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The importance of water and conscious use of water

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Abstract

Water is one of the most essential needs for life. About 0.3% of the water resources in the world are usable. Water shortages already exist in many regions, with more than one billion people without adequate drinking water. This situation is one of the most important indicators of why we should be very sensitive and conscious towards our water resources.As the world population increases need water also increases.However, as a result of different effects and especially human activities, water resources are decreasing, polluted and still used unconsciously.Water use has doubled increased between the years 1940-1980 and is faced with the danger of water shortages in many countries such as Turkey.Therefore, it is necessary to take and implement measures as soon as possible and we have to use water resources carefully. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the subject, to better understand the importance of water and to evaluate the issues such as preventing water pollution and waste from a theoretical perspective.

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... Water is an important substance that is required to provide adequate food supply to all biota (plants and animals), and it is essential for environmental health (Sarkingobir et al., 2023). Due to the growth of human population, there is increase demand for water resources that are qualitative (Kilic, 2020). Poor water quality or water scarcity affects the entire worlds food supply, and regional supply are equally affected. ...
... Poor water quality or water scarcity affects the entire worlds food supply, and regional supply are equally affected. It also affects biological biodiversity, health, standard of human life, and industrial services (Kilic, 2020). However, nowadays, there is increased in environmental problems that led to gross pollution of the environmental components, including water and consequently spurring diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, and others (Sumayya et al., 2013). ...
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... S. Mojtaba Amininasab m.amininasab@uok.ac.ir 1 ...
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... These values are compared with WHO standards in Table 2 and illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3. The full details of the 45 water samples tested, including their specific parameters and corresponding results, are provided in the supplementary file (1). These data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. ...
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... Land and water are natural resources with crosscutting issues that are key for livelihoods and sustainable development (Clark et al., 2016;Chaudhary and Hanif, 2022). The risk of water resources depletion is a matter of global concern as it threatens sustainable agricultural and industrial development (Zhang et al., 2020;Kılıç, 2020;Barbier, 2019). Catchment land use/ land cover change (LULCC) influences river hydrology at both spatial and temporal scales (Kayitesi et al., 2022;Hachemaoui et al., 2022), because it contributes to the rate of hydrological processes like runoff, infiltration, precipitation, sedimentation and flooding (Sugianto et al., 2022;Erima et al., 2024;Kayitesi et al., 2022). ...
... Accurate data and a paradigm shift in resource management are crucial for ensuring sustainable development and livelihoods. Water scarcity in both quantity and quality aspects compromises health (Mishra et al., 2021;Adams et al., 2020;Leal et al., 2022), limits economic development (Rosa, 2020;Heal et al., 2021) and causes deterioration in natural ecosystems (Kılıç, 2020;Assegide et al., 2022). The global demand for food is projected to increase by 50% by the year 2050, with developing countries contributing a higher percentage of this; due to their population trends ( Van et al., 2021;Aryal et al., 2022). ...
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... Water is a fundamental necessity for life, serving as the source of all biological activity and providing essential nutrition. Ensuring the availability of safe drinking water is a critical public health concern, particularly in developing nations (6) . Egypt faces significant challenges in this regard, as its water resources are limited, and the growing demand for clean water is placing considerable strain on this vital resource. ...
... Water is a valuable natural resource that has been essential to all life on Earth since the beginning of time. It is essential to our everyday activities, including industrial processes, cleaning, bathing, and irrigation [1], [2]. From agricultural irrigation to industrial processes, from household consumption to environmental preservation, water holds a pivotal role in ensuring the well-being and prosperity of communities worldwide [3], [4]. ...
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... Water is a prerequisite for the dependence of livelihood (Dastkhan & Mohamadi, 2023), as a resource, it is important to maintain a sufficient food supply and a productive environment for all living organisms (Kılıc, 2020). In the last few decades, it has gained more concern towards the protection and management of water resources (De Fraiture, et al., 2010). ...
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Article
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... Water is a natural resource that is very important for human life and ecosystems [1][2]. Without sufficient and good quality water, life on earth will be threatened. ...
... Water is an essential resource for human survival, playing a crucial role in human health and sustainable development. It is imperative to implement necessary measures to protect water resources and raise awareness about the sustainable development of water resources (Kılıç, 2020). Waterborne waste has become a significant sustainability issue. ...
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... Permintaan air yang bersih meningkat dengan pesat seiring dengan perkembangan populasi serta ekonomi manusia. Kekurangan air akan menyebakan pengurangan biodervisiti dalam ekosistem akuatik dan daratan serta mengancam bekalan makanan manusia (Kılıç 2020). ...
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... Water is essential for human activities like nutrition, respiration, reproduction, excretion, and circulation. Consequently, we cannot have a continuation of the food supply or an environment for organisms to live without water [3]. Seventy percent of the surface of our planet is water and only 2.5% is fresh, while saline remains 97.5% [4]. ...
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Global water scarcity and pollution are among the most severe challenges, affecting the lives of over 2.2 billion people and leading to a projected water demand that will exceed supply by 40% by 2030. Even though reverse osmosis and thermal desalination are commonly adopted water governance solutions, with energy consumption rates reaching up to 10 kWh/cubic meter of water, they remain economically unfeasible for most countries. Therefore, with rapid population growth and industrialization, high operation costs further limit the adoption of the traditional water treatment technologies. However, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial desalination cells (MDCs) are an innovative solution due to their ability to treat wastewater, desalinate water, and generate bioelectricity simultaneously. The recent advancements in MFCs have enabled the achievement of over 3 W/m2 of power density, while desalination efficiencies in MDCs have surpassed 63%, reducing total energy consumption by more than 40% when compared to traditional methods. The innovative use of electrode materials, like graphene and carbon nanotubes, has led to a 40% faster electron transfer rate, further increasing the efficiency of energy recovery. Moreover, the innovative integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) optimized MFCs and MFC operations, leading to a cost reduction of up to 20% through the real-time monitoring of PMDCs. The main challenges, such as the high capital costs and membrane fouling, were also considered, with the system scalability being the recurring concern. Thus, the current reports suggest that MFCs and MDCs would reduce wastewater treatment costs by 30% if applied on a large scale in the future.
... According to Albert et al. [3], many countries across the globe are facing water shortages due to changes in climate and population growth. Water generally is not evenly distributed around the globe to satisfy the ever-increasing demand [4]. According to the World Health Organization guidelines, water suitable for drinking should not possess significant contaminants that can endanger the human health. ...
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This study was done to assess the physical-chemical properties of some boreholes in Pangani, Dandora and Kayole in Nairobi County, to assess the content of some heavy metals in some boreholes in Pangani, Dandora and Kayole and to determine the bacteriological quality of the water. These were checked for compliance as per the World Health Organization’s guideline values. Borehole water samples were collected from Dandora, Kayole and Pangani. Water parameters determined included electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, pH, fluoride, chloride, ammonia, nitrate, Escherichia-coli, total count and analysis of some selected heavy metal ions. The measurements of pH, fluoride, and electrical conductivity were made by an ion-selective electrode. The determinations of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids were made by the gravimetric method. The titration method was used to quantify chloride, while ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer was used to measure ammonia and nitrate. E. coli and total counts were ascertained by the biological method. Heavy metals were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All boreholes met the guideline values of WHO with regard to pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride and ammonia. Total suspended solids were found to be above the recommended limits of WHO. Nitrate values in all the borehole conformed to the WHO guidelines. Escherichia coli conformed to WHO guideline except at Pangani Borehole 2. Total coliforms did not conform to the set WHO limit values. The concentration of zinc conformed with the set limit values except that of Pangani Borehole 1, Pangani Borehole 2 and Pangani Borehole 3. Concentrations of lead and cadmium in all the boreholes did not conform to the WHO guideline values. It is recommended that the boreholes at Dandora, Kayole and Pangani should not be used for drinking by humans since these heavy metal ions found in the boreholes have a detrimental effect on human health. Keywords: Physical-chemical, boreholes, heavy metals, bacteriological
... According to Albert et al. [3], many countries across the globe are facing water shortages due to changes in climate and population growth. Water generally is not evenly distributed around the globe to satisfy the ever-increasing demand [4]. According to the World Health Organization guidelines, water suitable for drinking should not possess significant contaminants that can endanger the human health. ...
Article
This study was done to assess the physical-chemical properties of some boreholes in Pangani, Dandora and Kayole in Nairobi County, to assess the content of some heavy metals in some boreholes in Pangani, Dandora and Kayole and to determine the bacteriological quality of the water. These were checked for compliance as per the World Health Organization’s guideline values. Borehole water samples were collected from Dandora, Kayole and Pangani. Water parameters determined included electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, pH, fluoride, chloride, ammonia, nitrate, Escherichia-coli, total count and analysis of some selected heavy metal ions. The measurements of pH, fluoride, and electrical conductivity were made by an ion-selective electrode. The determinations of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids were made by the gravimetric method. The titration method was used to quantify chloride, while ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer was used to measure ammonia and nitrate. E. coli and total counts were ascertained by the biological method. Heavy metals were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All boreholes met the guideline values of WHO with regard to pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride and ammonia. Total suspended solids were found to be above the recommended limits of WHO. Nitrate values in all the borehole conformed to the WHO guidelines. Escherichia coli conformed to WHO guideline except at Pangani Borehole 2. Total coliforms did not conform to the set WHO limit values. The concentration of zinc conformed with the set limit values except that of Pangani Borehole 1, Pangani Borehole 2 and Pangani Borehole 3. Concentrations of lead and cadmium in all the boreholes did not conform to the WHO guideline values. It is recommended that the boreholes at Dandora, Kayole and Pangani should not be used for drinking by humans since these heavy metal ions found in the boreholes have a detrimental effect on human health.
... The whole word is facing the problem of water scarcity. Nowadays, the development in water conservation has taken place in many countries but the demand of water users is very high [26]. As an individual it's our duty to use the water appropriately. ...
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This study aims to implement the "green smart home" concept for enhancing public health and indoor environmental quality. Numerous health issues, such as metal poisoning, respiratory infections, asthma, accidents, and mental health, are linked to unfavorable living conditions. This is the time for public health to encourage sustainable housing and create healthier homes. The COVID-19 pandemic was a sickness that spread quickly and resulted in deaths all across the world. There is a pressing need to stop the infection from spreading because there is currently no treatment. Isolating the afflicted individuals, ensuring adequate ventilation, practicing hand cleanliness, and using personal protective equipment are all preventive methods. The scientific community has been actively involved in tracking the Corona virus and its effects on plans, policies, and the socio-environment. In order to counteract COVID-19, the alternative has been to promote intelligent and sustainable house planning. Modern green home technology includes features like temperature control, lighting management, air quality enhancement, water quality improvement, and hygienic maintenance. It also makes homes smarter and more energy-efficient. The utility of sustainable housing and green smart homes, which is fundamental to human health, has been presented in this review. Additionally, it has been proposed to mandate the use of green smart homes both before and after COVID-19.
... Water is a critical and vital resource for life [31,86]. However, its availability in sustainable quantity and quality is threatened by many factors, among which climate plays a principal role [113]. ...
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The Ethiopian Rift is the most climate change–prone area with limited water resources, facing critical water resource problems. Future climate change will likely further intensify the existing challenges in the near to long-term. Therefore, evaluating the effect of climate change on spatio-temporal hydrological processes is essential for water resource management. This specific research assesses the impact of climate change on water balance components as well as stream flows in the Ziway Lake Watershed (ZLW) situated in central Main Ethiopian Rift. Multiple high-resolution Regional Climate Model (RCM) outputs under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios were used to assess the impact of climatic variables for three future time horizons: 2030s, 2060s, and 2080s. To assess the climate change impact, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was forced with the climate datasets to simulate the baseline and future period’s water balance components and stream flows under both RCPs. For all future time horizons under both scenarios, the projected climate result shows a declining trend in annual precipitation (PCP). Conversely, the long-term mean annual temperature indicated an uninterruptable increasing trend leading to an estimated rise between 2.46 and 4.81 °C by the end of the twenty-first century. As a consequence of the predicted climate change, a strong impact on the partitioning of the mean annual PCP into different hydrologic components of the watershed is likely to happen. The potential evapotranspiration (PET) may rise, and other hydrologic components such as actual evapotranspiration (AET), surface runoff (SURQ), recharge (RCHG), and water yield (WYLD) may decline compared to the historic period. Most importantly, the SURQ, RCHG, and WYLD expected to decline substantially in the rift floor relative to the opposite-facing rift margins. Correspondingly, the effect of climate change is also propagated in the stream flows (Meki and Katar), which are projected to decline gradually from near to far future time windows. The outcomes of this research work provide valuable insights to implement appropriate water resources management strategies to adapt and mitigate the negative effects of climate change in rift lake basins and other watersheds with similar agro-ecology.
... It is vital to accomplish multidisciplinary research to reach the appearance of clothing with standardized parameters of color, appearance, and complexity, indicating that there could indeed be cooperation between operators of scientific and technological institutions, providing information to textile companies and thinking through the use of numerous regulations. [147][148][149][150][151][152][153] ...
... As populations and economies grow, global freshwater consumption has also increased. Water scarcity not only threatens human food security but also diminishes biodiversity in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems [1]. Many nations depend on a single water source that can meet up to 90% of their needs, especially in developing regions. ...
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Water is sourced from various locations, including lakes, wells, artificial reservoirs, and rivers. Contamination of these sources poses a significant threat to human health, highlighting the need to monitor water quality. This study focuses on evaluating the water quality in the Duhok governorate of the Kurdistan region, Iraq, by analyzing several key physicochemical parameters: turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TAL), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺). Over a period spanning from January 2019 to December 2021, a total of 1,374 water samples were collected from different sources, including reservoirs, deep wells, springs, the Duhok dam, and the water supply network within the Duhok governorate. The analysis revealed that parameters such as turbidity, pH, TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and Na⁺ varied significantly across the three years studied. In contrast, other parameters like TDS, EC, TAL, Cl⁻, and K⁺ showed no significant fluctuations. The results also indicated a decrease in most physicochemical parameter values in 2021 compared to 2019 and 2020, with the exception of turbidity. Overall, the majority of water samples were found to be within safe drinking limits. Ongoing monitoring of these water sources is essential to detect any variations in water quality promptly.
... As the global population increases, the need for water will also increase. However, because of different effects and especially human activities, water resources are decreasing, becoming polluted, and still being used unconsciously [1]. Three-quarters of our planet is covered with water, and the human body is mostly made up of water. ...
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The aim of this work is to prevent the public drinking from water coolers, by using an auto-detection process, if the quality of water is low. Therefore, the proposed water treatment management system for allows the activation of dispensers to provide the best-quality water coolers. The objective is to investigate the quality of the drinking water from coolers in public places in Madinah and to provide clean, safe, and healthy drinking water for the general public. The methodology consisted of performing different analyses, tests, and water treatments, such as physicochemical analyses of the water samples, measurements of the different concentrations of anions, measurements of the concentrations of heavy metals, and bacteriological tests of the water samples. Therefore, 66 water samples were tested, and the experimental values were compared with the reference values given by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization (SASO) for drinking water. The tests revealed that the physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, and TH) of different water sources (95.5%) were in accordance with the SASO and WHO values. In addition, all the analyzed water samples (100%) contained permissible levels of nitrates, sulfates, nitrites, and free residual chlorine, as indicated by the results. However, 68.2% of the samples studied had fluoride concentrations below the standard limits. Furthermore, heavy metals such as lead, iron, and others were tested for all water coolers. The measured findings indicated that just one cooler exceeded the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/L for Fe, and the biological contamination testing revealed that 4.5% of the coolers were infected with coliforms. Finally, this research suggests that water coolers should be regularly maintained. Additionally, using the best design for the water desalination process is very important to give the best drinking water quality.
... As the world's population increases, so does the need for water (KILIC, 2020). ...
Article
Water, soil, and air are the planet’s natural capitals that have made life viable, and without them, biodiversity will disappear. The drought we are experiencing due to global warming puts everyone on alert to mitigate the risks to these vital common goods. Water is a resource in crisis due to scarcity, misuse, poor distribution to the most vulnerable populations, contamination, and pollution, but it still attracts the private sector's greed. Water privatization, distribution, and basic sanitation services have been touted as a panacea to solve urban problems. Several cities have followed the path of privatization, embracing neoliberal ideologies or using it as a lever to pay off state debts without considering social aspects. Studies demonstrating the positive or negative impacts of privatization are still rare. The objective of this conceptual work was to analyze trends in water management service providers around the world. The methodology was based on works published in journals and online. There has been a trend towards privatization. However, many cities have chosen to go in the opposite direction by municipalizing their water supply and sanitation services.
... Many scholars (Jackson 2005(Jackson , 2017Kılıç 2020;Westall and Brack 2018) emphasise water as one of life's most essential needs due to its influence on public health, living standards, culture and the ecosystem. In the NT context, for example, Jackson (2005;2017) construes water as an essential value to human communities and an integral aspect of social and cultural relationships. ...
Article
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Despite warnings of impending water scarcity concerns, most residents persistently engage in excessive water consumption behaviours, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This has spurred interest in understanding why water demand management strategies fail to foster voluntary residential conservation behaviours. Recent literature indicates a lack of consideration of cultural factors that may influence residential water conservation. Thus, this study draws on and extends the protection motivation theory with place attachment and spirituality to examine how cultural and psychological factors influence residential water conservation intention and behaviour. Analysing 346 survey responses, the study reveals that place attachment amplifies vulnerability and severity perceptions regarding water scarcity concerns and significantly drives perceptions of self and response efficacies for water conservation intention and behaviour. In particular, the study reveals that as a resident’s spirituality increases, the intention for water conservation behaviour reduces. The study highlights theoretical and practical implications for scholars and policymakers.
... Water resources are really important for food production and a productive environment for the existence of all living organisms (Kılıç 2020). The water resources have been under stress over the past forty years due to population growth, urbanization, land reclamation, and agricultural practices (Abdalla and Moubark 2018). ...
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Pakistan's groundwater resources are vital to the country's water supply, yet increasingly threatened by issues such as over-extraction, inadequate management practices, and insufficient conservation regulations. This study was conducted to examine spatiotemporal aquifer behavior, fluctuations in drawdown levels, and water quality parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Salts (TDS), Calcium, Magnesium, Total Hardness (TH), Bicarbonates and Chlorides by using geospatial techniques to address sustainable groundwater resource management needs. For future forecasting four machine learning (ML) models were used; Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Random Forest (RF). Observed data were obtained from Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Faisalabad from year 2013 to 2023 which included 29 inline field area well stations and 25 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) well stations, and weather data from the Terra Climate dataset. Groundwater drawdown patterns and quality changes over time were analyzed by GIS-based spatial analysis by utilizing historical data to train and test predictive models for 2024-2028. The XGBoost model demonstrated exceptional performance in predicting drawdown pre-monsoon (8.35m) and post-monsoon (7.65m) until 2028 and hydro chemical quality, with an average R-squared value of 0.86, RMSE below 0.08, and MAE under 0.05 for both. The study's spatial analysis revealed significant seasonal variations, with post-monsoon increases in mineral concentrations due to intensified leaching processes and identified a concerning rise in chloride levels after 2022, linked to anthropogenic activities. These findings underscored the importance of advanced machine learning techniques, particularly XGBoost, in accurately forecasting groundwater dynamics and hydro chemical quality.
... Freshwater, on the other hand, is essential for human needs, but its amount is very limited, as it accounts for 3% of the total water on earth. Furthermore, the available freshwater is actually less than 1% of the total water resources in the planet, as about 70% of the existing freshwater is not readily available [1][2][3][4]. ...
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p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 120%; mso-pagination: none; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 6.0pt 147.4pt;"> Freshwater is essential for everyday activities including drinking, irrigation, farming and many industrial processes. However, freshwater is less than 1% of the total water resources in the planet and, therefore, it is considered a very valuable commodity. Limited resources and growing needs for freshwater triggered global exploration for alternatives to produce enough freshwater for human needs. Today’s most widely used methods to produce freshwater is desalination. However, critical appraisal of the desalination procedures raised the alarm about sustainability of desalination and indicated that significant research is needed to develop alternative green resources of freshwater. Countries in the Gulf area such as Oman and UAE experience hot and humid climates and use air-conditioning units to achieve acceptable comfort levels and create a healthier indoor environment. The cooling process release a large amount of condensate water through cooling coils. This amount of water is usually considered as a problem rather than opportunity and, thus, is wasted into municipal sewerage systems via a system of drainage pipes. This alternative source can be utilized in various drainage, irrigation, and cooling applications to reduce the use of considerable amount of municipal potable water. This source not only takes part in controlling the water scarcity, but also in saving energy and to reducing the carbon footprint. This paper focus on highlighting the opportunities for Oman and UAE to utilize the condensate water from air-conditioning process, as a viable alternative source of green fresh water. It provides a comparison of the potentials of both countries to collect condensate water, based on meteorological data, location and climate. It was concluded that both countries have great potentials and opportunities to utilize this wasted resource. </p
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The gradual increase in water scarcity due to depletion and/or inadequate use of water resources has affected the automotive sector. In this context, possibilities for water reuse in the pre-treatment tunnel in an automotive painting process were studied and compared with the primary goal of finding the most appropriate and economically viable water recovery solutions, considering a circular economy metric approach. To this end, an experimental campaign of aqueous effluent characterization, with determinations of most relevant chemical and physical parameters, was conducted in a company in the automotive industry sector. To reduce alkalinity and remove surfactants from the effluent of the washing phase, a cation exchange on a weak-acid-based resin was proposed along with a microfiltration membrane system with a recovery efficiency of 88%. The inclusion of subsequent ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis steps proved to be the most suitable for removing salts and biocides from the water of the cooling towers, treating approximately 68% of the water. The techno-economic feasibility was comprehensively evaluated according to the type of treatment used. A cost of EUR 245 thousand was estimated for the treatment of water from the degreasing washing phase (EUR 1.06 per manufactured car), and a cost of EUR 582 thousand was estimated for the treatment of the cooling towers’ water (EUR 2.52 per car). The estimated water income after the treatment systems’ implementation was estimated to be equal to EUR 0.07 per car for the washing stage and EUR 0.13 per car for the cooling towers. Ultimately, this study clearly demonstrated the beneficial contribution of using membrane treatment in the automotive sector’s environmental policy, leading to water reuse and much lower effluent discharge according to the principles of the circular economy.
Article
It is crucial to provide sufficient and potable water to ensure a healthy society and promote a country's development. Unfortunately, many towns in developing countries, including Dangila town, experience prolonged water shortages, leading to various socio-economic challenges for residents. This study aimed to assess the performance of Dangila town's current water supply system. To achieve this objective, different secondary data were collected from various sources. The average per capita water consumption was 15.78 l/day, which did not meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) standards. The estimated average water supply coverage was 46.37%, failing to meet the MDG target and the SDG. Non-revenue water ranged from 1.81 to 92.95%, with an average of 36.81%, exceeding the maximum limit set by the World Bank. This research also discovered that if non-revenue water is well managed, 267,192 people could be supplied, assuming a per capita demand of 50 l/day. Therefore, this research concluded that the water supply system did not meet the minimum national and international water supply standards, indicating its poor performance. Thus, it is crucial to implement continuous, well-planned, and organized maintenance, operation, monitoring, service management, and scientific loss control, along with water source development.
Article
Purpose This study aims to examine the role of mindful consumption in promoting rural sustainability, particularly in the context of tourism in Muang Kaen Community, Chiang Mai, Thailand, by establishing a robust circular economy. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 28 informants who are tourism stakeholders regarding sustainable development, i.e. government officers, business owners, community leaders and community members in Muang Kaen, to achieve the data triangulation. A thematic analysis of the interview data was employed in this data set. Findings The findings demonstrate three key themes for driving sustainable community development: a sense of community, leadership and embodiment. At an individual level, local community members co-create a sense of community through Thainess, which gradually forms the social commitment to caring for neighbors, the community, and the environment. Carefulness also relates to another theme, “leadership” – social capital, which drives mindful behavior among the community members. Both situational and official leaders are key persons in forming a culture of sustainability within the community. Finally, the community can achieve sustainable goals by driving from the individual to the collective level through the embodiment. Research limitations/implications This single-case study warrants further examination across different communities to generalize the findings to broader circumstances. Originality/value This study has shed light on how rural tourism can drive sustainable development through a circular economy and mindful consumption.
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In the main Ethiopian rift, litho-structural complexity and scant study on factors that control water well productivity pose difficulty in predicting well yield. This study examines the relationship between well yield and geological structures in the Gidabo watershed, southern main Ethiopian rift valley, through the characterization of physical hydrogeology. Litho-structural data was compiled from the existing maps and remotely sensed data. Lithologic log and well yield data were compiled from water well drilling completion reports. Fieldwork was conducted for data verification. Well yield data were plotted on the ArcGIS environment, and a cross-section was constructed to conceptualize well yield spatial variation and its relation to faults. The study reveals that well yield varies between 1.5 and 184 lit/sec with no systematic spatial distribution and statistically significant relation to surface elevation as well as well depth. The high-yield wells (> 8 lit/sec) are encountered along the long E-W trending fracture lines, and the low-yield wells (< 8 lit/sec) are either associated with the short lineament or the Wonji faults that are not connected to the long E-W trending lineaments. Further, wells drilled on the dip side of the first-encountered east-dipping Wonji fault along flow lines are marked by high yield. In contrast, wells drilled on the opposite side of the east-dipping first-encountered fault or beyond towards the west have low yield unless drilled along the long E-W trending lineaments. This finding guides groundwater development activities in the Gidabo watershed and in the hydrogeologically similar Ethiopian Rift Valley.
Article
A demineralization process is carried out in industrial water treatment, and this process requires large amounts of chemicals that can increase the pollutant load of wastewater and harm ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate. Therefore, this study aims to analyze water efficiency and chemicals used in the water treatment process at the Demineralizer Plant. The analysis was carried out through a fishbone diagram and Nominal Group Technique (NGT) method to identify the problem so that the corrective solution is obtained, namely by backwashing the cation and anion resins periodically at 100,000 m ³ , maintaining the flow service setting for the demineralized plant at 90 - 100 m ³ /hour, and adjusting the specific gravity at the time of regeneration of Cation in the first Chemical. The results showed that PT made improvements. Pupuk Iskandar Muda has succeeded in carrying out a water efficiency of 484.87 m ³ . That impacts production costs, which decrease along with reduced chemical use. The company saved IDR 4.251.782 in 2021 after the repairs were carried out. Water efficiency and optimization of chemical use can save the cost of purchasing chemicals, minimize environmental impacts, and provide the best and most practical solutions at PT. Pupuk Iskandar Muda.
Article
The global water crisis is intensifying due to climate change, population growth, and rapid urbanization, leading to increased water demand, especially in urban areas. Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is experiencing severe water shortages caused by rapid urbanization, population growth, industrial expansion, and ageing infrastructure. This study aims to assess the water supply–demand gap and explore various water conservation strategies to mitigate this shortfall. Using the Water Evaluation and Planning System, the research evaluates current and projected water supply–demand dynamics and the effectiveness of conservation strategies on unmet demand. The findings indicate that water demand in Addis Ababa is expected to rise from 382 Mm3 in 2023 to 915 Mm3 by 2043, a 140% increase. In 2023, only 40% of this demand is being met, resulting in a substantial supply–demand gap of 219 Mm3. The water supply system is significantly strained by high population growth and improved living standards. Implementing water conservation measures, such as retrofitting the ageing distribution infrastructure and adopting water reuse policies, could substantially reduce unmet demand. Projections show a reduction of up to 45%, from 752 to 646 Mm3 by 2043 compared to the reference scenario.
Article
Groundwater is a critical resource for the Great Plains region of the United States, providing drinking water for over 2 million people. However, the High Plains Aquifer (HPA) is under significant threat from over-extraction—defined as the excessive withdrawal of groundwater beyond its natural replenishment rate. This overuse jeopardizes not only water availability but also equitable access and allocation. Effective groundwater monitoring is essential to track trends in water availability, assess the impacts of extraction, and develop strategies to ensure long-term sustainability. Without comprehensive monitoring, it is difficult to address key issues like contamination, depletion, and groundwater quality degradation. While several state-level frameworks exist to enhance groundwater monitoring, they operate independently, leading to gaps in data sharing and collaboration, especially for a transboundary resource like the HPA. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are well-positioned to play a more central role in this process. The EPA, with its mandate to protect water quality, and the USGS, with its expertise in nationwide data collection, are critical to supporting a collaborative and comprehensive groundwater monitoring system. By facilitating the integration of state-level efforts, these federal agencies can help ensure that groundwater monitoring is both consistent and accurate, enabling effective decision-making at regional and national levels. This policy memo provides a detailed analysis of current state-level efforts, highlights the role of the EPA and USGS in addressing governance challenges, and proposes a transboundary governance mechanism to enhance collaborative groundwater monitoring. The intended audience includes policymakers at the EPA and USGS, as well as water resource managers who are key to implementing these changes.
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The quality of liquids is monitored to reach higher productivity. The quality indicators of liquids refer to physical, chemical, and biological components. The application of imaging technology in the assessment of the quality of different liquid types has been reviewed. Water, fruit juice, milk, and oil were different liquids describeddescribed in this chapter. Different techniques of imaging including visible imaging, visible imaging coupled with laser, multispectral imaging, and hyperspectral imaging were used in this area. These techniques have been used due to high speed and low cost compared to the laboratory-based methods. In the future, more applications of imaging technology can be found in the assessment of liquid quality by developing the visible-near infrared multispectral imaging technique because it allows the detection of chemical compositions of the liquids with low cost and high speed.
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In this research, silver/graphene oxide (Ag/GO) nanohybrid was first synthesized and used in production of polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes via phase inversion method for concentrating phycocyanin (PC) and treating methylene blue (MB) dye effluent. Designing the experiment (DOE) using Box-Behnken method by Design Expert software helped to calculate the optimal values of the variables under study. The studied variables included PSF polymer concentration, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) pore-former concentration and Ag/GO nanohybrid content, which were investigated for their effects on pure water flux (PWF) and MB pigment rejection. According to the results of the DOE, the membrane containing 19.485 wt% PSF, 0.043 wt% PVP and 0.987 wt% Ag/GO was selected as the optimal membrane. Due to the high price of PC as drug, and the importance of removing MB pigment from the effluent of dyeing and textile industries, the membranes were first optimized with MB pigment and then the optimal membrane was used for concentrating PC. The results showed that PWF reaches from 40.05 L.m− 2.h− 1 (LMH) for the neat membrane to 156.73 LMH for the optimized membrane, which shows about 4 times improvement. Compared to the neat membrane, flux recovery ratio (FRR) of the optimized membrane increased by about 20% and its total fouling (Rt) decreased by about 10%. Also, the results showed that the optimized membrane can remove 81.6% of MB, as well as to reject 93.8% of PC.
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There is a scarcity of research on the effects of waste water treatment on the amount of land used for farming. Additionally, the researchers made the assumption that all farmers would either be willing or unwilling to participate. An equation was estimated to determine the separate area under cultivation for farmers who are willing and unwilling to engage, assuming no endogeneity. Thus, this study aimed to assess the influence of waste water treatment on the area of land used for cultivation, while considering the selectivity bias in the analysis. The Heckman sample selection model was utilised to examine the influence of willingness to pay on the extent of land under cultivation. By treating the waste water, it is possible to expand the cultivated area. While the cropping pattern may remain unchanged, around 50 hectares of land area dedicated to the same crops could be increased if the waste water is treated and the farmers are ready to bear the cost of waste water treatment. The correlation between the disposal of industrial waste and the land area was shown to be statistically significant in determining the willingness to pay. Furthermore, the impact of the desire to pay was also found to be statistically significant in determining the extent of land used for cultivation.
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Water, an invaluable resource, operates within the confines of a closed system on Earth, precluding the transfer or exchange of matter. This intrinsic limitation underscores the critical need for judicious water management. As a result of industrialization and urbanization, there is an increasing health risk from the consumption of polluted water, with a severe impact on the socioeconomic development of a nation's human and environmental resources. Access to good quality water and sanitation is one of the SDG goals. It has, therefore, become essential to protect waterbodies from continuous pollution by developing effective and efficient water and wastewater treatment methods to deliver portable and safe drinking water fit for human and animal consumption in line with the SDG goals. The various conventional water and wastewater treatment methods, such as activated carbon, coagulation, sedimentation, and biodegradation, have been judged relatively uneconomical. Ongoing research endeavors in both developed and developing nations are driven by the imperative to effectively treat drinking water, groundwater, and industrial wastewater, mitigating the pervasive issue of water pollution. This chapter underscores how population growth impacts the accessibility of high-quality water resources in both developed and developing contexts. It discusses conventional water and wastewater treatment methodologies and their associated challenges. Furthermore, this exploration delves into the forefront of research trends, delving into the application of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and advanced membrane techniques spanning microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration, all aimed at revolutionizing water and wastewater treatment processes.
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