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Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal with Multienzyme on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economics of Production of Broiler Chicks

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  • college of Veterinary &Animal Science navania,Udaipur ,RAJUVAS

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Background: Moringa leaves have wide range of medicinal value including antimicrobial property. Therefore, it could be an alternative of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry but the presence of phytate and other anti-nutrients can reduce the bioavailability of certain nutrients. Enzymes may reduce anti-nutrients effect, break down non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), reduce intestinal viscosity and ultimately improve digestibility of nutrients by improving gut performance. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal with multienzyme on the performance, carcass characteristics and economics of broiler chicks. Methods: Day-old, 150 broiler chicks (Vencobb-400) were randomly allotted to five treatment groups. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of moringa leaf meal in combination with multienzyme @ 50g/100kg feed in the basal broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively.Result: Body weight gain was higher (P less than 0.01) in broilers fed diet supplemented with 1.5% Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) and multienzyme at 3 or 6 weeks of age. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) at the starter phase was recorded in the T2 group and over the entire period of the trial T4 treatment group had the best FCR. Significant increase in dressing yield percent and relative weight of giblet was observed in broilers fed diet with 1.5% level of moringa leaf meal and multienzyme. Supplementation of MOLM with multienzyme was profitable in terms of reduction in feed cost per kg gain. It was concluded that supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal @ 1.5% with multienzyme at 50g/100Kg dose in the diet was effective in improving the performance and net profit in broiler chicks.
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Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research
118
RESEARCH ARTICLE Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, Volume 40 Issue 1: 118-122 (March 2021)
Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal with Multienzyme
on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economics of
Production of Broiler Chicks
M.S. Meel, T. Sharma, Monika Joshi, M.L. Gurjar, S.K. Sharma, Mamta Kumari 10.18805/ajdfr.DR-1612
ABSTRACT
Background: Moringa leaves have wide range of medicinal value including antimicrobial property. Therefore, it could be an alternative
of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry but the presence of phytate and other anti-nutrients can reduce the bioavailability of certain
nutrients. Enzymes may reduce anti-nutrients effect, break down non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), reduce intestinal viscosity and
ultimately improve digestibility of nutrients by improving gut performance. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of
supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal with multienzyme on the performance, carcass characteristics and economics of
broiler chicks.
Methods: Day-old, 150 broiler chicks (Vencobb-400) were randomly allotted to five treatment groups. The T1 i.e. control group was
fed on basal diet, while, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of moringa leaf meal
in combination with multienzyme @ 50g/100kg feed in the basal broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively.
Result: Body weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in broilers fed diet supplemented with 1.5% Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) and
multienzyme at 3 or 6 weeks of age. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) at the starter phase was recorded in the T2 group and over
the entire period of the trial T4 treatment group had the best FCR. Significant increase in dressing yield percent and relative weight of
giblet was observed in broilers fed diet with 1.5% level of moringa leaf meal and multienzyme. Supplementation of MOLM with
multienzyme was profitable in terms of reduction in feed cost per kg gain. It was concluded that supplementation of Moringa oleifera
leaf meal @ 1.5% with multienzyme at 50g/100Kg dose in the diet was effective in improving the performance and net profit in broiler
chicks.
Key words: Broiler chicks, Carcass characteristics, Economics, Moringa oleifera, Multienzyme.
INTRODUCTION
Among various agriculture and allied farming, poultry farming
is one of the most important economic components of the
farmer’s economy because it provides eggs, meat, feathers
and manure with little capital investment and fewer
workforces (Najeeb et al., 2014). In India, the poultry
population has increased from 729.2 million to 851.81
million, an increase of almost 17 per cent as per 20th
Livestock Census (DAHD, 2019). Antibiotics, since their
discovery in the 1920s, have played a critical role in
contributing to the economic effectiveness of animal
production as feed supplements at sub-therapeutic doses,
to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency and to
prevent infections (Castanon, 2007) but due to drug
resistance problems associated with antibiotic use most
researchers are seeking antibiotic alternatives and feed
additives to promote growth and enhance the gut health of
animals (Abbas, 2013). Moringa leaves have wide range of
medicinal value including growth promotion and
antimicrobial effect (Mbikay, 2012). Several researches have
showed Moringa leaf meal effects on broilers weight gain,
feed conversion ratio and body weight (Olugbemi et al.,
2010) and egg production (Teteh et al., 2016).
The price of feed ingredients is increasing consistently
and now it has been a major constraint. As consequence
cheaper and nonconventional feed ingredients have to be
used which contain higher percentage of Non-Starch
Polysaccharides (NPS) and antinutritive factors which
reduced the efficiency of nutrient utilization. Enzymes break
down NSPs, reduce intestinal viscosity and ultimately
enhanced digestibility of nutrients by improving gut
performance. The uses of a combination of various
exogenous enzymes in broiler diets have shown a positive
effect on the performance and economic production of broiler
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Navania, Vallabhnagar-313 601, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Corresponding Author: M.S. Meel, Department of Animal
Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Navania, Vallabhnagar-
313 601, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Email: drmsmeel@yahoo.com
How to cite this article: Meel, M.S., Sharma, T., Joshi, M., Gurjar,
M.L., Sharma, S.K. and Kumari, M. (2021). Effect of Feeding
Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal with Multienzyme on Performance,
Carcass Characteristics and Economics of Production of Broiler
Chicks. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 40(1): 118-
122. DOI: 10.18805/ajdfr.DR-1612.
Submitted: 18-12-2020 Accepted: 02-02-2021 Online: 09-03-2021
Volume 40 Issue 1 (March 2021) 119
Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal with Multienzyme on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economics...
chicken (Yadava et al., 2009). Some enzymes have
potential for use in the poultry feed include cellulase (ß-
glucanases), xylanases and asso ciated enzymes,
phytases, proteases, lipases and galactosidases. This
alters the microflora profile in the small intestine, since
enzymes affect the amount and form of the substrate
present within the intestine, their use having a direct effect
on the bacteria that make up the microfloral population.
This leads to augmentation of endogenous digestive
enzymes, which are either insufficient or absent in the bird,
resulting in improved digestion. Kamble et al. (2007)
observed that multienzymes with probiotic (0.75g/kg feed)
supplementation results in better broiler performance and
increased profit margin (Rs. 0.01-0.36 per bird). Therefore,
the present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy
of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal with
multienzyme on the growth performance, carcass
characteristics and economics of production in broiler
chicks.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment was conducted with broiler chicks during
February - March, 2020 at the poultry farm of College of
Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar,
Udaipur. A total of 150, day old, unsexed and apparent
healthy Vencobb-400 broilers chicks were procured from a
commercial hatchery (Kewalramani Hatcheries Private
Limited, Ajmer). The experimental broiler chicks were wing
banded for identification and weighed individually before
starting the experiment. The broiler chicks were divided
randomly into 5 treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) with
three replicates under each treatment. Good quality Moringa
oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) powder was procured from Sinhal
Herbs, Neemuch, M.P. The commercially available
multienzyme feed supplement i.e. ENZYCOMP HD was
procured from GK Biochemical Corporation, Surat, Gujarat.
Various enzymes were present in the product as reported
by the manufacturer (Table 1).
The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet while T2,
T3, T4 and T5 treatment groups were supplemented with
0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of moringa leaf meal in
combination with multi enzyme @ 50g/100kg feed in the
basal broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. Moringa
leaf meal and multienzyme were mixed with the ISO certified
basal feed (broiler starter and broiler finisher) of Godrej
Agrovet Limited and used for feeding of experimental broiler
chicks. The BIS (2007) feeding standard was followed for
feeding of broilers during the experimental trial. Feed and
water were supplied ad libitum. During the feeding trial,
weekly feed intake and body weight gain were recorded. At
the end of trial, two birds from each replicate were weighed
individually and allowed to fast for 12 hour to empty gut
contents before sacrifice and slaughtered to record the data
on carcass characteristics and organ weights. The organs
weight was expressed as gram and dressing yield and
eviscerated yield were expressed in the percentage. The
chemical compositions of broiler starter, broiler finisher and
MOLM were analysed according to the standard methods
of analysis (AOAC, 2016). Feed conversion ratio and
economics of production were calculated from the primary
data. The data on various parameters were subjected to
ANOVA (Snedecor and Cochran, 1989) and means were
tested for significant differences as per Duncan’s multiple
range test (Duncan, 1955).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The broiler starter feed contained 22.36% crude protein,
4.13% ether extract, 3.70% crude fiber, 6.75% total ash,
63.06% nitrogen free extract, 1.25% acid insoluble ash,
9.90% neutral detergent fiber, 3.33% acid detergent fiber,
1.16% calcium and 1.18% phosphorus. The broiler finisher
feed contained 20.24% CP, 4.56% EE, 3.70% CF, 6.70%
TA, 64.80% NFE, 1.35% AIA, 10.11% NDF, 3.53% ADF,
0.88% calcium and 0.93% phosphorus. Whereas, Moringa
leaf meal contained 24.56%, 7.10%, 7.82%, 9.20%, 51.32%,
0.51%, 11.30%, 8.39%, 1.58% and 0.30% CP, EE, CF, TA,
NFE, AIA, NDF, ADF, Ca and P, respectively. Metabolizable
energy contained in starter and finisher ration was 3400.48
and 3418.64 kcal/ kg, respectively. Whereas, calorie protein
ratio (E: P ratio) content in starter and finisher ration was
152.07:1 and 168.90:1, respectively.
Growth performance
Body weight gain (BWG) was highest (P<0.01) in broilers
fed diet supplemented with 1.5% MOLM with multi enzyme
@ 50g/100 kg feed at starter and finisher phase (Table 2).
This result is akin to Egu (2019) who found that the inclusion
of MOLM in diet of broilers significantly (P<0.05) enhanced
the weight gain at 3 and 6 week age. Swian et al., 2014
observed significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight gain in
broilers fed with enzyme supplemented ration than control
during starter (0-21 days) and finisher (22-42 days) phase.
However, Zakaria et al. (2010) observed no difference in
BWG in broilers at 3 weeks of age but increased BWG at 6
week due to addition of multienzyme at different levels (0.25,
0.50 and 0.75g/kg diet). Broilers fed diet supplemented
moringa leaf meal at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 % with multienzyme
diet consumed significantly less feed compared to those
Table 1: Composition of multi enzyme.
Enzyme Quantity
Xylanase 2500000 IU/Kg
Beta-glucanase 225000 IU/Kg
Cellulase 290000 IU/Kg
Beta-mannanase 120000 IU/Kg
Alpha amylase 32000000 IU/Kg
Amyloglucosidase 60000 IU/Kg
Phytase 100000 IU/Kg
Protease 700000 IU/Kg
Lipase 50000 IU/Kg
Pectinase 7000 IU/Kg
Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research
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Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal with Multienzyme on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economics...
fed control diet and diet supplemented with MOLM at 1.5%
and multienzyme @ 50g/100kg diet at 6 weeks of age,
whereas there was no change in feed consumption due to
dietary treatment at 3 weeks of age. Tekeli et al., (2011)
also reported no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed
consumption of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Amerah et al.,
(2016) reported that feed intake was not influenced (P>0.05)
by dietary enzymes during the starter phase. The reduction
in feed intake with MOLM supplementation could be due to
reduced palatability of the diet (Kakengi et al., 2003) but
improvement in feed consumption due to enzyme
supplementation may be attributed to overcome the adverse
effects of anti-nutritional factors and improve digestion of
fibre and non-starch polysaccharides (Sharifi et al., 2013).
Significant (P<0.01) improvement in feed conversion ratio
(FCR) was reported in broilers fed MOLM and multienzyme
supplemented diet as compared to control at 3 or 6 weeks
of age. These results are similar to the findings of Nikam et al.,
(2016) who reported that supplementation of NSP
hydrolyzing enzymes at 1X and 2X concentration did
favorably influenced the FCR (P<0.05) during starter and
finisher phases. Contrary to this, Haribhau et al., (2020)
reported that supplementation of multiple enzymes at 1X
and 2X did not influence FCR (P>0.05) during 0-42 days
of age.
Carcass characteristics
There was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of
supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal with
multienzyme on dressing yield and eviscerated yield per
cent. The highest values of dressing yield and eviscerated
yield percentage were recorded to be 75.15% and 70.15%,
respectively in T4 group containing 1.5% MOLM with
multienzyme at 50g/100kg feed and the lowest carcass yield
was recorded in control group (Table 2). Sarker et al., (2017)
also observed significantly higher dressing percentages for
the broilers fed moringa leaf meal (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and
2.0%) than the broilers fed nutritional feed alone. Rambabu
et al., (2012) observed significant difference for dressing
and eviscerated weight percentage in broilers fed with
enzyme supplemented ration than control. However,
Sangilimadan et al., (2012) and Verma et al., (2012)
observed dressing and eviscerated weight percentage differs
non-significantly in broilers fed with enzyme supplemented
ration than control.
The relative weight of liver, heart, gizzard and giblet
was significantly higher (P<0.01) in broilers fed Moringa
oleifera leaf meal with multienzyme as feed additive in the
ration. Highest weight of liver, heart, gizzard and giblet was
recorded to be 76.98, 12.90, 37.12, 127.00g respectively in
T4 group containing 1.5 % MOLM with multienzyme (Table 2).
Similarly, Abousekken (2015) reported significant (P<0.05)
higher values of organ weight (%) of gizzard, liver and heart
of birds fed moringa leaves extracts. Voemesse et al., (2018)
observed that gizzard weight was significantly increased
(P<0.05) in chickens fed 0, 1 and 3% MOLM as compared
to control. In contrast, Mikhail et al., (2020) found non-
significant effect on giblet, liver and gizzard weight of broilers
fed MOLM at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% level. Hamid and Mukhtar
(2016) reported that feeding of broiler chicks on different
level of moringa leaf meal with or without enzyme on heart,
liver and gizzard showed no significantly (P>0.05) difference
among treated groups. This might be due to efficient
digestion and absorption of nutrients leading to better growth
and development of the gut.
Cost benefit analysis
Results indicated that addition of Moringa oleifera leaf meal
with multienzyme reduce the overall cost (Rs) of feed per
kg gain as compared to control but maximum reduction in
Table 2: Effect of multienzyme supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and organs weight.
Parameters Treatment groups SEM
T1T2T3T4T5
Body wt. gain (g)
3rd week 612.79a697.14bc 677.22b726.05c675.07b7.124
6th week 1836.00a2149.62b2201.05c2267.02d2200.34c22.995
Feed intake (g)
0-3 week 1190.72 1178.93 1164.78 1246.33 1191.55 8.029
0-6 week 3923.20c3826.99a3905.88ab 3938.80c3822.29a17.282
FCR
0-3 week 1.81b1.60a1.63a1.62a1.65a0.015
0-6 week 2.03c1.71ab 1.74ab 1.70a1.70ab 0.018
Dressing yield (%) 72.45a74.85bcd 74.98bcd 75.15d75.10cd 0.164
Eviscerated yield (%) 67.24a69.82bcd 70.00cd 70.15d70.04cd 0.169
Liver (g) 53.14a70.19b72.86c76.98e75.89d1.024
Heart (g) 10.23a11.85b12.34d12.90e12.01c0.106
Gizzard (g) 34.45a35.89b36.02c37.12e36.89d0.117
Giblet (g) 97.82a117.93b121.22c127.00e124.79d1.236
Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly.
Volume 40 Issue 1 (March 2021) 121
Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal with Multienzyme on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economics...
overall cost of feed per kg gain was obtained in T4 group
(Basal diet + 1.5% MOLM + multienzyme 50g/100kg)
i.e.13.13% reduction (Table 3). Increased meat yields are
required for better profitability and increased dressing
percentage in broilers was observed in Moringa oleifera leaf
meal with multi enzyme supplemented groups. It might be
attributed to better FCR on supplementation of Moringa
oleifera leaf meal and multienzyme. Similarly, higher
(P<0.05) net profit has been recorded by the earlier workers
on supplementation of mixture of probiotics and enzymes
(Swain et al., 2009) in poultry.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study showed that 1.5% Moringa oleifera
leaf meal (MOLM) could be included into the diet of broiler
chickens with multienzyme @ 50g/100kg feed for beneficial
effects in terms of improved overall performance of broilers
and increased margin of profit in broiler production. The
feeding of moringa leaf meal with multienzyme is beneficial
as a growth promoter or feed supplement in commercial
broiler production.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to authorities of the RAJUVAS,
Bikaner and Dean, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur for providing
necessary facilities and financial support to carry the Ph.D.
research work.
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... The Company Pivka Perutninarstvo d. d. monthly produce 3 350 000 kg of concentrated meals for broilers, parent flocks and laying hens for their subcontractors. Any trends that can economically improve production is welcome.Autor'sMeel et al. (2021) andAmerah et al. (2017) indicated that hyalase, protease and amylase enzymes (multienzymes) increased ADG and FCR in Ross ...
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Background: This study was conducted to analyse the effect of different enzymes and selenium on production performance and slaughter parameters of Ross (308) broilers production. Method: There were four groups in this experiment, two of them were control and the two test groups. All groups had the same number of one-day-old chickens (20250), moved in the same day. 100 chickens were selected randomly for future analyses. The chickens in the control group were fed with the standard commercial diet which contained crude protein (22.04%, 18.55%, 17.89%) and metabolic energy including selenium (11.99 MJ/kg, 12.64 MJ/kg, 12.79 MJ/kg) for starter, grower and finisher phases respectively. The basal diet was supplemented with: HiPhos - 6 phytase, WX - endo-1,4- betaxylanase, VP-endo-1,3(4)- beta-glucanase and ProAct - serine protease. The experimental group also used organic selenium. Results: Production performance and carcass parameters were not statistically different among treatment groups. Only mortality was decreased in one of the experimental groups (p less than 0.004). Whereas, the use of enzymes and selenium did no effect on the production performance and carcass parameters. The results indicate reduced feed cost of broilers diet with the use of enzymes as feed components. Result from presented work can be considered as complementary contribution in in broiler production.
... Plant leaves are cheap protein sources since leaves can be harvested and dried before mealing. M. oleifera is a multipurpose tree with both leaves and flowers edible; it is utilised by humans for medicinal purposes and also as a vegetable (Abdull Razis et al. 2014;Ebert and Palada 2015;Leone et al. 2016) and the leaves and pods are used as a livestock feed (Mahfuz and Piao 2019;Moreno-Mendoza et al. 2021;Meel et al. 2021). Nutritionally, M. oleifera dry matter contains 27.05% nonstructural carbohydrates (Sanchez-Machado 2010), 38.7 g/kg DM dietary fiber (Sebola et al. 2019), 29 -40% crude protein (Mahfuz and Piao 2019;Rweyemamu 2006), 14.6% ash and 4.96% lipid (Sanchez-Machado 2010). ...
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Although antibiotics have considerable positive impacts on poultry production, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters is beginning to diminish as countries continue to prohibit their use, raising concerns about food safety. Consequently, the hunt for antibiotic alternatives is intensified to prevent antimicrobial resistance while not jeopardizing broilers’ growth performance. Phytobiotics are of great relevance since, in addition to being derived from plants, they possess valuable pharmacological properties that may benefit the production performances and health status of broilers. Hence, this review will cover the use of grass or leaf meals as a feed additive in broiler diets, as well as the impact on broiler productivity and meat quality. Locally sourced grass or leaf meals could potentially be used as an antibiotic replacement due to bioactive compounds present, however, these very same compounds are deemed to be detrimental if present in high amounts. Therefore, if the appropriate inclusion level is adopted, the addition of grass or leaf meals might successfully be used as an antibiotic alternative while also improving broiler performance and end-product quality.
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The effect of supplementation of multiple enzymes at 0, 1X, and 2X concentration to the diet containing variable protein sources (replacement of soybean meal with 10% guar meal (GM), 10% rapeseed meal (RSM), and 10% cottonseed meal (CSM)) was studied in a factorial manner on performance, carcass yield, protein, and energy utilization in commercial broiler males. For this purpose, 600-day-old commercial male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 12 treatment groups with 10 replications of 5 birds each and reared in battery brooders up to 42 days of age. Treatment groups are as follows: T1 control and T2 and T3 corn-soya diet with enzymes at 1X and 2X concentrations, respectively. From T4 to T12 treatments, corn-soya meal was replaced by 10% GM, RSM, and CSM without, with 1X and 2X concentration of enzyme supplementation, respectively. The cumulative body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in control and birds fed with GM diet in pre-starter and starter as well as during overall period. Supplementation of multiple enzymes at 1X and 2X did not influence body weight, feed intake, and FCR (P > 0.05) during 0-42 days of age. During experimental period, birds fed with the control diet and 10% GM diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher cumulative feed intake and better FCR compared to birds fed with 10% RSM diet and 10% cottonseed meal (CSM). Supplementation of multiple enzymes did not influence the mortality and slaughter variables and protein utilization in broilers.
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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of broiler chicks to Natuzyme (a commercial multienzyme) supplementation in diets containing wheat and canola meal. A total of 336 male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments that comprised 3 basal diets (corn-soybean, corn-wheat-soybean, corn-wheat-soybean-canola) and 2 enzyme levels (without enzyme and 0.350 g/kg of Natuzyme plus) (4 cage replicates per treatment). The corn-wheat-soybean diet contained 30% wheat, and the corn-wheat-soybean-canola diet contained 30% wheat and 10% canola meal. Results showed that Natuzyme-supplemented diets containing wheat or wheat and canola meal led to significant improvements in growth performance compared with enzyme-unsupplemented diets, which resulted in a decrease of digesta viscosity and increase of villi height and villus height: crypt depth ratio in the small intestine.
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Protein sources diversification and antibiotic growth promoter ban have led to the use of plants. Through production improving, leaves such as Moringa oleifera leaves were often used to ameliorate broilers and layers growth. Attempt to improve egg production led us to undertake this study with 600 day-old ISA Brown chicks (layer-type) divided into three groups (M0, M1 and M2) of 200 birds each. They were reared up to 40 weeks. Daily egg and feed intake were collected to determine laying rate and conversion ratio. Weekly, 30 eggs per group were weighed and broken to determine egg components ratio. At 20 and 40 weeks, 40 birds per group were slaughtered to collect blood, ovarian grape and oviduct. So, total protein, glucose and triglycerides concentrations, ovarian grape weight, oviduct weight and follicles number were determined. Data collected showed higher egg production, heavier eggs and higher triglycerides concentration in M1 compared to M2. High level of triglycerides can be linked to oestrogens synthesis from sterols contained in Moringa oleifera leaves in M1 while high intake of oestrogen substances by hens of M2 reduces their production although antinutritive substances effect on them cannot be excluded.
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A study was carried out to observe the effects of dietary supplementation of enzymes on the commercial broiler chicken. Day old chicks (n=240) were randomly distributed in 12 groups with three replicates. Four dietary treatments with varying levels of Allzyme-SSF® supplementation viz. C (Control, basal diet only), T1 (enzymes 0.015%), T2 (enzymes 0.020%) and T3 (enzymes 0.025%) were formulated and fed triplicate group of birds. The basal diet was formulated for starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher phase (4-6 weeks) separately following BIS (1992) requirements. Body weight gain (g) of the birds was significantly higher in treatment groups than control (981.89±6.34) at 0-4 weeks period and feed intake (g) in T1 (478.50±7.21) and T2 (473.67±2.52) than T3 (456.00±2.17) at 0-2 weeks of age. Feed efficiency was 2.05±0.01, 1.92.0±0.01, 1.93±0.01, 1.93±0.01 for control, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Protein efficiency was significantly higher in enzyme treated groups as compared to control. Blood samples collected from 10 birds from each replicate during slaughtering at 42 days revealed no influence of enzymes on haemato-biochemical parameters. It is concluded that the supplementation of enzymes at varying levels to the diets of broiler chicken yielded positive effects on the birds performances with cost effective production and had no significant effect on haematobiochemical parameters of commercial broiler chicken of mixed strain.