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Die Effekte von Achtsamkeitspraxis auf die Gesundheit von LehrerInnen

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Dr. Karlheinz Valtl
Die Effekte von Achtsamkeitspraxis auf die Gesundheit von LehrerInnen
Vorgelegt beim Pädagogischen Salon des Wiener Forums Zivilgesellschaft am 08.10.2019
1. Nicht professionsbezogene Effekte von Achtsamkeitspraxis: allgemeine Studien
1.1 Einflüsse auf die physische Gesundheit
a) Verbesserung der objektiv gemessenen physischen Gesundheit (Grossman et al. 2004)
(z. B. Harmonisierung von Puls, Blutdruck, Muskelspannung (Ditto et al. 2006), Verbesserung der Herzfre-
quenzvariabilität (Krygier et al. 2013) u.a.)
b) Verbesserung des subjektiven Wohlbefindens (Carmody/Baer 2008)
c) Verbesserung von Immunfunktionen (Davidson et al. 2003)
d) Verlangsamung epigenetischer Alterungsprozesse (Chaix et al. 2017)
e) Verbesserung von Gehirnfunktionen (Goldin/Gross 2010)
1.2 Einflüsse auf die psychische Gesundheit
a) Reduktion psychischer Symptome wie Angst, Depression, Grübeln (Hofmann et al. 2010)
b) Reduktion von Substanzabhängigkeit (Brewer et al. 2015)
c) Reduktion von Essstörungen (Kristeller 2015)
d) Verbesserung der Schlafqualität (Shallcross et al. 2019)
1.3 Mittelbar gesundheitsrelevante Verbesserungen der Selbstregulation
a) Verbesserung von Aufmerksamkeitsregulation und Präsenz
(z. B. Verbesserung von executive function, selektiver Aufmerksamkeit (Chiesa et al. 2011) und Arbeitsge-
dächtnis (Jha et al. 2010, Mrazek et al. 2013) u.a.)
b) Verbesserung der Emotionsregulation
(z. B. Verbesserung der Fähigkeit, Emotionen wahrnehmen, halten und ausdrücken zu können (Kuyken et al.
2013), Verbesserung von Selbst-Mitgefühl und Selbstsorge (Neff/Dahm 2015) u.a.)
c) Verbesserung von kognitiver Regulation und Selbstbezug
(z. B. Verbesserung der Fähigkeit zu Perspektivwechsel (Hölzel et al. 2011) und des Körperbewusstseins (Höl-
zel et al. 2011, Schussler et al. 2016) u.a.)
2. Professionsbezogene Effekte von Achtsamkeitspraxis: Studien mit LehrerInnen
2.1 Einflüsse auf die physische Gesundheit von LehrerInnen
a) Verbesserung von Wohlbefinden (general well-being, Schussler et al. 2016) und subjektivem Gesundheits-
empfinden (Altner & Sauer 2013)
b) Verringerung von subjektiv empfundenem Stress und der damit verbundenen Beschwerden (Harris et al.
2016; Luken & Sammons 2016)
c) Erhöhung der Stressresilienz (Flook et al. 2013)
d) Wesentlich verringerte Krankheitskosten (Altner & Sauer 2013)
e) Verringerung von „job burnout“ (Harris et al. 2016; Schussler et al. 2016)
2.2 Einflüsse auf psychische Gesundheit, Emotionsregulation und Selbstbezug von LehrerInnen
a) Verbesserung von Selbstmitgefühl (self-compassion) (Flook et al. 2013) und Selbstfürsorge (self care)
(Shapiro et al. 2016)
b) Verbesserung von Selbstwirksamkeitserleben, adaptiven Emotionsregulationsstrategien, Mitgefühl und Ver-
gebung (Taylor et al. 2015)
c) Verbesserte Stimmungslage (Flook et al. 2013; Kemeny et al. 2012)
d) Verbesserung der Wahrnehmung negativer Gedanken und der Fähigkeit zur Desindentifizierung (Altner et al.
2018), erhöhte Fähigkeit zu non-reactivity (Schussler et al. 2016)
e) Zunahme der Bewusstheit für innere Zustände und der Fähigkeit, Gefühle differenziert wahrzunehmen;
in Folge bei belastenden Gefühlen Abnahme der subjektiven Stressbelastung (Schussler et al. 2016)
f) Erhöhung von Selbstbewusstheit, Selbstmitgefühl, Emotionsregulation und Selbstwirksamkeit in der Arbeit
(Emerson et al. 2017) und von Selbstwirksamkeitserleben im Classroom Management (Schussler et al. 2016)
g) Freude an der Teilnahme an Achtsamkeitskursen (Luger-Schreiner 2018)
h) Verringerung von Depressionen (Gold et al. 2010) sowie von Angst (state und trait), emotionaler Erschöp-
fung und burnout-bedingter Depersonalisation (Anderson et al. 1999)
2.3 Einflüsse auf Belastungsfaktoren und Selbstmanagement im Schulalltag
a) Überforderung und Resignation bei 60% der LehrerInnen feststellbar (Schaarschmidt & Fischer 2013) à
Achtsamkeitspraxis wirkt dem entgegen durch Selbstfürsorge
b) Tendenz zu Selbstabwertung in Momenten des Scheiterns (v.a. bei jungen LehrerInnen) à Achtsamkeitspra-
xis verbessert die Fähigkeit, sich auch dann selbst anzunehmen, ohne Fehler zu leugnen (Zimmerman 2018)
c) Verbesserung des Umgangs mit schwierigen SchülerInnen (einer der größten Belastungsfaktoren!) (Flook et
al. 2013)
d) Verbesserung der Wahrnehmung von Erregungsspitzen in Stresssituationen (allein und in Kontakt) sowie der
Fähigkeit, sich dann zu regulieren und zu entspannen (Altner et al. 2018)
e) Erhöhte Berufs- und Lebenszufriedenheit (life satisfaction, Soloway et al. 2011)
2.4 Einflüsse auf kollegiales Verhalten und Verantwortungsbereitschaft von LehrerInnen
a) Selbstbewusstere und freiere Kommunikation und Metakommunikation mit KollegInnen (Altner et al. 2018)
b) Förderung von Teamgeist und gegenseitigem Wissen um persönliche Lebenslagen (Luger-Schreiner 2018)
c) Verbesserung der Fähigkeit, sich abzugrenzen (Altner et al. 2018)
d) Zunahme der Verantwortungsbereitschaft bei gleichzeitig geringerer Beschuldigung anderer oder des „Sys-
tems“ (Altner et al. 2018)
e) Erhöhte Wertschätzung der Expertise von KollegInnen (Altner et al. 2018)
f) Fürsorglicherer Umgang miteinander und mit sich selbst (Altner et al. 2018)
g) Verbesserung der Fähigkeit, eigene Schwächen zu zeigen und dies als Stärke zu sehen (Altner et al. 2018)
h) Erhöhte Bereitschaft zur Umgestaltung der Schulkultur in Richtung Entspannung, Entschleunigung, Achtsam-
keit, Stille, Flexibilität, Kollegialität und Begeisterung (Altner et al. 2018)
2.5 Einflüsse auf Faktoren des Unterrichts und der pädagogischen Beziehung
a) Verbesserung von „in the moment awareness“ und Toleranz von Ungewissheit à dies hilft v.a. jungen Lehre-
rInnen, die Komplexität des Unterrichtsgeschehens besser zu “navigieren“ (Zimmerman 2018, 58)
b) Verbesserung der subjektiv empfundenen Beziehungsqualität zu SchülerInnen (Altner & Sauer 2013) àdiese
wird dadurch fürsorglich statt fordernd (Altner et al. 2018) und einfühlsam-freundlich (Shapiro et al. 2016)
c) Verbesserung von Effizienz (Flook et al. 2013) und Selbstwirksamkeitserleben im Unterricht (Soloway et al.
2011)
d) Erhöhung von sowohl fokussierter wie offener und andauernder Aufmerksamkeit im Unterricht (Flook et al.
2013) sowie von mentaler und körperlicher Präsenz (Shapiro et al. 2016)
e) Verbesserung der Zuwendung zu und des „Sein-Lassens“ von SchülerInnen; Verbesserung der der Fähigkeit,
ihr Sein unabhängig von ihren Leistungen anzuerkennen (Altner et al. 2018)
f) Resonanzeffekte: Verbesserung der physiologisch gemessenen Stressbelastung von SchülerInnen als Effekt
der Verringerung der Stressbelastung von LehrerInnen (Oberle & Schonert-Reichl 2016)
3. Einschränkende Bedingungen im Handlungsfeld Schule
3.1 Im Bereich Kollegialität und Schulkultur
a) Veränderungen in der Schulkultur werden von Nicht-KursteilnehmerInnen z. T. nur widerwillig mitgetragen
(Altner et al. 2018)
b) Daher: „most effective when implemented by a whole school“ (Schussler et al. 2016, 140)
3.2 Rolle der Schulleitung
a) SchulleiterInnen als Gate keeper: Sie können sich als change agents verstehen, die Türen für Achtsamkeits-
praxis öffnen und Informationen an KollegInnen weiterleiten oder nicht (Altner et al. 2018)
b) Zugleich: Entlastung der Schulleitung durch erhöhte Verantwortungsbereitschaft der LL (Altner et al. 2018)
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