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Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
1
SunText Review of Neuroscience & Psychology Open Access
ISSN: 2766-4503 Research Article
Volume 1:3
Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19
Arger Verstappen*
Autonomous University of Mexico State, State of Mexico, Mexico
*Corresponding author: Verstappen A, Autonomous University of Mexico State, State of
Mexico, Mexico; E-mail: bundestappen [at] yahoo [dot] com
Abstract
Studies of risk perception, in relation to the governance of risk events, have advanced towards a management, production and
knowledge transfer system focused on the impact of the media on audiences and eventually on the leaders of Civil protection
institutions, but the absence of research encouraged the present work to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument. The
proposal was based on a non-experimental study and a non-probabilistic sample selection of 245 students from a public university.
Based on a structural model, it was found that Internet users perceive risks and affect media perception (0.46) and perception social on
the perception of risk events, although there are lines of research concerning the mediation of such dependency relationships.
Keywords: Climate change; Governance; Risk; Perception; Model
Introduction
This section exposes the global, regional and local dimensions of
risk events, focused on the global environmental footprint and the
municipal water footprint in order to show that risk perception
constitutes a central axis of representation of nature and nature.
Availability of its natural and water resources. Global water
trends and public policies are essential to establish the costs of
water supply. However, civic, community and neighborhood
participation are also essential to establish unit water prices.
Globally, water sustainability is determined by public policies
that promote water conservation through international tariff
standards [1]. The price of water would be the result of
international conventions to which signatory countries undertake
to reduce their agricultural, industrial and commercial processes.
The unit cost would be defined by the level of availability per
capita. A greater amount of water for each person implies a
standard cost for the plaintiff. Consumption above a threshold
exponentially increases the unit price. Globally, costs are reduced,
and profits increase substantially. However, presidents or
ministers cannot make global decisions without compromising
local development.
At the continental level, the relationship between the industrial
North and the agricultural South, the trade between the economic
blocs, directly affects the financial and migratory flows that must
be considered in the equation of public policies for water
sustainability [2]. On the continents, the establishment of a water
service charging system is more likely when considering trade
agreements between members of economic blocs. The subsidy
will be beneficial for economic actors who can afford their
consumption. This is a rate system in which those with greater
purchasing power pay a standard rate that includes funds for those
living in exclusion, marginalization or vulnerability. However,
standard rates impede sustainability at the continental level due to
economic differences between users of water services and the
availability of water per capita
In Mexico, conflicts over water rights have been mitigated with
central and federal public policies that justify the extraction and
distribution from one basin to another [3]. The State, through
estimates by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP),
the Bank of Mexico (BM) and the National Water Commission
(Conagua), has established public policies aimed at economic
growth rather than sustainable development. Water rights and
heritage of rural communities and urban neighborhoods are
subordinated to the national economic project. In this sense, each
unit of water has a different and inequitable price. Water is cheap
for those who have greater purchasing power and consume more.
Received date: 30 August 2020; Accepted date: 20
September 2020; Published date: 27 September 2020
Citation: Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post
COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51737/2766-4503.2020.015
Copyright: © 2020 Verstappen A. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
Verstappen
, SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol (2020), 1:2
Citation:
Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
In contrast, groups that save water, despite being unemployed or
underemployed, paid five times their actual cost.
In a federalist country, state governments are a counterweight to
the executive's omnipresence [4]. An initiative of the president
can be modified by the governors. If the altitude where rural
communities live is considered, states and municipalities must
legislate a system of differential rates for each entity. Therefore,
state sustainability of water in finance would be its main obstacle.
Often, state governments spend more than they receive from the
federation. This encourages national and local utility companies
to seek agreements to build a subsidy system that benefits low
prices for users. The result is a public action organized for
collection but disorganized for redistribution. Without fail, the
receipts are distributed to the users, but the water service is
intermittent. Therefore, the system benefits cities to the detriment
of rural areas.
The Valley of Mexico was a prominent basin, but now the current
extraction trend would reach for two or three decades
compromising its structure [5]. The Valley of Mexico,
administered by three entities with their respective congresses,
built a metropolitan water policy that is defined by representatives
of different entities with different needs, expectations and
consumption capacities. However, the Mexican Political System
(PMS) is characterized by homogenizing people's demands and
corresponding offers. From this structural political feature, a
system of pricing of water policy is a system of subsidies,
subsidies and exemptions. This is a public policy that does not
need to be legislated to be implemented. At the time of the
elections, the effectiveness of the political system uses drinking
water as its promotional tool for the definition and selection of
candidates and representatives. Therefore, the sustainability of
metropolitan water is discretionary, proselytizing and patronizing.
Consequently, at a municipal level, corruption, nepotism and
cronyism are its main components.
A consequence of the complexity of the Valley of Mexico is its
municipal demarcations. The diversity of factors that influence
the sustainability of metropolitan water also affects the
sustainability of water at the local level [6]. However, delegations
are grouped into two groups: inclusive and exclusive. In the first
inclusive type, a low population density and high income prevail
that would allow the resolution of an exponential increase in
water rates. In the second exclusionary type, overcrowding,
unemployment or underemployment with insufficient income
proliferates to resolve a minimum variation in the unit price of
water. In the case of Iztapalapa, we must add altitude and
corruption in neighborhoods with greater shortages and unhealthy
life. This is a delegation in which several factors converge, and
near a water crisis for its people. This situation favors protest,
boycott and confrontation aimed at demanding and obtaining a
greater amount of water. Therefore, water sustainability in
Iztapalapa requires adapting to the uses and customs of people
fighting corruption, but at the same time accepting subsidy rates.
In the residential area, water scarcity is the main trend that would
lead to the dosage of consumption and pseudo-repair of leaks. In
fact, an austerity system implies consumption thresholds
determined by the number of residents, their economic activities
and the types of recreation. The sustainability of residential water
means a low rate to save water and an exponential rate for those
who exceed their volume per capita.
In the future, urban density is a global, national and local problem
that affects water sustainability [7]. The expected per capita
availability for the coming years is the result of public policies
that seek to curb the tendency of water restriction to make it more
sustainable. In that sense, the disappearance of standard,
subsidized, situational or interval tariff systems is predictable.
Instead, a new pricing system must be implemented to address
structural failures. It is a system of global water rates for local
contingencies.
The objective of the present work lies in the analysis of the
perception of risk as a reflection of the environmental situation,
the availability of resources, the needs of consumption and the
expectations of access in order to be able to anticipate scenarios
of scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness and shortage in local, regional
and global levels expected by users of public water services.
Literature Review
Theory of perception risk
This section discusses the epistemological, conceptual and
modular frameworks of risk perception as an object of study,
corpus and theoretical matrix from which the literature consulted
warns the prevalence of representation biases of observable
resources on the expected impact of scarcity, shortage, insalubrity
and lack of consumption. The process is to ensure that natural
disasters and ecological catastrophes far are not linked to the
personal situation, or local issues are not of such magnitude
involving a conservationist action, is known as an environmental
farsightedness. In this sense, this paper aims to specify a model
for the study of this perceptual bias that explains the relationship
between nature and humanity.
Psychology of Sustainability (PS) has established theoretical and
conceptual frameworks to explain the causal relationship between
water availability and consumption per capita through cognitive
processes. In this sense, the objective of this paper is to present
theories about environmental situations. For this purpose, from a
review of the state of knowledge causal relationships between
hydrological exclusion and culture, the state, society, the media,
communities, neighborhoods, families and individuals are
explained. Theoretical models for explaining the beliefs, values,
perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, motivation, skills, intentions
Verstappen
, SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol (2020), 1:2
Citation:
Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
and behaviors in terms of scarcity, shortage and environmental
unhealthiness [8] arise. Exposing the theoretical framework will
serve to open the discussion about the accuracy, development,
construction and innovation of theoretical models that link
personal areas, family, territorial, local, regional and global where
water scarcity impacts the behavior human by regulating basic
social - cognitive processes.
Psychology of Sustainability, farsightedness, in its general
conception, is skewed perceptions regarding the impact of
environmental catastrophes and natural disasters resulting from
climate change which are appreciated by society as isolated
events that do not would impact either directly or indirectly in
quality life, residential comfort and subjective well - being.
In the context of the psychology of water resources and services,
found that the utilitarian beliefs determine water consumption
indicated by washing dishes, grooming, watering plants, washes
dishes and cleaning sidewalk. That is, the information concerning
droughts, scarcity and shortages seems to influence the beliefs
that process information in such a way that water is considered an
instrument of cleanliness, comfort and relaxation. Hyperopia
appears to be a complex process that would be indicated by their
degree of utilitarianism [9].
Thus, farsightedness precedes utilitarian beliefs, but in relation to
processing systems and information categorization suppose, for
Corral et al. [10], other relationships with perceptions of time
perspective: 1) orientation to the past, 2) future orientation and 3)
sustainable styles with dimensions such as: a) this hedonistic, b)
present fatalistic, c) positive last d) past negative e) propensity
future. Each of the dimensions, to interact with each other in
order to anticipate water conservation, perceptual and behavioral
established a system that would be linked with farsightedness past
orientation and dimensions of the hedonistic past present and
positive. That is, hyperopia would be a process of information
concerning past located in the risks that would be little related to
this comfort and unlinked future.
However, if farsightedness supposed informational
categorizations that will result in the utilitarianism of water
resources and services, then the hedonism is not only detached
from the perceived risks in the past and would not have a
significant impact on the present, but also would you relate to
utilitarianism which regards natural resources and public services
as instruments of comfort.
Utilitarianism and hedonism, while social norms and values
scattered groups consider water as a means of comfort, determine
damaging behavior. The study of Frías et al. shows that social
norms determine individual principles crystallized into specific
actions, but both are embodied in moral standards define an
identity based on the context [11]. That is, hyperopia is
also the result of a process of identification of the individual with
regard to the conduct of a group and social actions to droughts or
floods, which were disseminated in the media and led a hedonistic
response rather than conservationist.
Hyperopia would be reflected by utilitarianism and hedonism that
the reference group or membership developed and influenced the
individual in a hostile environment, although permissible with
groups skewed perceptions towards self - management
capabilities of natural resources and public services.
However, from the perspective of Gilford [12], pessimism rather
than fatalism is different spatial levels: local, national and
global. Consequently, farsightedness is not just a perceptual bias
of social, collective and personal standards indicated by their
degree of usefulness and hedonism, but also is a bias scenario that
the recipient is unknown and homogenized thus to have control or
certainty context of water availability.
Farsightedness, as a spatial bias, explain the biophilia in contexts
of natural diversity as a determinant of pro - environmental
behavior. Corral et al. [13] modeled both variables with social
intolerance and age to show that there was an implicit relationship
between environmental conservation and affinity towards
nature. In this sense, farsightedness would be linked to social
intolerance since the biophilia would immediate and specific
conservation actions in the immediate environment, but once
guaranteed the existence of species, the individual could develop
a hedonism and utilitarianism to its preserved environment.
Under its regulations, valuation, perceptual, attitudinal and
behavioral implications hyperopia is a complex psychological
construct sustainable which is an interdisciplinary study. The
implications of the study for hyperopia have environmental
policies and public services are unpublished.
In principle, a socio - political farsightedness would be indicated
by perceptual biases about the relationship between society, state
and nature. In that vein, utilitarianism and hedonism reported in
studies of the psychology of sustainability serve to conceptualize
the social and political dimension of farsightedness as one in
which climate change, resource scarcity and shortages in the cities
would be an instrument power and control would reduce civil
participation conflicts with their authorities and natural resources
in tandem services.
Thus, the social and political farsightedness explain social
mobilization and collective action such as demonstrations, rallies,
sit - ins or marches as instruments of pressure and negotiation
between public service users and local authorities.
In summary, the theory of risk perception has been built from
concepts and models ranging from personal to global situations,
building applicability in communication and risk management at
the institutional level.
Studies of perception risk
This section reviews the findings that report the effects of risk
events on resource management, consumption and use of public
Verstappen
, SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol (2020), 1:2
Citation:
Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
water services, emphasizing the year of publication, as well as the
repository in which the literature was published. and its indexing
quality.
Socio - political farsightedness specification implies the
establishment of the effects of ecocentric campaigns in the
preservation of the water market. From the sixties, ecological
movements that shown the harmful effects of the market
economy, liberal policies, industrial societies, the massification of
services and consumerism of diversified products [14]. Later, in
the seventies, the anti-armaments movements that are more
concerned with the preservation of animal and plant species arise
[15].
Conservation demonstrations raised the exploitation of resources
based on availability. In the eighties, ideas and environmental
actions such as boycotts of products and services, consumption
metering and even abstentionism characterize post - industrial
societies. Given the uncertainty and insecurity arising from
radioactive Chernobyl reactor explosion, environmental groups
were organized to protest massively and systematically in major
cities worldwide. The fall of the socialist bloc showed new forms
of nuclear destruction of the environment and with them, new
forms of environmental organization [16].
Marches, rallies and demonstrations gave way to realistic
demonstrations of the extermination of species when dead
cetaceans environmental groups moved to the streets of European
cities. These demonstrations were complemented by actions of
direct intervention to prevent the extermination of whales, seals,
bears or birds. Demonstrations leave the streets and enter the
portals of government institutions [17]. Blocking servers and
network attack with computer viruses are examples of activism
that characterizes the nineties. Finally, the consolidation of
sustainable development extended to the economic, political,
social, cultural, educational, scientific and technological growth
depending on the availability of resources without affecting the
ability of future generations to use these resources areas. In this
sense, political campaigns have used the principles of sustainable
development to attract followers.
In the hydrological context, vows are exchanged for water
redistribution. However, sustainable development coexists with
another form of hedonistic, improvised and development
Heuristic: liquid consumption [18].
The majority influence suggests that the systematic use of a
resource is determined by the power of majority decision. If the
bulk of the population has a habit of daily grooming, then the
individual will be influenced to adopt a style of anthropocentric
life where water resources are considered an exclusive service for
current human needs, regardless of the capability’s human
generations later and the needs of current and future species [19].
The majoritarian model is straightforward because through
considered an expert source may influence the decision of the
individual consumer. Indeed, the conformity of the individual is
the result of the majority influence [20].
In contrast, argues that minority influence consumption of natural
resources due to the identity established by the individual to the
group around him. Thus, grooming can vary depending on the
lifestyle of the group to which the individual belongs. If the group
has a policy of grooming with a minimum of water, then the
individual will perform that action regardless of the availability of
water [21]. This is an indirect influence as lifestyle impacts the
future rather than the consumption decision in the present.
Therefore, innovation is the main consequence of the minority
influence.
Both processes of social, majority or minority influence, seem to
ignore the availability of resources that economic approach shows
how essential factor, are nevertheless relevant because warn that
regardless of the amount of consumable water, decision making
present or future is determined by the social norm or the standard
group [22].
Symbols, meanings and senses that correspond are the means
involving the prematerialists cultures, cultures and post -
materialist materialistic cultures with the environment [23]. In
pre-materialist cultures, nature is symbolized as a conglomeration
of such significant community elements such as human elements
forming a group [24].
In contrast, often, nature is symbolized as inexhaustible resources
by groups that transform and redistribute promoting inequalities
characteristics of neoliberal economic societies. Finally, when the
post - materialist cultures have reached a very high economic and
educational status, nature is symbolized as a stage for the rights of
each agency for its subsistence [25]. From these cultural
distinctions nine theories explain the cultural world views of
nature.
The theoretical relations between the perceptual factors are
adjusted to the empirical observations in the locality of study, or
will they be different given the specificity of the relations
between the political and social actors with respect to the
environmental perception of the resources and the water services.
The relations between the factors when explained from global and
regional references, anticipate local scenarios considering the
specificity of the actors regarding the scarcity, shortage,
unhealthiness and scarcity of the municipal water service.
Although the asymmetries between governments and citizens are
observable in the perceptions about the quality of the water
service, local inequalities such as hoarding, conflicts and dosing
skills lead to perceptions of risk rather than utility of the
municipal service.
In summary, the classic studies of risk perception highlight the
phenomenon of hyperopia as a result of a process of exposure,
information, processing and dissemination of threats and
contingencies emanating from the media, received by audiences
Verstappen
, SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol (2020), 1:2
Citation:
Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
and again disseminated in electronic media such as digital
networks, highlighting the reduction and amplification of risks,
the import and export of risk categories, as well as the framing of
risk events according to the source, type of audience and possible
effects.
Specification of a model for study perception risk
The specification of a model is a first phase in the null hypothesis
test process. It is a scheme of relationships between the variables
reviewed in the literature. Thus, the literature consulted reveals
four instances of the effect of environmental risks on exposed and
unexposed people with and without consequences of
contingencies and threats [26].
General expectation of the event: Risk events when exposed in
the media due to their magnitude and social impact are
phenomena for local, regional or global audiences [27]. This is
the dissemination of information on threats and contingencies that
generate expectations in viewers, Internet users, radio listeners,
movie buffs and newspaper subscribers. The perception of risk
events is an unforeseeable, immeasurable and unpredictable phase
that corresponds to events with these same characteristics as the
environmental catastrophe develops and its immediate
consequences in an overexposed or unexposed population.
Reduction & amplification of risk: In an unexposed and
exposed population, without sequelae or affected, risk
amplification is a simultaneous phase of the perceptual process
that increases or decreases the effects of threats and
contingencies. Hyperopia is broken down into two segments, one
of reduction and one of risk amplification [28].
Perceptual import and export: The expectations of the local
events that extend to forecasts of those same events in other
latitudes suppose a latent farsightedness. These are perceptual
biases in which media audiences participate in the export of risk
expectations and in the importation of the replica of the events
and their effects [29].
Expected framing of the event: The instance in which risk
events are observed in real time is known as perceptual Internet
bias. It is a simultaneous dimension with respect to the real
expectation of the event and its expected consequences for the
information available in the media [30]. It is an instance in which
the event is perceived according to the framework of the media.
Hyperopia is broken down into an agenda of issues in the media
and audiences, based on that information they develop
expectations about that media agenda.
Method
A non-experimental, cross-sectional, exploratory and
correlational study was carried out 45 students from a public
university in central Mexico, considering their experience in
environmental risk events such as frosts, floods, landslides,
droughts and fires. 48% are women and the remaining 52% are
men. 61% are under 18 years old (M = 17.03 SD = 0.28), 35% are
between 18 and 22 years old (M = 19.20 SD = 0.18), the
remaining 4% are older than 22 years (M = 23.21 SD = 0.16).
The Environmental Risk Perception of Carreón (2016) was used,
which includes 28 items related to the perception of risk events,
setting of the perception of events, social amplification of risk and
perception of Internet risk. Each reagent includes five response
options ranging from 0 = not at all likely, 1 = very unlikely, 2 =
unlikely, 3 = somewhat likely, 4 = very likely.
The precise purpose of this paper is to specify the construct of
social and political farsightedness to delineate their study in a
reflective model. For this purpose, a documentary research was
conducted in the databases Copernicus, Dialnet, Ebsco, Latindex,
Publindex, Redalyc, Scielo, scopus, WoS, Zenodo and Zotero
(Table 1).
Table 1: Descriptive data.
Repository
Quartile
Literature
Year
Author
Sample
β
Copernicus
IV
B
2017
Juarez et al., [7]
320
0.20
Ebsco
IV
A
2019
Carreon et al., [2]
300
0.61
Latindex
IV
A
2019
Espinoza et al., [3]
147
0.57
Redalyc
III
B
2018
Hernandez et al., [6]
124
0.35
Scielo
IV
B
2017
Bustos et al., [1]
124
0.35
Scopus
II
A
2018
Garcia et al., [5]
300
0.69
Zenodo
III
B
2012
Garcia [4]
188
0.26
A: Positive and significant effect (0.60 to 0.90) of the dissemination of the event on risk perception; B: Positive and spurious effect
(0.10 to 0.59) of the dissemination of the event on risk perception; C: Null effect (0.01 to 0.09) of the dissemination of the event on risk
perception; D: Negative effect (-0.99 to -0.01) of the dissemination of the event on risk perception.
Verstappen
, SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol (2020), 1:2
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Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
Source: Elaborated with data study
Subsequently, the definitions in a matrix of content analysis were
processed and, finally, the indicators taken in reviewing the state
of knowledge is modeled. For such purposes, it carried out a
study on during the period from 2010 to 2019 in articles with
record ISSN and DOI concerning environmental
farsightedness. The specified model includes eight dimensions
alluding to perceptual bias with respect to supply local and
residential water. Referring to the state of knowledge, the
specification was proven in order to anticipate scenarios analysis,
perceptual structures, decision-making and behavior depending
on water availability and needs / expectations of local
consumption.
The Delphi technique was used for the processing of information,
comparing and integrating data according to the dimensions
established in the theory. Students were surveyed in the vestibule
of their university with a written guarantee of confidentiality and
anonymity of their answers, as well as a warning that the results
of the study would not negatively or negatively affect their
economic, political and social status.
Crombach's alpha was estimated to establish the consistency of
the scale, adequacy, sphericity and validity of the scale to
demonstrate the convergence of constructs from the indicators,
correlations and regressions to demonstrate the dependency
relationships among the variables, adjustment statistics and
residual to test the null hypothesis.
The information was processed in the Statistical Package for
Social Sciences and the Structural Moments Analysis software
version 5.0.
Results
Table 2 shows the internal consistency values for the general
scale (alpha of 0,777) and the subscales (alpha of 0,781; 0,785;
0,792 0,782), which exceeded the minimum required of 0.700 but
lower than an optimum consistency of 0.800.
Table 2: Descriptive of the instrument.
R
M
S
W
K
A
ɑ
F1
F2
F3
F4
r1
1,23
0,10
0,32
0,19
0,18
0,781
0,303
r2
1,42
0,12
0,43
0,18
0,19
0,793
0,384
r3
1,53
0,18
0,54
0,43
0,14
0,742
0,395
r4
1,50
0,32
0,64
0,52
0,35
0,743
0,384
r5
1,03
0,82
0,83
0,16
0,28
0,783
0,381
r6
1,25
0,25
0,20
0,10
0,20
0,773
0,306
r7
1,36
0,35
0,18
0,14
0,27
0,781
0,394
r8
1,46
0,31
0,43
0,18
0,32
0,702
0,394
r9
1,92
0,93
0,65
0,32
0,41
0,721
0,362
r10
1,47
0,92
0,62
0,29
0,44
0,731
0,315
r11
1,11
0,04
0,30
0,41
0,17
0,742
0,368
r12
1,05
0,72
0,54
0,50
0,10
0,704
0,345
Verstappen
, SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol (2020), 1:2
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Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
r13
1,25
0,15
0,29
0,32
0,11
0,705
0,395
r14
1,05
0,35
0,41
0,49
0,12
0,771
0,386
r15
1,01
0,24
0,27
0,51
0,13
0,782
0,306
r16
1,16
0,36
0,38
0,72
0,43
0,794
0,315
r17
1,21
0,27
0,46
0,83
0,29
0,705
0,306
r18
1,07
0,35
0,40
0,18
0,34
0,782
0,391
r19
1,02
0,46
0,53
0,16
0,33
0,771
0,306
r20
1,14
0,37
0,32
0,13
0,52
0,776
0305
r21
1,15
0,83
0,65
0,10
0,28
0,766
0,384
r22
1,26
0,30
0,30
0,24
0,23
0,785
0,385
r23
1,26
0,49
0,19
0,27
0,20
0,761
0,306
r24
1,03
0,27
0,32
0,43
0,18
0,732
0,340
r25
1,12
0,13
0,18
0,83
0,39
0,745
0,381
r26
1,16
0,25
0,16
0,92
0,54
0,723
0,305
r27
1,21
0,15
0,26
0,18
0,30
0,752
0,306
r28
1,47
0,12
0,56
0,16
0,29
0,751
0,351
R = Reactive, M = Median, S = Standard Deviation, W = Swedness, K = Kurtosis, A = Assimetry, ɑ = Alpha by removing the
value of the item. Extraction method: main axes, promax rotation. Adequacy and Sphericity ⌠X2 = 432,46 (46gl) p = 0,000; KMO
= 0,671⌡. F1 = General Expectation of the Event (alpha of 0,781 and 24% of the variance explained), F2 = Reduction &
Amplification of Risk (alpha of 0,785 and 18% of the variance explained), F3 = Perceptual Import and Export (alpha of 0,792 and
14% of the variance explained), F4 = Expected Framing of the Event (alpha of 0,782 and 6% of the variance explained). Each
reagent includes five response options ranging from 0 = not at all likely, 1 = very unlikely, 2 = unlikely, 3 = somewhat likely, 4 =
very likely.
Source: Elaborated with study data
Table 3 and Figure 1 shows the incidence of Internet user
perception of risks on the medialization of risk perception, as well
as the influence of the social amplification of risk on the
perception of risk events. That the hypothesis of the rector of the
State prevails but bounded by the hypothesis of community
Verstappen
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Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
resilience. Both point out that there are differences between
governors and the governed, but it is the rectory of the State that
propitiates the phenomenon of risk events, even though civil
society contributes in a determined manner so that the
information is amplified through traditional means and electronic.
Table 3: Correlations and covariations.
M
S
F1
F2
F3
F4
F1
F2
F3
F4
F1
24,35
12,35
1,00
,325*
,432*
,435**
1,981
,324
,345
,431
F2
26,41
14,25
1,00
,346*
,432***
1,876
,435
,329
F3
21,23
16,47
1,00
,321*
1,897
,436
F4
26,43
19,23
1,00
1,456
M = Mean, S = Standard Deviation, F1 = General Expectation of the Event, F2 = Reduction & Amplification of Risk, F3 = Perceptual
Import and Export, F4 = Expected Framing of the Event: * p < ,01; ** p < ,001; *** p < ,0001
Soured: Elaborated with data study
Figure 1: F1 = General Expectation of the Event, F2 = Reduction & Amplification of Risk, F3 = Perceptual Import and Export, F4 = Expected
Framing of the Event, ∩ relations between factors, relations between errors and indicators; relations between factors and indicators
The adjustment and residual parameters ⌠X2 = 234,13 (35gl) p =
0,012; CFI = 0,990; GFI = 0,995; IFI = 0,975; RMSEA =
0,009⌡show that the null hypothesis can be accepted since, the
theoretical relationships seem to fit the data observed in the
context and the study sample.
Discussion
The contribution of this study to the status of the issue lies in the
establishment of the reliability and validity of an instrument that
measures perceptions around risk events such as hurricanes,
floods, mudslides, droughts, frosts or fires, but the type of study,
the type of sample selection and the type of analysis limit the
results to the study sample and the research context [32-35].
It is recommended to study the dimensions of social risk
amplification and the perception of risk in order to establish the
factors that mediate the relationship with the medialization of risk
events and the perception of them.
The dimensions involved with hyperopia derived from the nature-
culture, resources-State-payers, product-market-
consumers, spots -Means-viewers and-stakes situations. They
have been exposed to explain environmental dimensions from its
relations with situations culture, society, the state, the community,
the neighborhood, the family and the individual. In this sense,
environmental situations are conceptually derived from entities
from which you can see them, compare, analyze and
synthesize. When mankind felt that the water and she were part of
nature, transformed into symbols that cultures emerged. When
humanity classified as water resources, it unveiled the State which
became taxpayers. When humanity thought the water was a
product created the market that turned into consumers. When
humanity reduced to spots environmental situations, he extolled
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Verstappen A. Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19. SunText Rev Neurosci Psychol 1(3): 115.
the media that turned into spectators; and when humanity realized
the diversity of environmental situations, he out organize to
preserve future generations [35-37].
The relationships between the availability and consumption by
socio-cognitive processes underlying environmental media
hypothesis around which the amount of water and the use thereof
are determined by preliminary ideas to be processed in situations
of abundance or scarcity inhibit or will facilitate the waste or
water savings regardless of value, cost, price, rate, quote or any
other parameter that involves restoring balance in the availability
and consumption.
However, it is necessary to reconceptualize the problem and
establishing cost parameters from human needs and expectations
regardless of their abilities or property. In this sense, the socio-
psychological theories propose that measurement of water
consumption is carried out, and not according to their current or
future availability, but in terms of beliefs, perceptions, attitudes,
knowledge, values and intentions of use inserts water supply
system in individuals. That is, the socio-psychological theories
only explain the sustainability of a formal market supply, but
referring to an informal market, theories are barriers to explain
the solidarity shortages or hoarding situations abundance.
Therefore, the socio-psychological theories have to explain
discrepancies that inhibit sustainable development of mankind in
relation to water availability. In this regard, the socio-
psychological theories should be complemented by other theories
to explain the emotions rather than rationality around the use of
water, the groups to which the user belongs, quotation systems in
which the user is assigned or governance processes in which
citizens participate.
The perception of risk events is an essential process in the
explanation of the differences between governors and the
governed with respect to levels of territorial, national, public,
civil, human, private or Internet security. It is a phenomenon in
which, although risk events are impenetrable and
incommensurable, the information disseminated in favor of the
rector of the State legitimizes their power and the information
related to civil resilience legitimizes their defenselessness. In the
construction of a governance of risks and security it is necessary
to dismember both processes in order to move towards a common
future in terms of managing risks.
In relation to other processes associated with the perception of
risk and that the literature stands out as risk communication, the
present work has contributed to establish four dimensions from
which it is possible to guide qualitative studies to reveal the
meanings of risk events in society violated.
In this way, the process that goes from risk events, threat
communication and contingency management can be
complemented by the social construction of risks. This is a
phenomenon in which the vulnerable groups develop techniques
for the prevention and promotion of environmental safety for
those who are exposed to shortages, shortages, unhealthiness and
famine, which are intensified in the media diffusion of floods,
droughts, landslides, Frost, fire or earthquakes.
Conclusion
The objective of this work was to explore the structure of risk
perception, considering a review of the literature indexed in
international repositories during the period from 2012 to 2019, as
well as the type of findings reported.
However, the research design limited the results to the study
sample, suggesting the extension of the work towards studies
published in regional indexed journals and before the date
considered, as well as the revision of models related to the
perception of risk in the established dimensions.
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