation were recruited from public health centers in Tabriz, Iran, from May 2013 until January 2014 and randomized into one of three groups receiving: Lavender and footbath, Lavender alone, or placebo cream. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index at the 4th and 8th weeks after intervention and the 6th week postpartum. Fatigue was assessed with the multidimensional assessment of fatigue scale at the 6th week after intervention and the 6th week postpartum. Repeated measures ANOVA and ANCOVA were used. Results: Compared with the placebo group, the global sleep quality score post-intervention in pregnancy and the postpartum were significantly lower in the Lavender and footbath and the Lavender cream only groups. Fatigue in both intervention groups was significantly improved only at the 6th week postpartum. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two intervention groups. Conclusion: Lavender cream with or without footbath may improve sleep quality in pregnancy and postpartum.

Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on memory performance, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in university students: A randomized clinical trial

Article

Feb 2018
Compl Ther Clin Pract

Objective To evaluate the effects of oral rosemary on memory performance, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in university students. Methods In this double-blinded randomized controlled trial, the 68 participating students randomly received 500 mg rosemary and placebo twice daily for one month. Prospective and retrospective memory performance, depression, anxiety and sleep quality of the students were measured using Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory at baseline and after one month. Results The scores of all the scales and subscales except the sleep latency and sleep duration components of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory were significantly decreased in the rosemary group in comparison with the control group after one month. Conclusions Rosemary as a traditional herb could be used to boost prospective and retrospective memory, reduce anxiety and depression, and improve sleep quality in university students.

Sleep and Olfaction among Older Adults

Article

Jul 2017

Background: Sleep and olfaction are both critical physiological processes that tend to worsen with age. Decline in olfaction can be an early indicator of neurodegenerative diseases, whereas poor sleep quality is associated with reduced physical and mental health. Given associations with aging-related health declines, we explored whether variations in sleep were associated with olfactory function among older adults. Methods: We assessed the relationship between sleep characteristics and olfaction among 354 community-dwelling older adults. Olfaction was measured using a validated field and survey research tool. Sleep characteristics were measured using wrist actigraphy and with self-report of sleep problems. We fit structural equation models of latent constructs of olfaction based on olfactory task items and let this be a function of each sleep characteristic. Results: Actigraph sleep quality measures were associated with odor identification, but not with odor sensitivity. Longer duration sleepers had worse odor sensitivity compared to medium (58 h) sleepers, but sleep duration was not associated with odor identification. Reported sleep problems and reported usual duration were not associated with olfaction. Conclusions: Diminished sleep quality was associated with reduced capacity to identify odors. Determining whether this is a causal association will require further study and longitudinal data.

The Effect of Aromatherapy on Insomnia and Other Common Symptoms Among Patients With Acute Leukemia

Article

Jun 2017

Purpose/objectives: To determine if the use of aromatherapy improves insomnia and other common symptoms in hospitalized patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia. Design: A randomized, crossover, washout trial. Setting: An inpatient acute leukemia unit at the Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard L. Solove Research Institute of the Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University in Columbus. Sample: 50 patients who were newly diagnosed with acute leukemia and hospitalized to receive their initial four weeks of intensive induction chemotherapy. Methods: Patients were offered a choice of three scents to be used during the trial: lavender, peppermint, or chamomile. Each patient was randomized to receive either the chosen aromatherapy intervention or a placebo intervention during alternate weeks, with a washout period in between. Sleep quality and other common symptoms were measured. Main research variables: Aromatherapy, sleep, insomnia, pain, tiredness, drowsiness, nausea, lack of appetite, shortness of breath, depression, anxiety, and well-being. Findings: Most patients reported poor quality sleep at baseline, but aromatherapy had a statistically significant positive impact. Improvements were noted in tiredness, drowsiness, lack of appetite, depression, anxiety, and well-being because of aromatherapy. Conclusions: Aromatherapy is a viable intervention for improving insomnia and other symptoms commonly experienced by patients with acute leukemia. Implications for nursing: Oncology nurses can employ aromatherapy safely and inexpensively, and with minimal training, as an effective tool in decreasing many symptoms that plague patients with leukemia. Patients can exercise a greater sense of control over their treatment environments through the use of aromatherapy.

Comparisons for Effectiveness of Aromatherapy and Acupressure Massage on Quality of Life in Career Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

May 2017

Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the effectiveness of aromatherapy and acupressure massage intervention strategies on the sleep quality and quality of life (QOL) in career women. Design: The randomized controlled trial experimental design was used in the present study. One hundred and thirty-two career women (24-55 years) voluntarily participated in this study and they were randomly assigned to (1) placebo (distilled water), (2) lavender essential oil (Lavandula angustifolia), (3) blended essential oil (1:1:1 ratio of L. angustifolia, Salvia sclarea, and Origanum majorana), and (4) acupressure massage groups for a 4-week treatment. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Short Form 36 Health Survey were used to evaluate the intervention effects at pre- and postintervention. Results: After a 4-week treatment, all experimental groups (blended essential oil, lavender essential oil, and acupressure massage) showed significant improvements in sleep quality and QOL (p < 0.05). Significantly greater improvement in QOL was observed in the participants with blended essential oil treatment compared with those with lavender essential oil (p < 0.05), and a significantly greater improvement in sleep quality was observed in the acupressure massage and blended essential oil groups compared with the lavender essential oil group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The blended essential oil exhibited greater dual benefits on improving both QOL and sleep quality compared with the interventions of lavender essential oil and acupressure massage in career women. These results suggest that aromatherapy and acupressure massage improve the sleep and QOL and may serve as the optimal means for career women to improve their sleep and QOL.

Effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil on pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Article

Aug 2016

Background: Osteoarthritis of the knee is the most common chronic joint disease that involves middle aged and elderly people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil on pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods: In this single-blinded, randomized clinical trial, 90 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who referred to the outpatient rheumatology clinics affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences were selected through convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to three groups: intervention (aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil), placebo (massage with almond oil) and control (without massage). The patients were evaluated at baseline, immediately after the intervention, 1 week, and 4 weeks after the intervention in terms of pain via visual analogue scale. The data were analyzed in SPSS (version 16) using the repeated measure ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and chi-squared test. Results: Pain severity of the patients in the intervention group was significantly different immediately and 1 week after the intervention compared with their initial status (p < 0.001) and that of the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009 respectively). However, at the third phase of follow-up (i.e., 4 weeks after the intervention), there was no significant difference between the groups according to the visual analogue scale (p = 0.67). Conclusion: Aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil was found effective in relieving pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, further studies are needed to confirm findings of this study.

Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians

Article

May 2016

Description: The American College of Physicians (ACP) developed this guideline to present the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on the management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults. Methods: This guideline is based on a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials published in English from 2004 through September 2015. Evaluated outcomes included global outcomes assessed by questionnaires, patient-reported sleep outcomes, and harms. The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians, and the target patient population includes adults with chronic insomnia disorder. This guideline grades the evidence and recommendations by using the ACP grading system, which is based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. Recommendation 1: ACP recommends that all adult patients receive cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as the initial treatment for chronic insomnia disorder. (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Recommendation 2: ACP recommends that clinicians use a shared decision-making approach, including a discussion of the benefits, harms, and costs of short-term use of medications, to decide whether to add pharmacological therapy in adults with chronic insomnia disorder in whom cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) alone was unsuccessful. (Grade: weak recommendation, low-quality evidence).

Effect of Rosa damascene aromatherapy on sleep quality in cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial

Article

Aug 2014
Compl Ther Clin Pract

Objective Sleep disorders are common among patients hospitalized in coronary care unit (CCU). This study aimed to investigate the effect of Rosa damascene aromatherapy on sleep quality of patients hospitalized in CCU. Methods In this randomized controlled trial, 60 patients who met the inclusion criteria were conveniently sampled and randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Patients in the control group received routine care. In the experimental group, patients received routine care and Rosa damascene aromatherapy for three subsequent nights. In the both groups the sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results After the study, the mean scores of five domains of Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index as well as the mean of total score of the index in the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion Rosa damascene aromatherapy can significantly improve the sleep quality of patients hospitalized in CCUs.

Insomnia as a predictor of depression: A meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies

Article

Feb 2011

In many patients with depression, symptoms of insomnia herald the onset of the disorder and may persist into remission or recovery, even after adequate treatment. Several studies have raised the question whether insomniac symptoms may constitute an independent clinical predictor of depression. This meta-analysis is aimed at evaluating quantitatively if insomnia constitutes a predictor of depression. PubMed, Medline, PsycInfo, and PsycArticles databases were searched from 1980 until 2010 to identify longitudinal epidemiological studies simultaneously investigating insomniac complaints and depressed psychopathology. Effects were summarized using the logarithms of the odds ratios for insomnia at baseline to predict depression at follow-up. Studies were pooled with both fixed- and random-effects meta-analytic models in order to evaluate the concordance. Heterogeneity test and sensitivity analysis were computed. Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Considering all studies together, heterogeneity was found. The random-effects model showed an overall odds ratio for insomnia to predict depression of 2.60 (confidence interval [CI]: 1.98-3.42). When the analysis was adjusted for outliers, the studies were not longer heterogeneous. The fixed-effects model showed an overall odds ratio of 2.10 (CI: 1.86-2.38). The main limit is that included studies did not always consider the role of other intervening variables. Non-depressed people with insomnia have a twofold risk to develop depression, compared to people with no sleep difficulties. Thus, early treatment programs for insomnia might reduce the risk for developing depression in the general population and be considered a helpful general preventive strategy in the area of mental health care.

Assessing the Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials: Current Issues and Future Directions

Article

Feb 1996

Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials is a relatively new and important development. Three approaches have been developed: component, checklist, and scale assessment. Component approaches evaluate selected aspects of trials, such as masking. Checklists and scales involve lists of items thought to be integral to study quality. Scales, unlike the other methods, provide a summary numeric score of quality, which can be formally incorporated into a systematic review. Most scales to date have not been developed with sufficient rigor, however. Empirical evidence indicates that differences in scale development can lead to important differences in quality assessment. Several methods for including quality scores in systematic reviews have been proposed, but since little empirical evidence supports any given method, results must be interpreted cautiously. Future efforts may be best focused on gathering more empirical evidence to identify trial characteristics directly related to bias in the estimates of intervention effects and on improving the way in which trials are reported.

Effects of Lavender Aromatherapy on Insomnia and Depression in Women College Students

Article

Mar 2006

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the lavender fragrance on sleep and depression in women college students. Forty-two women college students who complained of insomnia were studied during a four-week protocol(control treatment week, 60% lavender fragrance treatment week, washout week, 100% lavender fragrance treatment week). All subjects were in the department of nursing in "K" college and the study was a single blind repeated measurements experiment. For the duration of the study, weekly evaluations of sleep, patterns of sleep disturbance, severity of insomnia scale, self satisfaction with sleep, and severity of depression were performed. Among sleep variables, length of time taken to fall asleep, severity of insomnia, and self satisfaction with sleep were improved for the 60%(p=.000, p=.000, p=.000) and 100%(p=.000, p=.000, p=.000) week while the severity of depression was improved only for the 100%(p=.002) week. According to the study results, it can be concluded that the lavender fragrance had a beneficial effect on insomnia and depression in women college students. Repeated studies are needed to confirm effective proportions of lavender oil and carrier oil for insomnia and depression.

The Influence of Auricular Acupressure combined with Aromatherapy on Quality of Sleep of the Patients with Colorectal Cancer during Perioperative Period

Jan 2015
112

Haiyan

A Meta-Analysis of the meets of Aromatherapy on Psychological Variables in Nursing

Jan 2009
113

Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality and anxiety level of patients undergoing abdominal operation

Jan 2017
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Ya-bo

The Therapeutic Effect of Aromatherapy on Insomnia: a Meta-Analysis

Abstract

No full-text available

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