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Valorization and Extraction Optimization of Citrus Seeds for Food and Functional Food Applications
Abstract and Figures
Valorization of food byproducts has attracted recently considerable attention. Citrus fruits provide considerable non-edible residues reach 80% in juice production. They are considered agri-wastes to comprise peel, pulp and seeds. Previous investigations have focused on peel and pulp to recover value-added products. The review presents for the first-time phytochemical composition of Citrus seeds’ products, i.e., oil and extracts. Fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols amounted as the major bioactives in Citrus seeds, in addition to limonoids, dietary fibers and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional values, these chemicals have promising applications including production of biodiesel, food enhancers and antioxidants, especially from mandarin and grapefruit seeds. Optimum conditions of the different Citrus seeds' valorization are discussed to improve extraction yield and lessen environmental hazards of solvent extraction. This review presents the best utilization practices for one of the largest cultivated fruit seeds worldwide and its different applications.
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... A conclusion can be reached by emphasizing the abundance of bioactive compounds in Citrus seed wastes, which makes them an excellent opportunity for increased environmental and economic utilization. Risso), or citron (Citrus medica L.) [1,[5][6][7]. With an annual production estimated at 124.3 million tons, more than 140 countries of the world are Citrus producers, Asia being the first continent, followed by Africa [1,8]. ...
... Risso), or citron (Citrus medica L.) [1,[5][6][7]. With an annual production estimated at 124.3 million tons, more than 140 countries of the world are Citrus producers, Asia being the first continent, followed by Africa [1,8]. Citrus fruits are a rich natural source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), carotenoids with pro-vitamin A (namely β-cryptoxanthin), and vitamin B9 (folic acid), as well as being an excellent source of dietary fiber and antioxidants, namely phenolic compounds. ...
... They have also gained attention in pharmacological industries for developing, preventing, or treating against many non-communicative diseases and inflammation [15][16][17]. They also have a potential application in biodiesel, biosorbent development, cosmetics, and bio-food enhancement formulation [1,12]. For example, one study found that C. reticulata had a fatty acid profile of 67.4% unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and 32% saturated fatty acids (SFA). ...
Citrus fruits are widely grown, processed, and distributed in more than 140 countries, with annual global production exceeding 124.3 million metric tons. This substantial consumption generates significant organic waste, accounting for approximately 50–60% of the total fruit mass, primarily in the form of peel, pulp, and seeds. Often discarded or reused as animal feed, these wastes contribute to significant environmental pollution and economic losses. Therefore, the valorization of these by-products represents an important opportunity to mitigate these challenges and improve the sustainability of the Citrus-related industry. This review highlights Citrus seed waste concerning its invaluable bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, phenolic compounds, limonoids, dietary fibers, vitamins, and carotenoids. Chemical compositions of Citrus seed biowaste differ depending on a variety of factors, such as Citrus variety, fruit maturity, environmental conditions, waste storage conditions, and extraction methods. The extraction and purification of phytochemicals from Citrus seed biowaste are one of the major procedures for valorizing waste. The two types of effective extraction methods are traditional (conventional extraction) and innovative (green extraction). Furthermore, Citrus seeds have been demonstrated to exhibit several biological activities and health-promoting properties including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Therefore, these wastes are safe and beneficial compounds used in the production of functional foods, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. A conclusion can be reached by emphasizing the abundance of bioactive compounds in Citrus seed wastes, which makes them an excellent opportunity for increased environmental and economic utilization.
... Merr.), citron (Citrus medica L.), lime (Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle), bergamot (Citrus 3 bergamia Risso & Poiteau), clementine (Citrus clementina), yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica), contain approximately 20%À25% seeds, and average percentage of seeds in dried citrus pulp is 4.8% which remain as fruit waste after processing (Liu et al., 2022;Šafranko et al., 2023;Suri et al., 2022;Zayed et al., 2021). Citrus seeds are typically discarded as waste because they are thought to be useless. ...
... To extract phytoconstituents from the seeds, it is important to optimize several downstream processes, which involve factors such as solvents, process time, temperature, pressure, and particle size. Various extraction techniques, such as supercritical CO 2 extraction, solvent extraction (ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, etc.), cold pressing, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are employed for citrus seeds (Maqbool et al., 2023;Zayed et al., 2021). ...
... It was found that, depending on seed biomass and geographical origin, seed oil content varied in different genotypes (Zayed et al., 2021). Studies have shown that the oil composition of citrus seeds in Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Egypt, and Pakistan) is (26.1%À78.9%), ...
... Additionally, citrus fruits have diverse flavors and aromas and are considered a superfood for being rich in multiple minerals and bioactive substances, such as K, Ca, Mg, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and vitamins (Topuz et al., 2005;Barros et al., 2012;Juhaimi et al., 2018;Kumar et al., 2022). Furthermore, inorganic elements in citrus fruits have various biochemical functions in living organisms, and bioactive compounds play an essential role in nutrition and biological processes, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-cancer activities for improving human health (Lagha-Benamrouche and Madani, 2013;Escudero-Loṕez et al., 2018;Guo et al., 2020;Zayed et al., 2021). Therefore, citrus fruits have been widely applied in the food, cosmetics, and medical industries. ...
... The nutritional and biochemical characteristics of citrus residues, especially the peel, which accounts for a large biomass proportion of the whole fruit (40%), and their high value-added reuse have received increasing attention (Ricci et al., 2019;Di Rauso Simeone et al., 2020;Guo et al., 2020;Liu et al., 2021;Nateghpour et al., 2021). In addition, although seedlessness is a desirable characteristic in citrus crops for fresh consumption and the processing industry, citrus seeds have essential and unique biological functions and value as a material for germplasm resource innovation and genetic improvement and are also rich in mineral and bioactive substances for industrial utilization (Juhaimi et al., 2018;Neves et al., 2018;Zayed et al., 2021). With the increasing consumer and processing industry demand for higher quality fruit, precise production and waste management have steadily increased (Omran et al., 2021;Khalil et al., 2022). ...
... In addition, some juice quality attributes, such as healthpromoting nutritional and functional components, including protein, carbohydrates, fat, dietary fibre, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant properties, including the ferric reducing antioxidant power and ABTS cation and DPPH radical scavenging activities, were observed and showed differences among the different citrus fruits (Barros et al., 2012;Wang et al., 2019;Guo et al., 2023). In recent years, citrus fruit residues, including peel and seeds, have been directly used as a substrate to produce animal feed and fertilizer, as well as by biorefinery to produce essential oils, pectin, ethanol, methane, industrial enzymes, and single-cell protein, which have attracted increasing attention from producers, consumers, and processors (Loṕez et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2021;Zayed et al., 2021;Khalil et al., 2022). This study quantified the different contributions of peel, pulp, seeds, and juice to the FQI according to the measured fruit quality indicators among citrus fruits ( Figure 7A). ...
... Additionally, citrus fruits have diverse flavors and aromas and are considered a superfood for being rich in multiple minerals and bioactive substances, such as K, Ca, Mg, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and vitamins (Topuz et al., 2005;Barros et al., 2012;Juhaimi et al., 2018;Kumar et al., 2022). Furthermore, inorganic elements in citrus fruits have various biochemical functions in living organisms, and bioactive compounds play an essential role in nutrition and biological processes, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-cancer activities for improving human health (Lagha-Benamrouche and Madani, 2013;Escudero-Loṕez et al., 2018;Guo et al., 2020;Zayed et al., 2021). Therefore, citrus fruits have been widely applied in the food, cosmetics, and medical industries. ...
... The nutritional and biochemical characteristics of citrus residues, especially the peel, which accounts for a large biomass proportion of the whole fruit (40%), and their high value-added reuse have received increasing attention (Ricci et al., 2019;Di Rauso Simeone et al., 2020;Guo et al., 2020;Liu et al., 2021;Nateghpour et al., 2021). In addition, although seedlessness is a desirable characteristic in citrus crops for fresh consumption and the processing industry, citrus seeds have essential and unique biological functions and value as a material for germplasm resource innovation and genetic improvement and are also rich in mineral and bioactive substances for industrial utilization (Juhaimi et al., 2018;Neves et al., 2018;Zayed et al., 2021). With the increasing consumer and processing industry demand for higher quality fruit, precise production and waste management have steadily increased (Omran et al., 2021;Khalil et al., 2022). ...
... In addition, some juice quality attributes, such as healthpromoting nutritional and functional components, including protein, carbohydrates, fat, dietary fibre, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant properties, including the ferric reducing antioxidant power and ABTS cation and DPPH radical scavenging activities, were observed and showed differences among the different citrus fruits (Barros et al., 2012;Wang et al., 2019;Guo et al., 2023). In recent years, citrus fruit residues, including peel and seeds, have been directly used as a substrate to produce animal feed and fertilizer, as well as by biorefinery to produce essential oils, pectin, ethanol, methane, industrial enzymes, and single-cell protein, which have attracted increasing attention from producers, consumers, and processors (Loṕez et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2021;Zayed et al., 2021;Khalil et al., 2022). This study quantified the different contributions of peel, pulp, seeds, and juice to the FQI according to the measured fruit quality indicators among citrus fruits ( Figure 7A). ...
Introduction
Citrus fruit is considered a superfood due to its multiple nutritional functions and health benefits. Quantitative analysis of the numerous quality characteristics of citrus fruit is required to promote its sustainable production and industrial utilization. However, little information is available on the comprehensive quality assessment of various fruit quality indicators in different citrus cultivars.
Methods
A total of nine different fresh citrus fruits containing seeds were collected as the experimental materials. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the morphological and juice properties of citrus fruits, (ii) to measure the mineral elements in the peel, pulp, and seeds, and (iii) to evaluate the fruit quality index (FQI) using the integrated quality index (IQI) and the Nemoro quality index (NQI) methods.
Results
There were significant differences in fruit quality characteristics, including morphological, mineral, and juice quality, among the investigated citrus cultivars. The proportion of pulp biomass was the highest, followed by that of peel and seeds. N and Cu had the highest and lowest concentrations, respectively, among the measured elements across all citrus fruits, and the amounts of N, P, Mg, Cu, and Zn in seeds, K and Al in pulp, and Ca, Fe, and Mn in peel were the highest, dramatically affecting the accumulation of minerals in the whole fruit and their distribution in various fruit parts. Additionally, Ningmeng fruits had the highest vitamin C and titratable acidity (TA) but the lowest total soluble solids (TSS) and total phenolic (TP) contents, resulting in the lowest TSS/TA and pH values. In contrast, Jinju fruits had the highest TSS and TP contents. Based on the mineral element and juice quality parameters, principal component analysis showed that the citrus fruits were well separated into four groups, and the dendrogram also showed four clusters with different distances. The FQI range based on the IQI method (FQIIQI) and NQI method (FQINQI) was 0.382-0.590 and 0.106-0.245, respectively, and a positive relationship between FQIIQI and FQINQI was observed.
Conclusion
Our results highlight the great differences in mineral and juice characteristics among fruit parts, which mediated fruit quality. The strategy of fruit quality assessment using the FQI can be expanded for targeted utilization in the citrus industry.
... landfills or used as animal feed (Zayed et al., 2021) [3]. Citrus fruits, which contain about 20-25% seeds, have seeds that contain more than 50% oil, surpassing traditional oil crops such as cotton (15-24%), soybean (17-21%) and olive (20-25%), and therefore have increasingly attracted attention due to their nutritional and economic values (Anwar et al., 2008;Suri et al., 2022) [4,5]. ...
... landfills or used as animal feed (Zayed et al., 2021) [3]. Citrus fruits, which contain about 20-25% seeds, have seeds that contain more than 50% oil, surpassing traditional oil crops such as cotton (15-24%), soybean (17-21%) and olive (20-25%), and therefore have increasingly attracted attention due to their nutritional and economic values (Anwar et al., 2008;Suri et al., 2022) [4,5]. ...
In this study, changes in the bioactive properties, phenolic profiles, fatty acids, lipid indices of the water bath and sonication processes applied to roasted and unroasted bitter orange seeds were revealed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques. The total phenolic amounts of roasted bitter orange seeds treated in a water bath (WB) were defined to be between 56.11 (25 min) and 65.43 mgGAE/100 g (control), while the total phenolic quantities of sonicated bitter orange seeds are characterized between 59.03 (control) and 66.01 mg/100 g (50 min). The total flavonoid contents of unroasted bitter orange seeds treated in WB and ultrasonic bath (UB) were depicted between 70.60 (25 min) and 77.50 mg/100 g (50 min) to 72.98 (50 min) and 83.69 mgGAE/100 g (25 min), respectively. While total flavonoid quantities of roasted bitter orange seeds treated in WB are defined between 73.21 (control) and 97.26 mg/100 g (50 min), total flavonoid amounts of roasted bitter orange seeds treated in a ultrasonic bath were assessed to be between 58.45 (control) and 102.02 mg/100 g (50 min). Catechin amounts of unroasted bitter orange seeds extracted by the WB and UB extraction systems were established between 15.88 (25 min) and 37.41 (control) to 12.81 (control) and 39.33 mg/100 g (50 min), respectively. Nutritive Value Index (NVI) results of citrus seed oils processed in WB and UB were defined to be between 0.96 (50 min) and 1.20 (control) to 1.14 (control) and 1.22 (50 min), respectively. In general, the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of unroasted bitter orange seeds increased in WB and UB treatments compared to the control depending on the sonication time. The oleic and linoleic acid contents of oils extracted from seeds treated in WB and UB were close to each other depending on the finishing times.
... In this context, various modern extraction methods were developed such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and super critical fluid extraction (SFE) (El-Shamy and Farag, 2021). Such an approach could show high potential to valorize diverse agricultural and food by-products produced following processing of, for example, onion and potato (Salem et al., 2023), artichoke, buckthorn (Zayed and Farag, 2020;Fouda et al., 2024), mango (El-Shabasy et al., 2024), citrus fruits (Zayed et al., 2021). The biorefinery approach is not limited to terrestrial plants, but it has been expanded to marine organisms such as marine microalgae (Cheng et al., 2022;Aboubakr et al., 2024) and macroalgae (Álvarez-Viñas et al., 2019). ...
... The biorefinery approach is not limited to terrestrial plants, but it has been expanded to marine organisms such as marine microalgae (Cheng et al., 2022;Aboubakr et al., 2024) and macroalgae (Álvarez-Viñas et al., 2019). These efforts have resulted in the isolation of value-added compounds with promising health-promoting benefits, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and others (Zayed and Farag, 2020;Liu et al., 2021;Zayed et al., 2021;Benedetti et al., 2023;Salem et al., 2023). However, macroalgae valorization still needs more investigations for extraction optimization and full recovery of their bioactive metabolites. ...
Seaweeds or marine algae with their three main taxa are recognized as a potential pot for numerous products. This has been imperative to valorize their components at an industrial scale in the context of the sustainability goals of the United Nations (UN). Biorefinery approaches have been attempted for several decades to produce bioactive, biofuels, fine chemicals, and nutritional products from seaweeds.However, with the recent UN goals, climatic changes, and the global economic situation, it is essential to assess all the production processes involved concerning several factors. Numerous steps are performed following algae collection, including optimization of downstream processing (e.g., drying, extraction, and purification), in addition to suitable preservation to maintain products' integrity till their usage. Moreover, breakthroughs in biotechnologies and the biological sciences are also targeted to achieve the goals of the blue circular bioeconomy which focuses on renewable resources of foods, drug discovery, and energy, while preserving the ocean ecosystem. Hence, the current article provided new insights into the various processes to valorize marine algae in the frame of circular bioeconomy and sustainability concepts.
... Citrus seeds also have cosmetic therapeutic properties similar to those of the lemon itself, including containing vitamin C and antioxidants that enhance skin health, nourish it, and maintain its moisture [19]. ...
... The oxidation of grease can be seen according to the peroxide value. The higher the peroxide value, the higher the content of primary oxidation products in the oil, which indicates the stronger the rancidity of the oil [41]. The peroxidation value of A.arguta seed oils was 6.13-8.94 ...
As a by-product of processed products, the best treatment of fruit seeds is oil extraction. Actinidia arguta seeds account for 7–10% of fruit weight, and the current oil yield was 20.8%. To make more efficient use of Actinidia arguta seeds, the ultrasonic-assisted seed extraction method was adopted in this experiment, and the optimal oil extraction technology was obtained through a single-factor experiment and response surface experiment. The physical and chemical indexes of seed oil, including acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, color difference (L*, a*, b*), main fatty acids (linolenic acid and linoleic acid), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), were compared and analyzed. Ten germplasms were comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis and correlation analysis methods to explore the relationship between physical and chemical indexes and antioxidant indexes. The results showed the optimal oil extraction process: the liquid-solid ratio was 10:1mL/g, the extraction time was 98 min, the extraction power was 161 W, the extraction temperature was 40 min, and the oil extraction rate was 30.06 ± 0.21%. Through comprehensive evaluation, No. 14 had the highest score and the most potential to develop into oil. Iodine value was correlated with linoleic acid, DPPH and FRAP were positively correlated, and linoleic acid was negatively correlated with linoleic acid. This study improved seed oil yield, reduced by-product loss, screened out the most potential seed oil resources, and provided a theoretical basis for the future development of seed oil in the food and cosmetics industry.
... The compounds extracted from the CPW can be used as a natural ingredient in cosmetics and medicines, in the producing of pack-aging materials and synthetic fuels. This waste contains a high concentration of sugars that can be fermented to produce biofuel and bioethanol [13][14][15]. ...
Different parts of citrus fruit may be s source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber that are essential for a balanced diet. The phytochemicals can have positive effects on human health. The antimutagenic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of citrus phytochemicals have been established, these bioactive substances could promote the cardiovascular functions and the nervous system. The purpose of this research was to develop optimal parameters for the extraction of biologically active compounds from the citrus peel waste (CPW) of various citrus species. Bioactive substances were extracted from the CPW of sweet orange and grapefruit by the traditional maceration method using the ethanol of various concentrations as a solvent. Superoxide anion radical activity from CPW extracts with different concentrations of ethanol varied significantly. For grapefruit peel extract samples, at an ethanol concentration of 70 %, the ability to neutralize free radicals was the highest and reached 87 %. At ethanol concentration of 70 %, the yield of polyphenols from CPW was the highest, the total polyphenol content for orange peel reached 4.55 mg GAE/g, and the highest yield of grapefruit peel polyphenols amounted to 4.43 mg GAE/g. With increasing ethanol concentration, the migrations of polyphenols from the peel to extracts gradually decrease. At ethanol concentration of 90 %, orange peel showed the highest flavonoid yield of 1.7371 mg EQ/g. For grapefruit peel, at an ethanol concentration of 70 %, the maximum flavonoid yield was 1.0062 mg EQ/g.
... Global citrus production reached approximately 47.6 million tons in 2019-2020, with oranges accounting for 61% of total output [2]. However, only 40-60% of citrus biomass is consumed, leaving significant waste-over 60 million tons annually-posing environmental hazards due to its high fermentable sugar content [3,4]. On the other side, citrus waste is increasingly recognized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds, essential oils, dietary fiber, and particularly pectin [5,6]. ...
In this paper, citrus pomace was used as a source of pectin and polyphenols extracted in one pot solution by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction (CE) methods. MAE parameters were optimized to maximize yield and adjust in situ final physicochemical properties of extracted pectins, such as the methylation degree (DM), significantly influencing pectin functionality and application. Citric acid (CA) and acetic acid (Hac) were employed as solvents to mitigate pectin degradation. Extracted pectins were structurally (GPC and FTIR-ATR), morphologically (SEM), and thermally (TGA) characterized. From the reaction batch, the bioactive compounds (AOs) were separated and recovered, and their yield and antioxidant activities were evaluated with a DPPH assay. Moreover, by strategically selecting pH and solvents, this research enabled precise control over the final properties of pectin. The various characterization techniques employed show that the extraction conditions significantly influence the physicochemical and morphological properties of the material. Molecular weight (Mw) values range from 218 kDa to 567 kDa, surface morphology varies from compact/aggregated structures to three-dimensional network-like formations, and the DM spans from 34% (low DM) to 83% (high DM). This highlights a novel approach for predicting and tailoring in situ characteristics of extracted pectin to meet specific application requirements.
... An alternative can be the use of Grapefruit Seed Extract (GSE), derived from Citrus paradisi L. and traditionally recognized for its antimicrobial properties. GSE is used as an antimicrobial agent in foods (Zayed et al., 2021;Magurano et al., 2021) because it has high concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidants including polyphenols, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, flavonoids (naringenin), limonoids (limonin) and trace elements (Kim et al., 2021;Roy and Rhim, 2021). Furthermore, GSE can be used in edible packaging film or as a coating material (Roy et al., 2023;Jha, 2020). ...
This study examined the effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) (0%–3%) on the stability of total phenolic content (TPC), anthocyanins, and colour in aronia juice under heat treatments (60 °C, 80 °C for up to 120 min). TPC and anthocyanins were measured using spectrophotometry and HPLC. The highest TPC (8545.02 ± 355.55 GAE mg L ⁻¹ ) was measured in aronia juice with 1% GSE after 60 min at 80 °C. The highest anthocyanin retention (3178.75 mg L ⁻¹ ) was detected in the sample with 1% GSE after 5 min at 60 °C. Cyanidin-3-galactoside was the most abundant anthocyanin, followed by cyanidin-3-xyloside and cyanidin-3-arabinoside. Cyanidin-3-arabinoside showed the lowest heat stability, while cyanidin-3-galactoside was relatively more stable. This study, the first to evaluate anthocyanin half-life values in chokeberry juice, suggests that 1% GSE enhances colour stability during heat treatment, supporting its use as a natural food additive.
... Citrus fruits are classified under the family Rutaceae, are widely distributed across the globe, and serve as a rich source of valuable secondary metabolites [6]. Citrus fruit production has surpassed 124 million tons annually, of which roughly one-third of the produced fruit undergoes processing. ...
... En el caso de la mandarina (C. reticulata), el aceite de sus semillas presenta altos rendimientos en aceite y ácidos grasos esenciales como los ácidos linoleico y oleico (37) . ...
Las frutas y verduras son cultivos ampliamente utilizados, pero el desperdicio generado por malas prácticas de sus residuos impacta la nutrición humana y el medio ambiente. Esta revisión busca describir el aprovechamiento de residuos de frutas y verduras en compuestos bioactivos y su aplicación en industrias alimentarias, utilizando fuentes secundarias consultadas en Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus, seleccionadas y organizadas mediante la herramienta Bibliometrix, con R Studio. El interés en el aprovechamiento de residuos de frutas y verduras para obtener compuestos bioactivos se centra, principalmente, en cuatro grupos: (i) residuos del tomate, (ii) residuos del mango, (iii) residuos generados por cítricos y (iv) residuos de otras frutas y verduras. Los compuestos bioactivos de estos residuos tienen excelentes actividades funcionales y para la salud. En la industria cárnica se investigan como antioxidantes, antimicrobianos y sustitutos de grasas. En la industria láctea se utilizan para lograr una fortificación adecuada del alimento sin afectar el desarrollo de los microorganismos involucrados. En la industria panificadora, se busca mejorar el contenido de fibra dietética y la actividad antioxidante de los productos desarrollados. Estudios futuros permitirán profundizar en la relación entre el mejoramiento funcional y nutricional aportada por los compuestos bioactivos y la pérdida de calidad sensorial asociada.
... Extensive research has revealed their pharmaceutical potential, including anticancer, anti-hematopoiesis, antifertility, and hepatoprotective properties [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Furthermore, these valuable biochemical compounds can enhance the nutritional value and quality standards of food products [9]. The diverse range of biochemical compounds found in orange seeds makes them a compelling subject for further investigation as potential food additives. ...
Orange seeds, often overlooked as waste, have hidden potential since fiber derived from them contains numerous biochemical substances that can enhance the nutritional value of food. We aimed to investigate the impact of pomelo seed fiber on the biscuit dough’s properties (starch and gluten), physicochemical characteristics, and biochemistry, as well as the product’s shelf life. We studied three types of samples: control (no dietary fiber), biscuits with dietary fiber from pomelo (Citrus maxima (Brum.) Merr.) seeds, and biscuits with wheat germ fiber. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to analyze rubbery starch and gluten in the dough, while response surface methods were used to optimize the biscuits’ strength via a central composite design. The product’s shelf life was determined based on microbial contamination levels. ANOVA test and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference post hoc test were performed to assess the differences in physicochemical and biochemical properties. Citrus seed fiber influenced rubbery starch and gluten properties, causing significant differences (p < 0.05) in fracturability, total dietary fiber, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity among the three samples. The biscuits enriched with citrus seed fiber contained flavonoid compounds and acylserotonin, with acyl-Nω-methylserotonin dominating in the C22 and C24 homologs. Despite varied evaluations in texture and aroma, the biscuits with citrus seed fiber were well-received for their taste and boasted an extended shelf life (> 12 months). Dietary fiber obtained from C. maxima seeds not only enhanced the nutritional value of the biscuits but also paved the way for innovative healthy food opportunities.
... Moreover, together with flavonoids, the main bioactive components of citrus seeds are fatty acids, phytosterols, and tocopherols. These compounds have potential uses in the manufacturing of biodiesel, food additives, and antioxidants, particularly from the seeds of mandarin and grapefruit (Zayed et al., 2021). Similarly, orange seeds showed great antioxidant effects, given their high content of tocopherols, carotenoids and phytosterols, which sustain the radical scavenging capability of this waste product (Jorge et al., 2016). ...
The processing waste from citrus fruits is the largest worldwide among other fruits. Therefore, strategies to retrieve valuable compounds are necessary to reduce environmental impact. This is because citrus waste are sources of bioactive compounds endowed with well‐exploitable pharmacological activities. image
... One of the plants that is often used as medicine is Citrus fruit. Citrus is one of the most abundant fruits in the world [4]. The ingredients in citrus fruit [5]. ...
Herbal plants are currently attracting world attention and are being widely studied to treat various diseases as an alternative to synthetic drugs. One of the herbal plants often used is citrus lime because it contains high levels of secondary metabolite. Citrus peels are usually thrown away because they are considered waste, even though they have many high-value compounds and show a variety of potential uses in technology and health improvement. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used in this study to identify the phytochemical components of native Aceh limes ( Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle). The results obtained from this study were that the ethanolic extract of lime peels contains twenty-eight metabolite compounds with five main compounds, namely propanedioic acid, dimethyl ester (27.47%), benzeneacetic acid, methyl ester (12.06%), β-bisabolene (5.97%), 4-hexen-1-ol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-, acetate, (R)-(5.54%), and trans-linalool oxide (5.16%). The results showed diverse secondary metabolites derived from local Aceh limes dominated by ester groups. This indicates the strong potential of local Aceh limes as a source of aromatics and can be further tested as pharmaceutical agents.
... These materials are regarded as suitable raw ingredients for improving the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of food packaging films. 16,17 Lemon is among the most extensively cultivated citrus fruits worldwide. They hold a prominent position in terms of both economic value and overall production within the citrus fruit industry. ...
Lemon peel (LP) was integrated into polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) to produce innovative active food packaging films via solvent-casting method. PVA/CS/LP biocomposites were prepared with varying LP contents (1%, 3%, and 5% by weight) to investigate their impact on morphological, thermal, structural , biodegradability, solubility, mechanical, and bioactivity properties of the PVA/CS blend. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of LP within the matrix. Attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) study confirmed interaction between lemon peel and the matrix. The incorporation of LP enhanced thermal stability and enzymatic activity of PVA/CS films while reducing their UV-vis light transparency. Additionally, the biodegradability of the biocomposites increased, reaching 74% after 30 days of soil burial. Moisture content, water solubility, and swelling decreased with LP content, favoring food preservation. It can be asserted from the tensile test that blending PVA with CS enhances the Young's modulus by 17%. The incorporation of LP into the PVA/CS blend further enhanced the Young's modulus and tensile strength to 1322 and 193 MPa, respectively, attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding between the PVA/CS matrix and LP. Moreover, PVA/CS/LP biocomposites effectively reduced weight loss in cherry tomatoes and inhibited microbial growth, suggesting their potential as eco-friendly bioactive packaging materials for food preservation. K E Y W O R D S biocomposites, biodegradability, chitosan, food packaging, lemon peel, PVA
... The pericarp is made up of peel that has a lot of aromatic oil glands, which give the fruit its distinct aroma and gloss. After juice extraction, citrus fruits contribute significant amounts of non-edible residues up to 80%, which includes peel, pulp, and seeds and these are referred as "agri-wastes" [7]. After processing, the peel makes up between 30 and 40 percent of the entire citrus fruit mass that is discarded as trash. ...
Sweet lime (Citrus lemitta) fruits were collected from a local market in Lahore Pakistan, their peels, pulp, and seed were separated manually and dried under shade for 20 days. After drying, their extracts were prepared separately by immersing each component in methanol at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for 14 days at ambient conditions. The antioxidant activity of each extract was evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical. Butylated hydroxyl toluene was used as a standard, and the percentage inhibition was determined for each extract. The results indicate that peel methanolic extract with concentrations of 25µL, 50µL, 75µL and 100µL has DPPH inhibition of 70%, 74.3%, 79.1%, and 81.2% respectively. Pulp methanolic extract with concentrations of 25µL, 50µL, 75µL and 100µL have DPPH inhibition 65.3%, 69.7%, 74.1%, and 77.1% respectively. Seed methanolic extract with the same concentration has DPPH inhibition 46.2%, 49.7%, 54.6%, and 58.9% respectively. The antioxidant activity of all the extracts was concentration-dependent.
... Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a well-known plant extract with strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity [28,29]. GSE applications span from use in the food sector as a food preservative and infusion into packaging matrices [30,31] to pharmaceutics (e.g., diet supplements, wound healing, glucose and lipid blood level management, etc.) [29]. GSE contains different bioactive components, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids, and others, that are considered responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. ...
Pleurotus eryngii is an edible mushroom that suffers significant losses due to fungal contamination and bacteriosis. The Pseudomonadaceae family represents one of the most frequent etiologic agents. Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a plant extract that contains different bioactive components, such as naringin, and exhibits a strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Over the last decade, GSE use as an alternative to chemical treatments in the food sector has been tested. However, to our knowledge, its application on mushroom crops has never been investigated. This study focuses on evaluating GSE efficacy in preventing P. eryngii yellowing. GSE antibiotic activity, inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, and antibiofilm activity against several microorganisms were tested with the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion assay, the broth microdilution susceptibility test, and the Crystal violet assay, respectively. In vitro, the extract exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus 6538 and MRSA (wild type), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Pseudomonas spp. (Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, P. fluorescens (wild type)). GSE application in vivo, in pre- and post-sprouting stages, effectively prevented bacterial infections and subsequent degradation in the mushroom crops: none of the P. eryngii treated manifested bacteriosis. Our findings support the use of GSE as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical treatments for protecting P. eryngii crops from bacterial contamination, consequently ensuring food safety and preventing financial losses due to spoilage. Furthermore, GSE’s potential health benefits due to its content in naringin and other bioactive components present new possibilities for its use as a nutraceutical in food fortification and supplementation.
... Citrus fruits, renowned for their rich content of vitamins, carotenoids, sugars, and other beneficial compounds, are extensively cultivated across more than 140 countries, with China being a major producer [1]. However, the industry faces significant challenges due to the poor soil conditions-characterized by low fertility, particularly in phosphorus (P) levels, and reduced organic content-prevalent in the southern hills and mountainous regions where citrus is primarily grown [2]. ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth via stimulation of root system development. However, the extent of their effects and underlying mechanisms across different citrus genotypes remain to be fully elucidated. This study investigates the impact of Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae) inoculation on plant growth performance, root morphology, phosphorus (P), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations, as well as the expression of related synthesis and transporter genes in three citrus genotypes: red tangerine (Citrus tangerine ex. Tanaka), kumquat (Fortunella margarita L. Swingle), and fragrant citrus (Citrus junos Sieb. ex. Tanaka). Following 12 weeks of inoculation, significant improvements were observed in plant height, shoot and root biomass, total root length, average root diameter, second-order lateral root development, root hair density, and root hair length across all genotypes. Additionally, F. mosseae inoculation significantly increased root P and IAA concentrations in the three citrus genotypes. Notably, phosphatase activity was enhanced in F. margarita but reduced in C. tangerine and C. junos following inoculation. Gene expression analysis revealed a universal upregulation of the P transporter gene PT5, whereas expressions of the auxin synthesis gene YUC2, transporter gene LAX2, and phosphatase gene PAP1 were commonly downregulated. Specific to genotypes, expressions of YUC5, LAX5, PIN2, PIN3, PIN6, and expansin genes EXPA2 and EXPA4 were significantly upregulated in C. tangerine but downregulated in F. margarita and C. junos. Principal component analysis and correlation assessments highlighted a strong positive association between P concentration, P and auxin synthesis, and transporter gene expressions with most root morphology traits, except for root average diameter. Conversely, IAA content and phosphatase activities were negatively correlated with these root traits. These findings suggest that F. mosseae colonization notably enhances plant growth and root system architecture in citrus genotypes via modifications in P transport and IAA accumulation, indicating a complex interplay between mycorrhizal symbiosis and host plant physiology.
... For example, cellulase and hemi-cellulase have their greater hydrolyzing activity on the cellulose found in plant cell walls, hence their name. This enzymatic processing increases the permeability of the cell wall, resulting in improved recovery of some compounds like proteins, sterols, or pigments, which are prone to degradation when extracted with more disruptive methods (Zayed et al., 2021). Considering these facts, although EAE impairs a higher economic cost of operation, it is generally reported to allow for the recuperation of higher levels of target compounds. ...
... The seeds (constituting about 38% of the weight of the fruit) contain crude fat (6.37%), ash (4.31%), crude protein (2.36%), crude fibre (1.67%), moisture (10.92%) and carbohydrate (74.37%) (Uzama et al., 2021). Contrary to the popular perception that orange seeds are of low economic value, published literatures have enumerated their rich bioactive and nutritional properties such as essential fatty acids, phytosterols, flavonoids, phenols, carotenoids, tannins, saponins, tocopherols, fibers, minerals, and vitamins (Malacrida et al., 2012;El-Safy et al., 2012;Reazai et al., 2014;Farag et al., 2020;Adubofuor et al., 2021;Uzama et al., 2021;Zayed et al., 2021;Moser et al., 2023). These compounds are treasured for their health-promoting potentials in food applications. ...
The study investigated the effect of substitution of wheat flour with sweet orange seed protein concentrate on the quality of bread. Protein concentrate, obtained from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) seeds was used to substitute 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% of wheat flour in breads. The flours were assessed for functional and pasting properties while the breads were evaluated for proximate composition, physical and sensory properties. Sweet orange seed protein concentrates and wheat flour had bulk densities of 0.45 g/cm 3 and 0.72 g/cm 3 , respectively while those of the flour blends ranged from 0.61-0.70 g/cm 3. Wheat flour had lower contents of moisture, crude fiber, ash, protein, and fat than the protein concentrate, which had lower carbohydrate content. Sweet orange seed protein concentrate had highest foaming capacity, water and oil absorption capacities but lowest least gelation concentration among all the flours. The peak viscosities of protein concentrate and wheat flour were 886.21 RVU and 675.20 RVU, respectively. The peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities of the flour blends decreased while peak time and pasting temperature increased with increase in the substitution of wheat flour with protein concentrate. In length, loaf weight, height, oven spring, loaf volume, specific volume and weight loss, the 100% wheat flour breads had 12.03 cm, 172.60 g, 5.35 cm, 0.62 cm, 471.50 cm 3 , 2.73 cm 3 /g and 10.42%, respectively while breads containing 5% sweet orange seed protein concentrate had 12.02 cm, 171.40 g, 4.60 cm, 0.61 cm, 350.50 cm 3 , 2.04 cm 3 /g and 9.28 %, respectively. The proximate composition of the breads containing 5 and 10% sweet orange seed protein concentrate were improved over that of wheat flour bread. The sensory attributes of the breads decreased with increased level of sweet orange seed protein concentrate in the breads. However, the breads containing 5 and 10% sweet orange seed protein concentrate were not significantly (p>0.05) different from the 100% wheat bread in colour. Thus, the incorporation of up to 10% sweet orange seed protein concentrate in wheat flour improved the functional properties of the flour blends and the qualities of the bread. Adoption of this approach will address malnutrition, wastages and environmental pollution (caused by the discard of orange seeds).
... The seeds (constituting about 38% of the weight of the fruit) contain crude fat (6.37%), ash (4.31%), crude protein (2.36%), crude fibre (1.67%), moisture (10.92%) and carbohydrate (74.37%) (Uzama et al., 2021). Contrary to the popular perception that orange seeds are of low economic value, published literatures have enumerated their rich bioactive and nutritional properties such as essential fatty acids, phytosterols, flavonoids, phenols, carotenoids, tannins, saponins, tocopherols, fibers, minerals, and vitamins (Malacrida et al., 2012;El-Safy et al., 2012;Reazai et al., 2014;Farag et al., 2020;Adubofuor et al., 2021;Uzama et al., 2021;Zayed et al., 2021;Moser et al., 2023). These compounds are treasured for their health-promoting potentials in food applications. ...
The study investigated the effect of substitution of wheat flour with sweet orange seed protein concentrate on the quality of bread. Protein concentrate, obtained from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) seeds was used to substitute 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% of wheat flour in breads. The flours were assessed for functional and pasting properties while the breads were evaluated for proximate composition, physical and sensory properties. Sweet orange seed protein concentrates and wheat flour had bulk densities of 0.45 g/cm 3 and 0.72 g/cm 3 , respectively while those of the flour blends ranged from 0.61-0.70 g/cm 3. Wheat flour had lower contents of moisture, crude fiber, ash, protein, and fat than the protein concentrate, which had lower carbohydrate content. Sweet orange seed protein concentrate had highest foaming capacity, water and oil absorption capacities but lowest least gelation concentration among all the flours. The peak viscosities of protein concentrate and wheat flour were 886.21 RVU and 675.20 RVU, respectively. The peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities of the flour blends decreased while peak time and pasting temperature increased with increase in the substitution of wheat flour with protein concentrate. In length, loaf weight, height, oven spring, loaf volume, specific volume and weight loss, the 100% wheat flour breads had 12.03 cm, 172.60 g, 5.35 cm, 0.62 cm, 471.50 cm 3 , 2.73 cm 3 /g and 10.42%, respectively while breads containing 5% sweet orange seed protein concentrate had 12.02 cm, 171.40 g, 4.60 cm, 0.61 cm, 350.50 cm 3 , 2.04 cm 3 /g and 9.28 %, respectively. The proximate composition of the breads containing 5 and 10% sweet orange seed protein concentrate were improved over that of wheat flour bread. The sensory attributes of the breads decreased with increased level of sweet orange seed protein concentrate in the breads. However, the breads containing 5 and 10% sweet orange seed protein concentrate were not significantly (p>0.05) different from the 100% wheat bread in colour. Thus, the incorporation of up to 10% sweet orange seed protein concentrate in wheat flour improved the functional properties of the flour blends and the qualities of the bread. Adoption of this approach will address malnutrition, wastages and environmental pollution (caused by the discard of orange seeds).
... The summer temperatures are high, while the winter temperatures are relatively stable and not excessively harmful. This climate satisfies the moisture and sunlight requirements of Citrus plants (Wang et al. 2022;Zayed et al. 2021). Therefore, Citrus plants mostly grow in southern China, exhibiting a high species richness, which aligns with the results of this study. ...
Using DIVA-GIS software to study the spatial accumulation of Citrus species, an important economic crop in China. Draw the distribution maps of Citrus to concerning altitude and vegetation, and use DIVA-GIS’ Bioclim ecological model and maximum information entropy model Maxent software to estimate the potential distribution areas of various Citrus species. The results show that the Citrus genus is located in the south of Qinling Mountains, mainly in the southwest of China and the coast of southeastern China. Sichuan and Chongqing are the most densely distributed regions of Citrus. The distribution of Citrus is closely related to the vegetation type and altitude. The vegetation types in the distribution area is evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen shrub, deciduous broad-leaved forest, mixed-leaf forest coverage area, deciduous coniferous forest, farmland, trees, other vegetation coverage, and evergreen coniferous forest. The current potential distribution area of Citrus is mainly in Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, and other provinces and municipalities and their borders, while the potential distribution area in the future moves northward and enter Henan and southern Gansu. At the same time, climate warming changes the distribution of suitable areas of Citrus, which makes the suitable areas of C. sinensis Osbeck, C. reticulata Blanco, and other crops greatly increased. Planning the planting area will effectively improve the yield and quality in the future. Planning presents new challenges.
... Citrus fruits belonging to the Rutaceae family are among the most abundant fruits in the world (Zayed et al. 2021). Berastagi sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is one of the oranges that are easy to find and spread in almost all regions in Indonesia. ...
Batubara WRP, Susilawati TN, Indarto D. 2023. The potency of Berastagi sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract for obesity treatment: A study in the rats. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 251-257. Obesity is an abnormal accumulation of body fat and is a trigger factor for various degenerative diseases. Obese continues to grow every year in the world. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Orange Peel Extract (OPE) on Body Weight (BW), obesity index (Lee Index), Body Fat Percentage (BFP) and visceral fat in obese-model rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: controls (negative/NC given aquadest and positive/PC given orlistat 12.3 mg/kgBW/day) and interventions (OPE 1-3) given OPE 250, 500 and 750 mg/kgBW/day, respectively. All rats were fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHFr) diet for 28 days. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Friedman test with p<0.05. The average BW in all groups increased significantly after 14 and 28 days of the intervention (p=0.005). A significant decrease in the obesity index average was found in the OPE 2 and 3 groups (p=0.028 and p=0.034) compared to the NC group. The OPE 1-3 and PC group significantly decreased in average BFP compared with the NC group on the 28th day of intervention (p<0.05). In conclusion, OPE can reduce obesity induced by HFHFr. Future research could be directed to evaluate the OPE side effects for obesity treatment.
The purpose of the present chapter is to study how to extract bioactive phytochemicals from citrus fruit waste and assess their potential for use in the creation of daily meals that may be used to treat a variety of disease conditions. Citrus L. is the scientific name for citrus, and it is a member of the Rutaceae family. It is among the most significant fruits that are farmed worldwide. Peel, seeds, and pomace are among the many waste materials that citrus fruits generate during processing. The citrus processing sector generates a lot of garbage annually. Extremely elevated bioactive compounds and phytochemicals, such as sugar, carotenoids, ascorbic acid dietary fiber, flavonoids polyphenols, and a variability of trace elements, are present in citrus trash. Functional food items, such as baked items, drinks, and dairy items, meat products are created using these important ingredients. Additionally, because of their antiaging, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, anti-allergenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular-protective properties, these functional foods are beneficial in the treatment of a variety of variable illnesses. There are several applications for citrus essential oils in the food safety regulations and packaging sectors. They may also find its application in substitute preservative to increase the viability of certain food items.
The agri-food sector generates substantial by-products, particularly from fruits and vegetables, which often contribute to food waste. Among these by-products, seeds are frequently overlooked despite their high potential for valuable applications. Recognizing this unexplored potential, this literature review categorizes and describes various seed-based upcycled oils, highlighting their potential for commercial use and their nutritional benefits. Different extraction methods for these oils are introduced, and their diverse applications in the food industry are explored. The feasibility and potential of upcycling oil from seeds are discussed, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance practicality and widespread adoption. Key findings indicate that seed-based upcycled oils might be an eco-friendly solution for reducing food waste and promoting sustainable development within the food industry. However, challenges related to scalability, cost, quality, and safety must be addressed through continued research and multi-sectoral collaboration to realize their potential fully.
The olive oil industry produces huge amounts of solid by-products (e.g., pomace, leaf, and stone), representing a rich source of polyphenols. Different extraction techniques were compared, including conventional (e.g., maceration) versus modern (e.g., microwave-, ultrasound-, and enzyme-assisted extraction), to yield a total of 17 extracts to include 2, 7, and 8 leaf, pomace, and stone extracts, respectively. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) combined with unsupervised and supervised modeling were employed for assessing extracts’ heterogeneity and markers identification, respectively. Verbascoside and γ-tocopherol were potentially associated with microwave- (MAE) and supercritical fluid CO2-assisted (SFE) extracts of olive pomace, respectively. Besides, hydroxylated product of the decarboxylated form of hydroxy elenolic acid (HDHEA), hydroxytyrosol, and verbascoside were correlated with antioxidant activity based on partial least squares regression (PLS) (R2= 0.8) for pomace extracts, whereas verbascoside appeared as the strongest antioxidant marker in stone extracts. Furthermore, total phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were determined showing that MAE-prepared extracts exhibited the highest TPC at 72.0 and 53.6 mg GAE.g-1 dw from aqueous extracts of pomace and stone, respectively. This study identifies MAE, particularly aqueous extracts, as the most effective method for obtaining phenolic and antioxidant-rich extracts from olive by-products. The MAE not only maximizes the yield of beneficial compounds but also enhances their bioactivity. Future research should focus on conducting both in vivo assays, which shall provide deeper insights into the potential applications of olive by-products and validate the efficacy of the extraction methods employed.
Citrus peels are rich in bioactive phenolic compounds with various health effects including antioxidant, antiobesity, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, antihypercholesterolemic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticarcinogenic activities. Both extractable and nonextractable phenolics are present in significant amounts in Citrus peel with diverse bioactivities. While extractable phenolics can be recovered from the fruit peels by conventional extraction methods, nonextractable phenolics remaining in the residues must be released from the cell matrix first by hydrolysis with acid, alkali, or enzymes. Novel processing technologies can help in improvement of extraction efficiency. Extreme process or medium conditions degrade phenolics and their bioactivity where encapsulation can be applied to improve their stability, solubility, and bioactivity. Citrus peel powder including ascorbic acid and dietary fiber besides phenolics or extracts therefrom can be used as functional food ingredients to extend shelf life and provide health benefits. In addition, phenolic extracts can be used as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in active food packaging applications. Phenolic extracts have also a potential to be used as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In this review, phenolic compounds in different forms in Citrus peels, their recovery, bioactivity and possible applications for upcycling in the industry are presented.
Diljem svijeta stvara se golema količina poljoprivrednoga prehrambenog otpada i nusproizvoda koji sadrže vrijedne bioaktivne spojeve, a smanjivanje otpada od hrane i nusproizvoda prva je opcija za izbjegavanje ekoloških problema te pomoć gospodarstvu i društvu. Vrste poput rajčice, jabuke, avokada, lubenice, koštičavoga voća te agruma nakon prerade ostavljaju nusproizvode, među kojima su u velikom postotku sjemenke (između 15 i 40 % svježe mase ploda) koje se smatraju otpadom. Sjemenke spomenutih vrsta bogate su bjelančevinama, lipidima, vitaminima, mineralima, fenolima i flavonoidima te imaju antioksidativna, antimikrobna, protuupalna, antikancerogena i druga svojstva, što ih čini vrlo blagotvornima za ljudsko zdravlje. Unatoč raznim prednostima i mogućoj primjeni, ove sjemenke još nisu prepoznate od strane industrije kao vrijedna sirovina. Valorizacija nusproizvoda hrane, u ovome slučaju sjemenki, jedna je od najzanimljivijih strategija u ovome području kako bi se iskoristila njihova nutritivna svojstva za dobivanje novih proizvoda s visokim zdravstvenim prednostima i dodanom vrijednošću u prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji te nutraceutici kroz održivu tehnologiju.
Wounding stress stimulates secondary metabolism and induces the phytochemical accumulation of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. This research aims to study the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in citrus peel by-products after different wounding intensities. Orange, grapefruit, and lemon peels were cut into rectangular shapes of 8.5 × 2 cm (CTRL), 1 × 1 cm dices (D), and 0.25 cm grates (G). Samples were stored at 15 °C and 65% relative humidity. Their total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and individual organic and phenolic compounds were analyzed after 0, 4, 8, 24, 28, and 36 h. The results showed that the metabolite content decreased with the incubation time, so it is recommended to sample by-products between the first 8 h to achieve the maximum content. Grating, the most severe abiotic stress, was not a suitable technique to induce the synthesis of biocompounds because it allowed the full recovery of flavedo, but partial of albedo. However, it was different for CTRL and D, whose TPCs were ~170 and ~200%, ~98 and ~78%, and ~8 and ~36% higher for orange, grapefruit, and lemon, respectively, compared to G. A principal component analysis confirmed differences between the fruit species and cutting shapes combining all factors. Wounding citrus peels induces the accumulation of phytochemical compounds, but the layer of peel recovered in the cut is crucial in the concentration of phytochemicals extracted. It could be an innovative tool to revalorize these inedible parts of citrus, but further research is still needed.
Kinnow is a citrus fruit that is extensively cultivated in India, Pakistan and other countries. The production of Kinnow generates a significant amount of waste, including peel, seeds, and pulp. The disposal of this waste is a major environmental issue, as it can lead to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, there is a growing interest in finding ways to valorize Kinnow waste. There are studies which focused on using Kinnow waste for the production of biofuels, biopolymers, and other value-added products. The utilization of Kinnow waste for these purposes can help to reduce the environmental impact of Kinnow production and generate economic benefits for farmers and other stakeholders. The research on Kinnow waste valorization is still in its early stages, but it has the potential to contribute to sustainable development in the citrus industry.
Background: Structure–activity relationship (SAR) is considered to be an effective in silico approach when discovering potential antagonists for breast cancer due to gene mutation. Major challenges are faced by conventional SAR in predicting novel antagonists due to the discovery of diverse antagonistic compounds. Methodologyand Results: In predicting breast cancer antagonists, a multistep screening of phytochemicals isolated from the seeds of the Citrus sinensis plant was applied using feasible complementary methodologies. A three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was developed through the Flare project, in which conformational analysis, pharmacophore generation, and compound alignment were done. Ten hit compounds were obtained through the development of the 3D-QSAR model. For exploring the mechanism of action of active compounds against cocrystal inhibitors, molecular docking analysis was done through Molegro software (MVD) to identify lead compounds. Three new proteins, namely, 1T15, 3EU7, and 1T29, displayed the best Moldock scores. The quality of the docking study was assessed by a molecular dynamics simulation. Based on binding affinities to the receptor in the docking studies, three lead compounds (stigmasterol P8, epoxybergamottin P28, and nobiletin P29) were obtained, and they passed through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies via the SwissADME online service, which proved that P28 and P29 were the most active allosteric inhibitors with the lowest toxicity level against breast cancer. Then, density functional theory (DFT) studies were performed to measure the active compound’s reactivity, hardness, and softness with the help of Gaussian 09 software. Conclusions: This multistep screening of phytochemicals revealed high-reliability antagonists of breast cancer by 3D-QSAR using flare, docking analysis, and DFT studies. The present study helps in providing a proper guideline for the development of novel inhibitors of BRCA1 and BRCA2.
In particular, when it comes to the cure and management of chronic diseases, consuming a diet that contain natural products such as; plants is crucial for health promotion. Citrus fruit has been widely consumed and possess nutritional components that supports the management and cure of various disease conditions and the underlying metabolic changes that leads to development of long term serious diseases. Multiple citrus fruit species are analyzed for their curative effect particularly for the diseases that are associated with metabolic alterations such as diabetes, heart burn and dyspepsia. Diabetes is found to be effectively cured and allied health problems are managed by the use of citrus fruits and the specific secondary metabolites found in citrus fruits such has; hesperidin, naringenin and nobiletin. Citrus fruits primarily contain flavonoids, which have a number of advantageous properties for health promotion, especially anti-diabetic effects. Present review enlightened the specific curative potential of citrus fruits and phytochemicals on the living organisms, the potential anti-diabetic efficacy and the metabolic pathway of citrus bioactive compounds hesperidin and naringenin is explained. Mechanistic regulation of metabolic disturbances owing to various disease conditions that are root caused by diabetes are effectively done by the bioactive compounds of citrus fruits. Citrus fruits have matchless benefits when it comes the issues of hyperglycemia, while their antidiabetic effects and have ameliorative effect on diabetes related health problems remain to be verified in detail at molecular and clinical level in forthcoming studies.
The significance of conducting research for its application has been noted as a result of the rising global food production and waste generation. As a result, there is increasing interest in fruits and vegetable seeds that contain bioactive chemicals, such as those that are obtained from orange seeds. In the current work, orange seed powder replaced wheat flour at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% levels, to observe changes in physicochemical features of developed biscuits. Proximate analysis of orange seed powder and wheat flour revealed that orange seed powder has high fat, fiber, protein, and ash contents as compared to wheat flour, whereas moisture contents in wheat flour were high. In developed biscuits, the highest values (percentage) of ash (9 68 ± 0 04), fiber (6 79 ± 0 12), protein (10 42 ± 0 25), and fat (36 90 ± 0 55) were found in biscuits developed with 10% orange seed powder. Orange seed powder was a comparatively good source of both macro and micro minerals, as compared to wheat flour. High contents of selenium (5 32 ± 0 03), iron (2 12 ± 0 05), zinc (3 88 ± 0 12), and manganese (2 25 ± 0 04) mg/100 g, present in orange seed powder, were the prominent findings of this research work, as wheat flours were observed to be deficient in these trace minerals. Contents of calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, manganese, zinc, and selenium in control biscuits were found 20 51 ± 0 08, 17 29 ± 0 04, 46 12 ± 0 05, 1 06 ± 0 01, 1 97 ± 0 01, 0 12 ± 0 01, and 0 11 ± 0 01 mg/100 g, respectively, and replacement of wheat flour with 10% orange seed powder increased values of these minerals to 103 90 ± 0 35, 44 35 ± 0 50, 71 29 ± 0 32, 2 59 ± 0 4, 2 75 ± 0 02, 1 31 ± 0 01, and 2 02 ± 0 05 mg/100 g, respectively. Vitamins E and K, which were not detected in wheat flour, were present in orange powder in high amount, whereas B group vitamins, which were also present in wheat flour, were observed in significantly high quantities in orange seed powder. Increment in vitamin A, D, E, K, and B complexes was significant as a result of orange seed powder supplementation, except for vitamins B1 and B2, which were slightly decreased. Sensory evaluation revealed that a 5% replacement of orange seed powder provided good quality biscuits with acceptable colour, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. Orange seed powder could prove an important ingredient in the baking industry with the potential of promoting the nutritional value of foods.
Background:
Limonoids are major bioactive compounds that are produced by the triterpenoid metabolic pathway. The detailed biochemical process of limonoid biosynthesis and the mechanism of its molecular regulation remain elusive. The identification of transcription factors that regulate limonoid biosynthetic pathways is very important for understanding the underlying regulatory mechanisms. This information could also provide tools for manipulating biosynthesis genes to modulate limonoid production.
Results:
In this study, the CiMYB42 transcription factor was isolated to identify its role in limonoid biosynthesis. Multiple alignment analysis and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CiMYB42 is a typical R2R3MYB transcription factor that shares high similarity of its amino acid sequence with AtMYB42. Limonoids contents were higher in Citrus sinensis and Citrus grandis than in other species. Limonoid accumulation during leaf development also showed diverse trends in different genotypes. The expression of CiMYB42 was significantly related to the limonoid content and the expression of CiOSC in some citrus accessions. The overexpression of CiMYB42 in sweet orange resulted in significant accumulation of limonin, whereas the downregulation of CiMYB42 by RNAi resulted in a dwarf phenotype and less nomilin accumulation. Furthermore, the results of a yeast one-hybrid assay and EMSA indicated that CiMYB42 binds exclusively to the TTGTTG sequence (type II MYB core) in the promoter of CiOSC. Together, these results suggest that CiMYB42 positively regulates limonoid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of CiOSC by binding to the TTGTTG sequence (type II MYB core) of its promoter.
Conclusions:
CiMYB42 is an important transcription activator involved in limonoid biosynthesis that regulates the expression of CiOSC by binding to the TTGTTG sequence (type II MYB core).
Background: Natural products derived from medicinal plants are a major source of drug preparation and the main basis for the development of pharmaceutical leads. We have aimed at investigating in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Citrus medica L. against a number of human pathogenic bacteria.
Methods: The plant samples of C. medica L were collected from Ramsar province, Iran. The gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae were prepared from Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. Agar diffusion assay was applied, and the antioxidant properties of extracts were determined by DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as some compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, and tannin were further analyzed.
Results: Results indicated that C. medica extracts possessed antibacterial activity, and that root, seed, and leaf exhibited the highest activities against human pathogens, especially M. luteus. Roots contained the highest total phenolics (106.1 mgGA/g), while leaves contained the highest total flavonoids (3.24 mgQ/g). Leaf methanol extract also contained alkaloids, saponins, and tannins.
Conclusions: The antibacterial activities of C. medica extracts could be explained by synthesizing such compounds. Moreover, seed and root extracts of C. medica showed strong radical scavenging activities
Rapeseed oils are a valuable component of the diet. Mostly, there are refined oils deprived of valuable nutrients in the market, hence in recent times cold-pressed and unrefined oils have been available and popular among consumers. However, the low yield of this oil makes this product expensive. The aim of the study was to analyse the effectiveness of phosphorus reduction in crude oils, cold- and hot-pressed in the low-temperature bleaching process. Eight market-available bleaching earths was compared. The effectiveness of 90% was found with 2% (m/m) of Kerolite with hydrated magnesium silicate. An increase in the share of earths to 4% (m/m) resulted in the effectiveness of phosphorus reduction >90% in seven out of eight analysed cases. Bentonite activated with acid with the lowest MgO content was characterised by low efficiency <64%. The research shows that the effectiveness of phosphorus reduction was significantly affected by the composition of earths applied in the bleaching process at ambient temperature. The results of research confirm the high effectiveness of the process as it is not necessary to heat up the oil before the bleaching process. This method is recommended for existing and new industrial plant for two-stage rapeseed oil pressing.
Phenolic compounds are broadly represented in plant kingdom, and their occurrence in easily accessible low-cost sources like wastes from agri-food processing have led in the last decade to an increase of interest in their recovery and further exploitation. Indeed, most of these compounds are endowed with beneficial properties to human health (e.g., in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases), that may be largely ascribed to their potent antioxidant and scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species generated in settings of oxidative stress and responsible for the onset of several inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Apart from their use as food supplements or as additives in functional foods, natural phenolic compounds have become increasingly attractive also from a technological point of view, due to their possible exploitation in materials science. Several extraction methodologies have been reported for the recovery of phenolic compounds from agri-food wastes mostly based on the use of organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, or acetone. However, there is an increasing need for green and sustainable approaches leading to phenolic-rich extracts with low environmental impact. This review addresses the most promising and innovative methodologies for the recovery of functional phenolic compounds from waste materials that have appeared in the recent literature. In particular, extraction procedures based on the use of green technologies (supercritical fluid, microwaves, ultrasounds) as well as of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DES) are surveyed.
Context: In the north of Chile, the Atacama Desert and the town of Pica are located, where numerous fruits grow, including citrus ecotypes that generate waste such as the seeds of these fruits. Aims: To evaluate the influence of extraction methods on fatty acid composition, nutritional quality indexes of lipids, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of acid lime (AL) and sweet orange (SO) seed oils from Pica oasis. Methods: Extraction of these oils was performed using Soxhlet (SE) and direct (D-UAE) or indirect (I-UAE) ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques. Results: The highest oil yields were obtained using SE (AL = 31.90%, SO = 33.32%). These oils were found to be a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic (36.69%, SE), palmitic (21.90%, SE), oleic (18.07%, UAE-D), a-linolenic (11.45%, D-UAE), and myristoleic (5.91%, D-UAE) acids were the highest concentrations found in AL, while in SO they were oleic and a-linolenic acids (22.54 and 4.53%, respectively) in SE. Total phenolic contents were found without statistical differences between extraction methods (AL =0.719-0.787 mg GAE/g oil and SO = 0.653-0.915 mg GAE/g oil), except D-UAE SO (0.653 mg GAE/g oil). These oils had similar radical scavenging capacity and reducing power, except in ORAC method (41.99 vs. 96.39 µmol TE/g oil for AL and SO, respectively both in SE). The indexes of nutritional quality were similar among the different methods for the same species, but some of them presented statistically significant differences between the species. Conclusions: An influence of extraction methods on fatty acid composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of AL and SO seed oils with better results achieved using SE followed by I-UAE was demonstrated. This work establishes the potential source of nutritional compounds of these seeds that grow in the Atacama Desert, Chile.
Cynara cardunculus L. with its three botanical varieties are presented as potential food and drug resources. Its young flower heads are commonly consumed as a principal part of different Mediterranean dishes, especially the globe artichoke, whereas its different plant parts are considered potential sources of valuable phytoconstituents, mainly polysaccharides, and polyphenols. These chemicals contribute to its nutrition, industry, and bioactivities, including hepatic-and cardiovascular protection and inflammation disorders. A holistic comparative study of artichoke phytochemicals make-up as determinants of its quality, nutritive value and health benefits is presented for its different varieties. Such reviewed evidence is an essential prerequisite for a future better selection of certain variety, and or utilization in therapeutic, food and pharmaceutical applications. The review presented few endeavors for the development of potential novel functional foods fortified with artichoke extracts and/or its bioactive which are of value and need to be more recognized commercially.
The aim of this study was to determine the preventive effect of lemon seed flavonoids (LSF) on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Liver injury was induced by injection with 2 mL kg⁻¹ of carbon tetrachloride after administration of LSF by gavage. Liver index, serological parameters, and expression intensities of related mRNA and protein in the liver tissue were observed. The results indicated that LSF reduced liver weight and liver index, downregulated serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, TG, TC, BUN, NO, and MDA, and upregulated levels of ALB, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in the mice with liver injury. It also downregulated serum cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in these mice. qPCR and western blot confirmed that LSF upregulated mRNA and protein expression of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and IκB-α, and downregulated expression of NF-κB-p65, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the liver tissue of mice with liver injury. The preventive effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury was attributed to (−)-epigallocatechin, caffeic acid, (−)-epicatechin, vitexin, quercetin, and hesperidin, which were active substances that were detected in LSF by HPLC. Moreover, the effect of LSF is similar to that of silymarin, but the synergistic effect of the five active substances working in concert acted to produce a more robust liver-protecting effect.
Fucoidans are multifunctional marine macromolecules that are subjected to numerous and various downstream processes during their production. These processes were considered the most important abiotic factors affecting fucoidan chemical skeletons, quality, physicochemical properties, biological properties and industrial applications. Since a universal protocol for fucoidans production has not been established yet, all the currently used processes were presented and justified. The current article complements our previous articles in the fucoidans field, provides an updated overview regarding the different downstream processes, including pre-treatment, extraction, purification and enzymatic modification processes, and shows the recent non-traditional applications of fucoidans in relation to their characters.
Some tropical countries in the Southeast Asia are rich in exotic fruits with worldwide acceptance, such as mango, orange, snake fruit, durian, jackfruit, rambutan, and avocado. In addition to their abundant production, those fruits are also currently gaining expansive distribution and marketing due to their promising advantages to human well-being. Surprisingly, their by-products, especially the seed kernel and peel, which account about 10–35% of their weight also offer high nutritional and functional potentials. This work exhibits the nutritional and bioactive compositions of the seeds of eight tropical exotic fruits, which are analyzed for their possible application as sources of functional food and environmental points of view. The seeds contain essential bioactive components, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acid, and carotenoids, that exhibit excellent antioxidant activity, fats that have remarkable physicohemical properties (free of trans-fatty acids), and a high protein content. After a proper reduction of antinutritional contents, seed powders which contain carbohydrate, protein, and premium lipids or specific extracts with excellent functional properties can be obtained. However, further research should be carried out to determine the profiles of the nutritional and bioactive components in different seed types, their bioavailability, and their efficacy. Extensive researches with the industrial parts should also be performed to valorize the nutritional and functional potentials of these exotic fruit seeds.
Citrus is a genus belonging to the Rutaceae family and includes important crops like orange, lemons, pummelos, grapefruits, limes, etc. Citrus essential oils (CEOs) consist of some major biologically active compounds like α-/β-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, d-limonene, linalool, α-humulene, and α-terpineol belonging to the monoterpenes, monoterpene aldehyde/alcohol, and sesquiterpenes group, respectively. These compounds possess several health beneficial properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc., in addition to antimicrobial properties, which have immense potential for food applications. Therefore, this review focused on the extraction, purification, and detection methods of CEOs along with their applications for food safety, packaging, and preservation. Further, the concerns of optimum dose and safe limits, their interaction effects with various food matrices and packaging materials, and possible allergic reactions associated with the use of CEOs in food applications were briefly discussed, which needs to be addressed in future research along with efficient, affordable, and "green" extraction methods to ensure CEOs as an ecofriendly, cost-effective, and natural alternative to synthetic chemical preservatives.
There are growing concerns about the chronic and acute effects of synthetic additives such as antibacterial, fragrances, colourants and stabilizing agents used in the production of various household products. Many household products and materials including cosmetic products are reportedly suspected to be carcinogenic with some acting as endocrine disruptors among other effects. Thus, environmental-friendly alternatives such as products that are rich in bioactive phytochemicals are becoming consumers' preferred choice especially in the beauty and cosmetic sector. 'Green' preparation of medicinal soaps devoid of any synthetic additives was made from underutilized tropical seed of Citrus sinensis seed oil and some natural additives comprising of natural honey, Ocimum gratissimum leaves extract, Moringa oleifera seed oil and coconut oil. Precisely, the seed oil of the underexplored C. sinensis was obtained via soxhlet extraction and saponified with natural lye solution at different ratios to produce soaps of varying characteristics. The incorporation of honey and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract provided additional antimicrobial, antioxidant and fragrance properties. Physico-chemical parameters of the oil and soaps were determined following standard procedures while the fatty acid profile of the trans-esterified oil was determined using GC-MS. The antimicrobial potential of the oil and soaps were assessed using agar diffusion method at concentrations 200 mg/mL and below. Linoleic acid (36%) and oleic acid (27%) were the most prominent in C. sinensis seed oil. The soap had antimicrobial potential comparable to commercial product. The soap samples recorded highest anti-bacteria activities (22.0 ± 1.0-23.0 ± 1.0) against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and notable anti-fungi activities (18.0 ± 1.0) against Penicillium notatum and Candida albicans. Additionally, the oil showed moderate anti-parasite (anit-toxoplasma gondii) activity (EC50 ≤ 500 μg/mL) but with improved selectivity that precludes oxidative stress while the prepared medicinal soaps exhibited remarkable antioxidant property. The utilization of these locally sourced resources will prevent the daily introduction of synthetic antimicrobial and antioxidant chemicals into the environment. The initiative avail a sustainable production of environmentally-benign cosmetic products besides conversion of waste to wealth agrees which aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Citrus waste includes peels, pulp and membrane residue and seeds, constituting approximately 40-60% of the whole fruit. This amount exceeds ∼110-120 million tons annually worldwide. Recent investigations have been focused on developing newer techniques to explore various applications of the chemicals obtained from the citrus wastes. The organic acids obtained from citrus waste can be utilized in developing biodegradable polymers and functional materials for food processing, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The peel microstructures have been investigated to create bio-inspired materials. The peel residue can be processed to produce fibers and fabrics, 3D printed materials, carbon nanodots for bio-imaging, energy storage materials and nanostructured materials for various applications so as to leave no waste at all. The article reviews recent advances in scientific investigations to produce valuable products from citrus wastes and possibilities of innovating future materials and promote zero remaining waste for a cleaner environment for future generation.
Seeds from Citrus species represent a relevant by-product of the juice industry and a potential source of bioactive compounds such as phenols and other antioxidants. Sprouting could be an intriguing idea to enhance the content of these compounds, as explored for other fruittree species. In this experiment, the sprouting performance, the concentration of total phenols and phenolic acids, and the antioxidant activity of seeds and sprouts were evaluated for bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L. seedlings), blonde orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv.Biondocomune), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck seedlings), lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck cv.Femminello), and mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Tardivo di Ciaculli). The germination was high for all genotypes except for mandarin, but it took 4–8 weeks. Sprouts did not differ among genotypes for size and generally had hard consistency of cotyledons and a bitter taste. The concentrations of total phenols and phenolic acids of seeds and sprouts varied with the genotype, while the antioxidant activity was not statistically different among treatments. Sprouting increased both the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity but no correlation was found between them, suggesting that other antioxidants, besides phenols, are present. Given the slow germination and the bitter taste, Citrus sprouts appear unsuitable for homemade production aimed at direct consumption, while they may have perspectives for extraction of food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics.
This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C. limon.
In this study, the effects of lemon seed lyophilised extract (LSLE) were investigated on the diabetic rats. Groups were conducted as normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic + 20 mg acarbose/kg bw (DAC)), diabetic + 100 mg LSLE/kg bw (DLSLE1), diabetic + 200 LSLE mg/kg bw (DLSLE2) and diabetic + 400 LSLE mg/kg bw (DLSLE4). The protective and antioxsidant effects of LSLE on experimental diabetes complications were evaluated by measuring hepatic and renal damage biomarkers (HRDBs), antioxidant defence system constituents (ADSCs), diabetes biomarkers and MDA content in tissues of diabetic rats. Glucose, HRDBs, HbA1c, lipid profile (LP) levels increased in DC compared to NC whereas these parameters of the supplementation groups showed a significant decreas compared to DC. Also, it was determined an increase MDA content and fluctuate ADSCs in the DC tissues whereas the LSLE restored the parameters towards to the NC. It can be said that LSLE is may have healings effects against diabetic complications.
Citrus is one of the largest output fruits in the word. In China, the major orange variety is the Citrus reticulate
Blanco (Ponkan). The peels are discarded as waste material, its comprehensive utilization is urgently needed. In
this work, hydrodistillation method was developed to extract citrus essential oil (EO) from Blanco peel. With the
optimal extraction conditions, the EO yield was more than 3%. By GC-MS analysis, 53 compounds were identified
from the citrus EO. Terpenes compounds accounted for 71.2%, especially d-limonene (major composition)
accounted for 58.9%. The obtained citrus EO showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes
(C. acnes, Formerly P. acnes) and common microorganisms such as S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli. Even compared
with the common antibiotics (such as erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline) for acne therapy, its antibacterial
activity against C. acnes is more excellent. This work provides a potential therapy material for the
treatment of acne.
Multiple reviews have been published on various aspects of carotenoid extraction. Nevertheless, none of them focused on the discussion of recent green chemistry extraction protocols, especially for the carotenoids extraction from Daucus carota L. This group of bioactive compounds has been chosen for this review since most of the scientific papers proved their antioxidant properties relevant for inflammation, stress-related disorders, cancer, or neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer’s Disease. Besides, carrots constitute one of the most popular sources of carotenoids. In the presented review emphasis has been placed on the supercritical carbon dioxide and enzyme-assisted extraction techniques for the relevant tetraterpenoids. The detailed descriptions of these methods, as well as practical examples, are provided. In addition, the pros and cons of each method and comparison with the standard solvent extraction have been discussed.
Large amounts of agro-industrial waste are being generated each year, leading to pollution and economic loss. At the same time, these side streams are rich source of active compounds including antioxidants. Recovered compounds can be re-utilized as food additives, functional foods, nutra-/pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, beauty products, and bio-packaging. Advanced extraction techniques are promising tools to recover target compounds such as antioxidants from agro-industrial side streams. Due to the disadvantages of classical extraction techniques (such as large amounts of solvents, increased time of extraction, large amounts of remaining waste after the extraction procedure, etc.), and advanced techniques emerged, in order to obtain more efficient and sustainable processes. In this review paper aspects regarding different modern extraction techniques related to recovery of antioxidant compounds from wastes generated in different industries and their applications are briefly discussed.
Citrus junos Tanaka is a traditional medicine for treating coughs, dyspepsia, diabetes, asthma, neuralgia, and inflammatory disorders, and is distributed in Asia, especially in Korea, Japan, and China. This study aimed to use bioactivity-guided fractionation to find therapeutic phytochemicals from C. junos seeds, which can attenuate inflammatory responses. Nine coumarins (1–9) were isolated from the methanolic extract of C. junos seed shells and the inhibitory effects against inflammatory mediators were investigated using murine macrophages. Among the coumarins, compound 3, isogosferol (ISO), more potently attenuated the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. ISO also inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases (pERK)1/2 was reduced by ISO. We confirmed that ISO attenuated the release of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which is a central mediator of the inflammatory response. These results demonstrate that ISO from C. junos seed shells may be a potent therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Citrus contains a range of highly beneficial bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that show antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and help in building the body's immune system. On consumption or processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains as inedible waste, which includes peels, seeds, pulp, and segment residues. This waste still consists of substantial quantities of bioactive compounds that cause environmental pollution and are harmful to the ecosystem because of their high biological oxygen demand. In recent years, citrus cultivation and the production of processed foods have become a major agricultural industry. In addition to being a substantial source of economy, it is an ideal and sustainable and renewable resource for obtaining bioactive compounds and co-products for food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present article, the various methods of extraction, conventional and modern, as well as separation and isolation of individual bioactive compounds from the extraction mixture and their determination have been reviewed. This article presents both aspects of extraction methods, i.e., on a small laboratory scale and on an industrial mass scale. These methods and techniques have been extensively and critically reviewed with anticipated future perspectives towards the maximum utilization of the citrus waste.
Citrus fruits are recognized as an important source of bioactive molecules such as limonin and nomilin. However, these molecules exhibit low bioavailability, therefore, obtaining these molecules using biotechnological techniques may be an alternative to harvesting them directly from fruits. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify limonoids in the dichloromethane extracts of Citrus seeds of Criolla orange, Oneco tangerine, Tangerine-lemon, Sour orange and Valencia orange from department of Antioquia-Colombia by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although in all the samples total glycosidic free limonoids were present, Oneco tangerine seeds had the highest concentration, followed by Tangerine-lemon seeds, equivalent to 0.75% and 0.53% per total dry weight, respectively. These results suggest Oneco tangerine seeds may be used as an elite material for biotechnological processes looking for increased production of limonoids to support research and drug development.
The circular economy is an umbrella concept that applies different mechanisms aiming to minimize waste generation, thus decoupling economic growth from natural resources. Each year, an estimated one-third of all food produced is wasted; this is equivalent to 1.3 billion tons of food, which is worth around US2.6 trillion when social and economic costs are included. In the fruit and vegetable sector, 45% of the total produced amount is lost in the production (post-harvest, processing, and distribution) and consumption chains. Therefore, it is necessary to find new technological and environmentally friendly solutions to utilize fruit wastes as new raw materials to develop and scale up the production of high value-added products and ingredients. Considering that the production and consumption of fruits has increased in the last years and following the need to find the sustainable use of different fruit side streams, this work aimed to describe the chemical composition and bioactivity of different fruit seeds consumed worldwide. A comprehensive focus is given on the extraction techniques of water-soluble and lipophilic compounds and in vitro/in vivo functionalities, and the link between chemical composition and observed activity is holistically explained.
Carotenoids are the pigments responsible for the coloration of the peel and pulp of Citrus fruits. Light is one of the major environmental factors influencing coloration and carotenoid content and composition of fleshy fruits and therefore their commercial and nutritional quality. Agronomical observations indicate that citrus fruits exposed to sunlight develop a brighter peel coloration than shaded fruit inside the tree canopy. In the present study, the effect of light deprivation on carotenoid profile, and in the expression of genes of carotenoid metabolism and their precursors have been analyzed in fruits of Clemenules mandarin (Citrus clementine) and Navelina orange (Citrus sinensis). Fruit shading accelerated peel degreening, chlorophyll degradation, and reduced chloroplastic-type carotenoids. Time-course shading experiments revealed that the stage of fruit ripening appears to be determinant for the effect of darkness in carotenoid biosynthesis. Fruit shading produced a down-regulation of the expression of key carotenoids biosynthetic genes (PSY, PDS, ZDS1, LCY2a, LCY2b, and CHX). However, expression of MEP pathway genes (DXS, HDR1, and GGPPS1) and the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase, CCD4b1, responsible of the formation of the apocarotenoid β-citraurin, were not substantially affected by dark-grown conditions. The content of abscisic acid (ABA), an end product of the carotenoid pathway, was not affected by the light regime, suggesting that effect of shading on the precursor’s pool is not sufficient to impair ABA synthesis. A moderate increase in total carotenoid and in the expression of biosynthetic genes was observed in mature dark-grown mandarin and orange fruits. Collectively, results suggest that light stimulates carotenoid biosynthesis in the peel of citrus fruits but a light-independent regulation may also operate.
Context: In the north of Chile, the Atacama Desert and the town of Pica are located, where numerous fruits grow, including citrus ecotypes that generate waste such as the seeds of these fruits.
Aims: To evaluate the influence of extraction methods on fatty acid composition, nutritional quality indexes of lipids, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of acid lime (AL) and sweet orange (SO) seed oils from Pica oasis.
Methods: Extraction of these oils was performed using Soxhlet (SE) and direct (D-UAE) or indirect (I-UAE) ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques.
Results: The highest oil yields were obtained using SE (AL = 31.90%, SO = 33.32%). These oils were found to be a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic (36.69%, SE), palmitic (21.90%, SE), oleic (18.07%, UAE-D), a-linolenic (11.45%, D-UAE), and myristoleic (5.91%, D-UAE) acids were the highest concentrations found in AL, while in SO they were oleic and a-linolenic acids (22.54 and 4.53%, respectively) in SE. Total phenolic contents were found without statistical differences between extraction methods (AL =0.719 – 0.787 mg GAE/g oil and SO = 0.653 – 0.915 mg GAE/g oil), except D-UAE SO (0.653 mg GAE/g oil). These oils had similar radical scavenging capacity and reducing power, except in ORAC method (41.99 vs. 96.39 µmol TE/g oil for AL and SO, respectively both in SE). The indexes of nutritional quality were similar among the different methods for the same species, but some of them presented statistically significant differences between the species.
Conclusions: An influence of extraction methods on fatty acid composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of AL and SO seed oils with better results achieved using SE followed by I-UAE was demonstrated. This work establishes the potential source of nutritional compounds of these seeds that grow in the Atacama Desert, Chile.
Kinnow is a prevalent fruit crop of the mandarin group and belongs to the Rutaceae family. It is nutritionally rich in vitamin C, vitamin B, β-carotene, calcium, phosphorous and other health beneficing compounds. The fruit is grown commercially for fresh consumption and since the processing techniques are less prominent, a plentiful amount of harvested fruit goes for waxing and grading operations. To reduce the post-harvest losses, appropriate processing techniques need to be followed as considerable fruit waste is generated while processing. The foremost fruit wastes viz. peel and seeds are rich source of bioactive compounds and can be utilized for the extraction of aromatic compounds, essential oils and low-methoxyl pectin. Overall utilization of kinnow and its components through various technological interventions will not only enhance the profitability of processing industries but also assist in reducing the pollution load on the environment. The prevailing bitterness in kinnow juice has constrained its processing, value-addition, popularity and acceptability. Limited work has been done on kinnow processing leaving scarce relevant literature published on the post-harvest management. Efforts made by researchers worldwide, regarding the post-harvest application of kinnow and its by-products for product development, value addition and waste utilization is presented and discussed in this paper. This compiled information is envisioned to encourage the cottage food processing units in order to improvise the overall benefits along with achieving complete utilization of kinnow.
This study aimed to investigate the cleansing effects of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on biofilms of Candida albicans (C. albicans) formed on denture-base resin and the influence of GSE on the mechanical and surface characteristics of the resin. GSE solution diluted with distilled water to 0.1% (0.1% GSE) and 1% (1% GSE) and solutions with Polident® denture cleansing tablet dissolved in distilled water (Polident) or in 0.1% GSE solution (0.1% G+P) were prepared as cleansing solutions. Discs of acrylic resin were prepared, and the biofilm of C. albicans was formed on the discs. The discs with the biofilm were treated with each solution for 5 min at 25°C. After the treatment, the biofilm on the discs was analyzed using a colony forming unit (CFU) assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to assess the persistent cleansing effect, the discs treated with each solution for 5 min were aerobically incubated in Yeast Nitrogen Base medium for another 24 h. After incubation, the persistent effect was assessed by CFU assay. Some specimens of acrylic resin were immersed in each solution for 7 days, and changes in surface roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VH), flexural strength (FS), and flexural modulus (FM) were evaluated. As a result, the treatment with 1% GSE for 5 min almost completely eliminated the biofilm formed on the resin; whereas, the treatment with 0.1% GSE, Polident, and 0.1% G+P for 5 min showed a statistically significant inhibitory effect on biofilms. In addition, 0.1% GSE and 0.1% G+P exerted a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilms. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that Polident mainly induced the death of yeast, while the cleansing solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced the death of hyphae as well as yeast. SEM also revealed that Polident caused wrinkles, shrinkage, and some deep craters predominantly on the cell surfaces of yeast, while the solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced wrinkles, shrinkage, and some damage on cell surfaces of not only yeasts but also hyphae. No significant changes in Ra, VH, FS, or FM were observed after immersion in any of the solutions. Taken together, GSE solution is capable of cleansing C. albicans biofilms on denture-base resin and has a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilm development, without any deteriorations of resin surface.
The properties of the supercritical fluid near the critical point can be changed by varying the pressure and temperature, allowing selective and faster extraction. Supercritical fluids exhibit liquid-like density and gas – like viscosity & diffusion coefficients and can penetrate more into the solid matrix inaccessible to liquids due to negligible surface tension and viscosity. They are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a range of industrial and laboratory processes. These properties of supercritical fluids are well suited for the extraction of solutes, from various plants, fruits, flowers, seeds, leaves, which cannot be easily extracted using conventional extraction processes. In view of above mentioned advantages, supercritical fluid extraction is becoming increasingly popular in many industries such as petroleum, chemical, food, and perfumery. Supercritical fluids are also used for the extraction of metal ions from aqueous solutions and solid and liquid matrices.This review paper provides a concise review of the applications of supercritical fluids from the perspective of feed materials, type of supercritical fluids, co solvents and modifiers used, nature of work, operating conditions, findings, limitations of the work done and scope for further research. The application of supercritical fluids in extraction and purification of various natural extracts and others, using CO2 accounts for more than 90% of the published research in the field of supercritical fluid technology. Other supercritical fluids being used are propane, hexane and butane. Carbon dioxide is a relatively non-polar solvent but has some limited affinity with polar molecules due to its large molecular quadrupole. Co-solvents and modifiers are often be added to improve the solubility of polar molecules. On addition of various co solvents and modifier such as isopropyl alcohol and ethanol, n-hexane, heptane, pentane, toluene, methanol, acetone, formic acid with ammonium formate in methanol etc enhances the performance of supercritical extraction process. Despite this, the status of supercritical fluid technology commercialization is less than satisfactory. A review studies revealed that most of the published research is at laboratory scale with little or no information on scale up and design strategies. Keywords: Supercritical fluids, Carbon dioxide, Co solvents, Modifier, Extraction
In this work, antibacterial activity of finger citron essential oil (FCEO, Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) and its mechanism against food-borne bacteria were evaluated. A total of 28 components in the oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, in which limonene (45.36%), γ-terpinene (21.23%), and dodecanoic acid (7.52%) were three main components. For in vitro antibacterial tests, FCEO exhibited moderately antibacterial activity against common food-borne bacteria: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus. It showed a better bactericidal effect on Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative. Mechanisms of the antibacterial action were investigated by observing changes of bacteria morphology according to scanning electron microscopy, time-kill analysis, and permeability of cell and membrane integrity. Morphology of tested bacteria was changed and damaged more seriously with increased concentration and exposure time of FCEO. FCEO showed a significant reduction effect on the growth rate of surviving bacteria and lead to lysis of the cell wall, intracellular ingredient leakage, and consequently, cell death.
Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) was used to extract oil from Elaeagnus mollis Diels (E. mollis Diels) seed and its antioxidant ability was also investigated. The effect of extraction pressure (20–35 MPa), extraction temperature (35–65 °C), extraction time (90–180 min) and seed particle size (40–100 mesh) on the oil yield were studied. An orthogonal experiment was conducted to determine the best operating conditions for the maximum extraction oil yield. Based on the optimum conditions, the maximum yield reached 29.35% at 30 MPa, 50 °C, 150 min, 80 mesh seed particle size and 40 g/min SF-CO2 flow rate. The E. mollis Diels seed (EDS) oil obtained under optimal SF-CO2 extraction conditions had higher unsaturated fatty acid content (91.89%), higher vitamin E content (96.24 ± 3.01 mg/100 g) and higher total phytosterols content (364.34 ± 4.86 mg/100 g) than that extracted by Soxhlet extraction (SE) and cold pressing (CP) methods. The antioxidant activity of the EDS oil was measured by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging test. EDS oil extracted by different methods exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant ability, with IC50 values of no significant differences. Based on the results of correlation between bioactive compounds, lupeol and γ-tocopherol was the most important antioxidant in EDS oil.
In the last decade, there has been an increase in the use of sprouted grains in human diet and a parallel increase in the scientific literature dealing with their nutritional traits and phytochemical contents. This review examines the physiological and biochemical changes during the germination process, and the effects on final sprout composition in terms of macro- and micro-nutrients and bioactive compounds. The main factors affecting sprout composition are taken into consideration: genotype, environmental conditions experimented by the mother plant, germination conditions. In particular, the review deepens the recent knowledge on the possible elicitation factors useful for increasing the phytochemical contents. Microbiological risks and post-harvest technologies are also evaluated, and a brief summary is given of some important in vivo studies matching with the use of grain sprouts in the diet. All the species belonging to Poaceae (Gramineae) family as well as pseudocereals species are included.
The inhibitory activities of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis (SI) and Escherichia coli (EC) were evaluated. Original GSE contained 0.24% benzalkonium chloride (BZC), however, 0.0025% BZC solution could not inactivate bacteria. The activity of diluted GSE (×100, ×500 and ×1,000 with redistilled water) against selected viruses and bacteria was evaluated in this study. The GSE solutions were incubated with the pathogens over a period of time after which the remaining viruses were titrated and the bacterial colonies were counted. In the presence of organic material—5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test solutions were sprayed at 1 cm and 30 cm distances to test the efficacy of GSE in a spray form. Furthermore, the efficacy of GSE against bacteria on clothes was tested using non-woven cloth. GSE×100 reduced the viral titer of both AIV and NDV even in 5% FBS condition. IBDV showed high resistance to GSE. GSE×1,000 inactivated both SI and EC within 5 sec, even in the presence of 5% FBS. The disinfectant was able to maintain its efficacy in the spray form at 30 cm distance. GSE was also effective against SI and EC inoculated on fabric. GSE is a potential novel disinfectant against viruses and bacteria, effective even within a short contact time.
This study aims to report the composition of bioactives and volatile aromatic compounds, and determine the descriptive sensory properties of cold-pressed orange seed oil. The effects of oven pre-roasting and microwave pre-roasting of the seeds before cold pressing were compared. Thirteen sensory parameters were used to define the oil samples. The major bioactive components of the orange seed oils were naringin, hesperidin, and trans-ferulic acid. Flavonoids constituted the main phenolic class with 78.5% and 74.4%, followed by phenolic acids with 21.4% and 25.5% in the oven and microwave pre-roasted oil samples. The mean concentration of hesperidin and naringin varied from 903.4 to 909.6 mg/kg and from 234.3 to 299.8 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed for the first time in the literature that orange seed oil contains some volatile aromatic compounds and glycosylated flavanones that could have functional properties. Hence, cold-pressed orange seed oil could be suggested as the new potential health-promoting oil.
The aim of the study is to enhance the production and performance of biodiesel from non-food feedstock seeds of citrus maxima through base catalyzed transesterification process. The Performance of biodiesel was increased by the blends with butanol-diesel (Biodiesel + Butanol + Diesel) in different proportions. The obtained biodiesel and its blends were characterized by ASTM. In this study, Glycerol was obtained as a by-product of citrus maxima biodiesel. Crude glycerol was purified by the H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl, and HNO3. The characterization of glycerol included Flash Point, ash Content, alkalinity, FT-IR, etc..
The separation of phenolic compounds by supercritical fluid extraction has been widely studied throughout the last two decades. This is evidenced by a number of publications and articles. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has become thus the effective method of separating the mentioned group of compounds. On the other hand, SFE is a beneficial approach in plant waste materials utilization and reduction of environmental burdens caused by the wastes. The aim of the study is to gather and systematize available information on the phenolic compounds separation that have been reported so far as well as to evaluate whether there is one optimal supercritical fluid extraction method for the phenolic compounds.
Large quantities of non-edible parts of the artichoke plant (Cynara cardunculus L.) comprising leaves, stems, roots, bracts, and seeds are discarded annually during industrial processing. These biowastes also contain high moisture making them susceptible to microbial growth and consequently may cause environmental contamination. However, these by-products are high in many phytochemicals similar to those of its edible flower heads including dietary fibers, phenolic acids, sesquiterpene lactones, enzymes, and flavonoids. Based on worldwide interest in renewable resources of energy, pharmaceutically-active biomolecules, and foods, many recent investigations have been conducted on recycling and the optimization the downstream processes for maximal exploitation of agri-food biowastes. Valorization of C. cardunculus L. biowastes presents opportunities for applications in the food (such as natural preservatives and milk coagulant) and non-food (such as therapeutics, biofuels, and paper pulp production) industries. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art for valorization practices of C. cardunculus L. biowastes and suggests potential novel uses in food and non-food industries. Different optimization techniques combining downstream and white biotechnology processes to develop better utilization of artichoke biowastes are presented.
Sweet and bitter oranges are two of the most commercially-important fruit with a total world production of 75.4 Mt, well-recognized for their unique sensory characters in addition to multiple nutritive and therapeutic attributes due to their highly-valued bioactive ingredients. Hence, their differential qualitative/quantitative phytochemical make-ups are presented for better utilization as therapeutic agents. Sweet orange exhibits therapeutic applications as being effective anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and hypocholesterolemic agents. Whereas, for anti-osteoporotic products and intestinal dysbiosis treatment, bitter orange is more preferred. Moreover, the review recapitulates on different valorization practices of citrus bio-wastes and utilization of their bioactives as therapeutic agents and in functional food industry. Sweet orange waste functions as a fat replacer and preservative to increase food shelf life with better organoleptic attributes than bitter orange. The detailed action mechanism and safety of Citrus bioactives, as well as processing technologies to further improve its effects are posed as future research perspectives.
In the present study the enzymatic production of orange seed protein hydrolysate (OSPH) from orange (Siavaraze, Citrus sinensis) seed protein using alcalase and pepsin enzymes under optimal conditions was evaluated. Then, the effect of OSPH type and chitosan concentration (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% w/v) on physicochemical characteristics, release rate, stability, antioxidant activity, and morphology of the loaded nanoliposomes was assessed. The results revealed that the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were influenced by the type of loaded OSPH and chitosan concentration. The zeta potential value in the nanoliposomes after loading with OSPH obtained from alcalase and pepsin changed from −8.87 mV to −9.45 mV and +4.41 mV, respectively. In addition, this index shifted toward positive values after coating with chitosan. The freeze-thaw stress and storing at 4 °C (for 4 weeks) led to the highest (about 10-fold) and lowest (about 2-fold) changes in the nanoparticles size, respectively. Among different treatments, the nanoliposome coated by 0.2% W/V chitosan showed decreased peptide release rate, retention of EE, and physical stability under different conditions. Evaluation of the chemical structure using FTIR indicated the positioning of the peptides inside the polar regions, bilayer-membrane, and their ionic complexation with liposome phosphate groups. Moreover, the evaluation of the nanoparticles’ morphology indicated spherical particles with smooth surfaces, confirming the dynamic light scattering (DLS) results. The results of this study indicate the efficacy of coated liposomes in protection, control of release and maintaining the antioxidant activity of peptides.
Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP’s contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP’s, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.
Citrus reticulata semen, a traditional Chinese medicinal material, has desirable medicinal and dietary properties. In this study, a method combining ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography with Q Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry was established and validated for the identification and analysis of the chemical components of Citrus reticulata semen for the first time. The evaluation of different retention times and fragmentation characteristics, as well as comparative analysis with the literature, resulted in the identification of 35 chemical constituents, including 21 flavonoids and 14 other compounds. The 21 flavonoids derived from Citrus reticulata semen were reported for the first time. Seven of the chemical components of Citrus reticulata semen were quantitatively analyzed using the developed method under the optimal conditions. The results showed that the content of limonin, hesperidin, nobiletin, synephrine, tangeretin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'‐heptamethoxyflavone and 5‐hydroxide‐6,7,8,3',4'‐pentamethoxyflavone in Citrus reticulata semen was 11.1666, 0.0404, 0.0092, 0.0255, 0.0087, 0.0010 and 0.0008 mg/g, respectively. This study demonstrated that the UHPLC‐Q Exactive Orbitrap‐MS‐based method can be used to rapidly and reliably analyze the chemical constituents of Citrus reticulata semen. These results provide a scientific basis for further studies of Citrus reticulata semen. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
κ-Carrageenan-based (Carr) functional wound healing hydrogel films were prepared by incorporating chitosan capped sulfur nanoparticles (SNP) and grapefruit seed extract (GSE). In vivo wound healing effect of the hydrogel films was tested using artificially wounded male Sprague-Dawley rats. The hydrogel film (Carr/GSE/SNP) showed higher mechanical strength, swelling ratio and ultraviolet barrier properties than the carrageenan film, but the water vapor permeability and water solubility were decreased. The hydrogel film showed antibacterial activity strong enough to destroy Staphylococcus epidermis and Escherichia coli within 3 h of incubation and showed high biocompatibility against mouse fibroblast (L929 cell lines). The hydrogel film (Carr/GSE/SNP3%) showed excellent wound healing effect (1.3% wound area after 2 weeks) compared to the control group (31% wound area after 2 weeks) through in vivo wound healing test. Histological examination showed the complete appearance of the healed epidermis. The Carr/GSE/SNP hydrogel films are most likely to be used for the treatment of full-thickness wounds.
Seeds of Citrus plants (Rutaceae), an important agro‐industrial waste, are a potential source of valuable by‐products. We studied the chemical composition, the antioxidant profile, and the biological/nutritional properties of fixed oils (SFE oils) obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction (at 300 bar and 40 °C) from seeds of mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), discarded by a local agro‐alimentary industry. The yields and compositions of SFE oils were compared to oils obtained by n‐hexane extraction of Citrus seeds in a Soxhlet apparatus (SoxE oils). Linoleic (35‐42%), oleic (22‐28%), palmitic (21‐25%), α‐linolenic (4‐10%), and stearic (4‐7%) were the main oil fatty acids, while monolinolein and dilinolein derivatives represented the main triacylglycerols in SFE oils, determined by GC‐FID and HPLC‐DAD/ELSD techniques. Citrus SFE oils showed lower yields than SoxE oils but similar chemical profiles. Principal components analysis applied to fatty acid and triacylglycerol data indicated that the oils from different seeds tightly clustered. Moreover, SFE oils showed radical scavenging activities (ABTS assays), an inhibitory effect on the growth of murine B16F10 melanoma cells and on the mushroom tyrosinase activity. Citrus SFE oils and de‐coated seeds were also evaluated for their attractant effect on the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata by behavioral assays. The results qualify Citrus SFE oils as a potential natural, environment‐friendly, resource for food/pharmaceutical applications.
Practical applications: The environment‐friendly supercritical CO2 extraction of waste lemon, mandarin and grapefruit seeds gives edible fixed oils rich in essential fatty acids, suitable for human nutrition and the preparation of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
Chitosan (CH)- and polycaprolactone (PCL)-based films containing nanocellulose (NC) (2% w/w) and grape seed extract (GSE) (15% w/w) were prepared in monolayer form (F1, F2, F5, F6) and bilayer form (F3, F4, F7, F8). Chicken breast fillets packaged with these films were analyzed for physicochemical (change in pH, color and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS), and microbiological characteristics (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) and total coliform bacteria (TCB)) during 15 days under refrigerated conditions. The bilayer films with GSE kept the pH of the chicken breast fillets stable during storage. The resulting total color change (ΔE) was higher for the samples packaged with bilayer films, and chicken breast fillets packaged with bilayer films including GSE showed the highest ΔE values (p < 0.05). Samples packaged with GSE, and active bilayer films with GSE and NC had lower TBARS values than those of the control (p < 0.05). Film samples combined with GSE and NC led to a significant reduction in TMAB and TCB in chicken breast fillets (p < 0.05) during storage when compared with the control samples. The results indicated that CH- and PCL-based bilayer films could be a promising material to transfer functional compounds as active packaging material layers in food packaging applications.
Nowadays, traditional packaging films with weak activity or single function cannot satisfy the active packaging requirements. In this paper, novel multifunctional films (TNC/GSE/AgNPs) based on TEMPO-oxidized nano-cellulose (TNC), grape seed extract (GSE) and TNC immobilized silver nanoparticles ([email protected]) are reported. The results showed that transparent TNC/GSE/AgNPs films exhibited better mechanical properties, lower water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability compared to pure TNC films. Moreover, due to the effect of TNC immobilization on AgNPs, only 5.77%, 3.62% and 3.11% of AgNPs were released from TNC/GSE/AgNPs films under the pH 4.0, 6.9 and 9.2, respectively. Nevertheless, the films had good antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, TNC/GSE/AgNPs films showed strong antioxidant activity which has been evaluated by DPPH (6.87 μg Vc/mg d.w.) and TRAP (82.67 μg Trolox/mg d.w.) methods. The prepared films will exhibit multifunction as food packaging to extend storage period.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesized by a green method using melanin (Mel) as a reducing and capping agent and incorporated to carrageenan (Carr) to prepare antimicrobial nanocomposite films. The optimal reaction condition for the synthesis of AgNP was 1 mM AgNO3 with 10 mg Mel/100 mL 0.1 M KOH at 100 °C for 1 h. The formed AgNP was spherical with a diameter of 10–50 nm and exhibited a light absorption peak at 410 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks revealed the characteristic of crystalline AgNP. AgNP also showed strong antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The incorporation of AgNP to Carr produced uniform films as observed from a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The addition of AgNP not only affected the color of the film surface but also significantly improved the UV shielding properties of nanocomposite films. The incorporation of AgNP reduced the water contact angle and water vapor barrier properties while increasing the thermal stability, mechanical strength and resilience of the Carr films. The Carr/AgNP nanocomposite films showed strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and L. monocytogenes.
Soy protein-based films have some interesting properties of being biodegradable, biocompatible, and inexpensive. However, their weak mechanical property and high sensitivity to moisture are major hindrances to using this protein-based film for food packaging applications. This study aimed to develop soy protein-based films incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cedrus deodara pine needle extract (PNE). The physical property, barrier capacity, and antioxidant ability of the films were evaluated and the films were further characterized using a release test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the addition of CNCs lowered the moisture content of the film samples by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between N-H groups of soy proteins and water molecules. The filling effect of CNCs caused a decrease in elongation at break and an increase in tensile strength. When a high content of PNE (5-10%) was incorporated in the films, the water vapor permeability was decreased due to the reduction of hydrophilic domains in the film matrix. Moreover, the PNE-added films were all covered with phenolic compounds and displayed strong antioxidant activities. These results demonstrate that CNCs and PNE can significantly enhance the mechanical property, antioxidant ability, and water vapor barrier capacity of soy protein-based films that have a great potential as an active food packaging material.
This study investigated the potential of oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides strain (ATCC20409) for the sustainable production of microbial lipids as biodiesel feedstock and other economically important fatty acids in comparison to algal or plant-based biodiesel. The strain exhibited high lipid content (76% of dry cell weight biomass) through consolidated bioprocessing which was transesterified to produce biodiesel. Physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel produced showed that they were in accordance with ASTM standards, although few parameters such as acid value, calorific value and free fatty acid value differed to some extent, as also reported in plant-based/microalgal biodiesel. Fatty acid methyl esters analysis of biodiesel showed 50.18% unsaturated fatty acid and 49.81% saturated fatty acid. Total content of (monounsaturated fatty acid) MUFA was higher than (polyunsaturated fatty acid) PUFA, being 44.36% and 2.69%, respectively. Considering the yield and cost, lipid extracted from R. toruloides may become a promising alternative feed in biodiesel production.
The effect of a layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatic deposition coating of alginate and chitosan with grapefruit seed extract was investigated on the shelf life of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) stored for 15 days under refrigeration (4 °C). The shrimp were periodically analyzed for changes in microbiological parameters (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and total aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria counts), chemical parameters, melanosis, and sensory characteristics. The chitosan-alginate coating had the advantage of reducing the bacterial count by 2 log CFU in combination with the antimicrobial activity of the grapefruit seed extract. The bilayer coating reduced the off-flavor of shrimp during the storage period by preventing the odor of acetic acid that was used to dissolve chitosan. In conclusion, chitosan and chitosan-alginate treatments could prolong the shelf life of shrimp.
This study analyses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of citrus peel waste and discusses the systems for its valorisation. Citrus peel waste (CPW) is the main residue of the citrus processing industries and is characterised by a seasonal production (which often requires biomass storage) as well as high water content and concentration of essential oils. The disposal of CPW has considerable constraints due to both economic and environmental factors. Currently this residue is mainly used as food for animals, thanks to its nutritional capacity. If enough agricultural land is available close to the processing industries , the use of CPW as organic soil conditioner or as substrate for compost production is also possible, thus improving the organic matter content of the soil. Recently, the possibility of its valorisation for bio-methane or bioethanol production has been evaluated by several studies, but currently more research is needed to overcome the toxic effects of the essential oils on the microbial community. Considering the high added value of the compounds that can be recovered from CPW, it has promising potential uses: in the food industry (for production of pectin, dietary fibres, etc.), and in the cosmetic and pharmaceutic industries (extraction of flavonoids, flavouring agents and citric acid). However, in many cases, these uses are still not economically sustainable.