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TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF SUGARCANE FIBRE / FLY ASH / CARBON NANO TUBES REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES
Abstract
Increase in production capacity of industries in every field results into generation of huge amount of waste materials. These wastes can be utilized in an effective manner; one of those ways is fabricating a green composite which uses natural fibres and biodegradable materials in place of synthetic fibres as reinforcements. This is the main drive behind selecting sugarcane fibre and fly ash as our reinforcement materials for making epoxy polymer matrix composite. For further improvement in mechanical properties, carbon nano tube (CNT) is also used as reinforcement material in the composite. It is intended to investigate tensile behaviour of the composite by varying the wt. % of CNT / sugarcane fibre / fly ash in epoxy polymer matrix. Experimental specimens are made using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), one of the Design of Experiments (DOE) approaches. Determining the influence of CNT / sugarcane fibre / fly ash reinforcements on the tensile behaviour of epoxy composite is achieved by using ANOVA. Results reveal the positive effect of sugarcane on yield strength and Young's modulus of the composite and that of fly ash and CNT on ultimate tensile strength. Optimized parameters are obtained to achieve improved tensile behaviour and the same is confirmed by confirmation experiment.
... It was observed that fly ash did not affect UTS, but the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enhanced other mechanical properties. Gopalan et al. [31] studied the tensile properties of natural fiber/carbon nanotubes reinforced with EC. Samples were prepared using the Design of Experiments (DOE) approach with the CCD of the RSM, and then the effect of the wt.% of each constituent on tensile properties was analyzed with the ANOVA model. ...
... After a few minutes, this solution started losing its viscosity, and when it again started to gain consistency, the solution was poured into a tensile mold. It was previously observed that a fly ash (0 to 2 wt.%) and sugarcane fiber (0 to 2 wt.%) with CNTs (0 to 1 wt.%)-reinforced matrix provides the best tensile results [31]. This combination also resists crack propagation and improves fracture toughness. ...
... The strain rate maintained during the testing was 2 mm/min. Accordingly, 20 samples were prepared for different wt.% of fly ash, sugarcane fiber and CNTs, as listed by the authors in a previous study [31]. ...
Composite materials have a wide range of applications in emerging eco-friendly environments. Composites that created from naturally available materials are easily decomposed over time and very cost-effective. Fly ash and sugarcane fiber are widely available waste materials produced on a massive scale. This research was aimed to find an optimal mixture of reinforced composites (fly ash, sugarcane fiber and CNTs) in order to maximize yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus using a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm with Decomposition (MOEA/D). Optimizing one objective may have a negative impact on another objective, so the authors used the sophisticated MOEA/D algorithm to simultaneously find optimal values on all three objectives. The Design of Experiments (DOE) method was performed using ANOVA, and then regression equations were generated. The regression equations were optimized using the MOEA/D algorithm to obtain optimal values. Using the optimal compositional values produced by the algorithm, materials were fabricated. The fabricated materials were tested using a Shimadzu UTM machine to cross-validate the findings. A combination of 0.2 wt.% of fly ash, 2 wt.% of SCF, and 0.39 wt.% of CNTs showed a maximum yield strength of 7.52 MPa and Young’s modulus of 1281.18 MPa, with a quite considerable ultimate tensile strength of 10.54 MPa compared with the optimized results obtained through the response surface methodology.
... Response surface methodology (RSM), introduced by Box and Wilson [32,37], has been used in previous research work to optimize the conditions for the manufacturing of composites [38][39][40]. Also, the Box-Behnken design and the central composite design are the two most dominant designs utilized in RSM [37,41]. Nevertheless, among RSM, the Box-Behnken design is far better since it does not only have axial points, but all design points fall within the safe [36,[42][43][44]. ...
In this study, the input factors (PVC, rattan, plantain peduncle, and temperature) and the responses (flexural strength and modulus of elasticity) of an experimental design to reinforce PVC composite were investigated. The assessment of suitability and ultimately the choice of the models were done based on the values of statistical parameters like coefficient of determination (R2 value), p value, F value, etc. The experimental data was carried out by fitting a second-order model in the Design Expert model library to the data to estimate the unknown model parameters. This process was accomplished by applying multiple regression analyses to the data. The optimum values of the responses were obtained by numerical optimization based on the criterion of desirability. The results obtained showed that the design was adequate, and the models developed from it were useful because the off-diagonal values were close to zero. Also, increasing the proportion of PVC resulted in a steep and significant increase in the flexural strength of the composite. More so, this trend was similar to the flexural strength for the response surface and the corresponding contour plots representing the relationship between PVC, rattan, and modulus of elasticity. Besides, at higher temperatures, the PVC material could act as a binder, which results in a strong interaction between the components of the composite material.
... For optimal results, it is recommended to use the optimization strategy that yields the combination with the highest R 2 and the lowest MSE or SSE. According to author [22][23], ANN provides more accurate prediction of experimental data than BBD, with R 2 = 0.94-0.99 and MSE between 0.0013% and 0.07%. MLR has a greater regression coefficient and minimal sum of square (SS) error values, resulting in superior predictions, compared to ANN, which the authors utilized to perfect their microwave-assisted fluidized bed drying [24][25][26]. ...
Machine learning uses learning theory and modeling computations to learn and predict big data analytics, and these types of computations enable predictions or database decisions by modeling input data samples. It has been successful in several application areas such as computer vision, natural language processing, and biometrics. This paper aims to study the data analysis and prediction of the electrochemical properties of carbon nanomaterials based on machine learning. Taking a typical carbon nanomaterial - graphene as an example, in the analysis and prediction algorithm, the preparation method of graphene and the commonly used electrochemical analysis. On the basis of the method, graphene was prepared by hydrothermal method and chemical reduction method, and the electrochemical properties of graphene under different preparation methods were discussed. The test results show that the capacitance and rate characteristics of the H-RGO electrode are better than those of the T-RGO electrode.
The creation of tenable green composites is in high demand, due to ecologically available resources paving the way for applications to thrive in the manufacturing, aerospace, structural, and maritime industries. Hence, it is vital to understand the performance characteristics of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The elastic constants of coir fiber powder-reinforced plasticized polyvinyl chloride composite are determined using impulsive excitation vibration in this study. The optimization study on the elastic constants was carried out using Box–Behnken experimental design, based on response surface methodology, having three factors of fiber content (wt.%), fiber size (μm) and chemical treatments. The results were evaluated using analysis of variance and regression analysis. Additionally, experimental and optimized results were compared, leading to error analysis. Young’s modulus of 18.2 MPa and shear modulus of 6.6 MPa were obtained for a combination of fiber content (2 wt%), fiber size (225 μm), and triethoxy (ethyl) silane treatment, which is suitable for various electrical, automotive, etc., applications.
In this research, a fly ash/epoxy composite was fabricated using fly ash filler classified as industrial waste. The behavior of its mechanical properties was investigated by changing the volume of fly ash to 10, 30 and 50 vol.%. To determine the influence of particle size on the mechanical properties, we used two different sizes of the fly ash, which were separated by sieving to less than 90 μm and 53 μm. To optimize fabrication conditions, the viscosity of the fly ash/epoxy slurry was measured at various temperatures with different fly ash volume fractions. In terms of mechanical properties, tensile strength increased as the amount of fly ash increased, up to a critical point. On the other hand, the compression strength of the composite increased continuously as the amount of fly ash increased. Finally, the fracture surfaces were characterized and correlated with the mechanical properties.
The effect of extraction by soil retting and chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of sisal fibre reinforced polyester composites was investigated. The sisal fibre was extracted by soil retting method followed by chemical treatments. Treatments were carried out on the fibre at an elevated temperature of 70°C for 2 hours with 2 molar solutions each of NaOH, KOH, H2O2 and Ethanol. Both treated and untreated fibres were used to develop the sisal fibre reinforced polyester composites in predetermined proportions after which they were tested for mechanical properties. From the results, it was observed that, KOH treated fibre reinforced polyester composite followed by Ethanol treated fibre samples gave the best results. KOH treatment was observed to enhance the tensile and hardness properties of the polyester composites than other treatments.
Nowadays several industrial applications require biodegradable or environment friendly materials in place of existing materials in use without any compromise on their properties or their improved performance. Natural fiber reinforced polymer resin composites are biodegradable composites as they are using fibers from renewable sources. Biodegradation of the above composites can further be improved by adding natural resin with synthetic polymer resin. The experimental research work has been carried out using composite of Polyester (Synthetic Resin) - cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) resin (natural resin) with jute fiber as reinforcement. Tensile test was performed on specimens made of composites with various proportion of CNSL and polyester resin and jute fiber reinforcement with different alkali treatment, fiber length and fiber volume. Influence of the above factors on tensile strength was analyzed and the best combinations of factors are suggested for composite processing.
There has been significant increase in use of glass fibre reinforced composites as structural materials in naval mine countermeasure surface ships. Sea mines when detonated emit underwater shock waves, which could impart severe loading to naval ship structure; there are attempts to model the response of a ship structure to this loading. For the model to be accurate & useful material property data determined experimentally by taking different weight percentage of glass fibers (E-300, mat form) with epoxy resin & comparison with fly ash reinforced composite. Specimens in the form of cube of size 10X10X10 (mm's) are used & results are presented. Fracture behaviour of composite can also be studied using SEM. SEM analysis is done to observe distribution of fly ash particles in matrix, resin fly ash interface, glass fibre matrix interface, glass fibre distribution etc,.
Recently the interest in composite materials reinforced with natural fibers has considerably increased due to the new environmental legislation as well as consumer pressure that forced manufacturing industries to search substitutes for the conventional materials, e.g. glass fibers. This way, the objective of paper was evaluate the effect of chemical modification on mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber/PP composites. Fibers were pretreated with 10% sulfuric acid solution, followed by delignification with 1% sodium hydroxide solution. These fibers were mixed with the polypropylene in a thermokinetic mixer, and compositions with 5 to 20 wt% of fibers were obtained. The mechanical properties were evaluated by means of tensile, 3-point bending and impact tests. In addition, fracture analysis via SEM (secondary electrons mode) was performed. Results showed improve the tensile, flexural and impact strength of the composites in comparison to the polymer pure.
Untreated and acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were used to fabricate MWNT/epoxy composite samples by sonication technique. The effect of MWNT addition and their surface modification on the mechanical properties were investigated. Modified Halpin–Tasi equation was used to evaluate the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the MWNT/epoxy composite samples by the incorporation of an orientation as well as an exponential shape factor in the equation. There was a good correlation between the experimentally obtained Young’s modulus and tensile strength values and the modified Halpin–Tsai theory. The fracture surfaces of MWNT/epoxy composite samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope.
The material requirements for present industries have led researchers to look for materials with high specific strength, stiffness and eco-friendliness. Research studies on natural-fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials have increased to satisfy industry requirements. Reinforcement enhances the rigidness of composite materials, which is measured through shear modulus values. This work attempted to use carbon nanotube (CNT)/coir fibre/fly ash as reinforcements with epoxy. The experimental specimens were made by varying the contents of CNT/coir fibre/fly ash with epoxy by using the response surface methodology, one of design-of-experiment approaches. Analysis of variance was used to study the influence of the reinforcement percentage of CNT/coir fibre/fly ash on the shear modulus of the composite. Two models were obtained to predict the shear modulus for various reinforcement parameters using the experimental data. This was based on the regression equation meant for shear modulus. Of the two models, one was based on an artificial neural network and other was based on a multiple linear regression model. Optimum reinforcement parameters were obtained through a teaching–learning-based optimisation algorithm. A confirmation test was also carried out to determine the shear modulus experimentally for the reinforcement parameters obtained from the optimisation process.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as a one-dimensional material, have outstanding mechanical properties such as extreme tensile strength and Young’s modulus. At present, to prepare pure CNTs materials is quite difficult and the mechanical properties of the materials are limited in a low level. Because of their extraordinary mechanical properties and high aspect ratio, CNTs are considered to be ideal candidates for polymer reinforcement. In addition, CNTs/polymer composite materials are much easier to prepare than pure CNTs materials, so they have been paid much attention by researchers recently. However, challenges must be faced to prepare the CNTs/polymer composite with ultimate mechanical properties. So in this chapter, the main concerns are how to disperse CNTs in polymer matrix to prepare homogenous composite dispersions, how to prepare homogenous CNTs/polymer composite using possible fabricating processes based on the homogenous dispersions, how to increase the fiber mechanical properties especially through the enhancing interaction between polymer and CNTs, controlling the amount of CNTs and enhancing their orientation in the matrix.
The rising concern towards environmental issues and, on the other hand, the need for more versatile polymer-based materials has led to increasing interest about polymer composites filled with natural-organic fillers, i.e. fillers coming from renewable sources and biodegradable. The composites, usually referred to as “green”, can find several industrial applications. On the other hand, some problems exist, such as worse processability and reduction of the ductility. The use of adhesion promoters, additives or chemical modification of the filler can help in overcoming many of these limitations. These composites can be further environment-friendly when the polymer matrix is biodegradable and comes from renewable sources as well. This short review briefly illustrates the main paths and results of research (both academic and industrial) on this topical subject, providing a quick overview (with no pretence of exhaustiveness over such a vast topic), as well as appropriate references for further in-depth studies.
In the past decade, natural-fiber composites with thermoplastic and thermoset matrices have been embraced by European car
manufacturers and suppliers for door panels, seat backs, headliners, package trays, dashboards, and interior parts. Natural
fibers such as kenaf, hemp, flax, jute, and sisal offer such benefits as reductions in weight, cost, and CO2, less reliance on foreign oil sources, and recyclability. However, several major technical considerations must be addressed
before the engineering, scientific, and commercial communities gain the confidence to enable wide-scale acceptance, particularly
in exterior parts where a Class A surface finish is required. Challenges include the homogenization of the fiber's properties
and a full understanding of the degree of polymerization and crystallization, adhesion between the fiber and matrix, moisture
repellence, and flame-retardant properties, to name but a few.
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